IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Featu'-es  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauri^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


n^ 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ncre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  !e  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dtd  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,'qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


X 


^ 


D 

D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I — I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  suppldmentaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous 

10X                             14X                             18X                             22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

12X 

16X 

20X 

. 

a4x 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
g4n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  pago  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
re^  roduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

4 


APPLETONS' 


RAILROAD   AND    STEAMBOAT 

COMPAJ^ION. 

BEING  A 

®rat)ellcrs'  ©uibc 


THROCGH  THE 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

CANADA,  NEW  HRINSWICK,  AND  NOVA  ^^COTIA. 

VVnil    MAPS    OF   THK    COUNTRY    TIlROrCII    WHICH    TFIE    KOUTKS    PASS, 
IN  THE  NORTHERN,  MII)J)LE,   AND  EASl'ERN  STATES. 

Foniiing,  likewise,  a  Complete  Guide  to  the  White  Mountains,  Catskill 

Mduntains,  &o.,  Niagara  Falls,  Trenton  Falls,  «.Vc.,  Saratoga  Spring!), 

Virginia  Springs,  and  other  watering-places  ;  with  the  places 

of  fashionable  and  healtlifui  resort  ;  and  containing  full 

and  accurate  descriptions  of  the  principal  cities, 

towns,  and  villages,  the  natural  and  arlificial 

curiosities  in  the  vicinity  of  the  routes, 

with  distances,  fares,  «Scc. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  30  MAPS,  ENGRAVED  ON  STEEL, 

INCLUDING  FOUR  PLANS  OF  CITIKS,  AND 

EMBELLISHED  WITK  TWENTY-SIX  EXOUAVINaS. 


By   AV.   WILLIAMS 


NEW   YORK: 

D.  APPLETON  &-  COMPANY,  200  BROADWAY. 

PHILADELPHIA : 

GEO.  S.  APFLETON,  148  CIIESNUT-STREET. 

M  DCCC  XLVIII. 


M 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  lfe48, 

Uy  W.  WILLIAMS, 

In  the  Clerk's  OfTicc  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Soutliern  District  of 

ISew  York. 


NOTICE. 

The  author  claims  the  phin,  &c.  of  the  present  work  as  his  own ;  a.id 
having  been  at  great  expense  and  trouble,  and  devoted  much  time  to  i'£ 
production,  he  therefore  respectfully  cautions  others  interested  in,  ( r 
getting  up,  snuilar  works,  not  to  infringe  upon  his  copyright. 


V  I 


TO  THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


The  want  of  a  Guide  such  as  the  one  here  presented  to 
tlie  Travelling  Public,  has  been  so  long  felt  and  so  generally 
acknowledged,  that  an  apology  for  the  present  work  would 
be  an  impeachment  of  the  judgment  of  the  intelligent  Tourist. 

This  work,  although  more  particularly  designed  for  the  use 
of  travellers,  will  be  found  of  great  service  to  the  public  gen- 
erally,— especially  to  those  directly  interested  in  the  prose- 
cution of  works  of  internal  improvement,  or  who  may  con- 
template becoming  so.  Investments  in  railroad  stock  are  the 
safest  and  most  profitable  in  the  country.  Such  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  country,  so  rapidly  is  it  increasing  in  population, 
and  so  greatly  is  its  production  yearly  augmented,  that  the 
keen  eye  of  American  enterprise  seldom  fails  in  making  a 
judicious  selection  of  a  route.  For  another  class,  our  work 
will  have  a  higher  interest  than  that  derived  from  the  calcu- 
lations of  pecuniary  advantage.  The  eye  of  patriotism  will 
here  see  portrayed  those  mighty  w'orks,  whether  completed 
or  in  progress,  that  are  bringing  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
Union  into  neighborhood  ;  and  which,  by  blending  into  one 
the  interests  of  the  East  and  the  West,  the  North  and  the 
South,  are  creating  an  additional  guarantee  for  the  repose 
and  permanence  of  our  great  confederacy. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book,  the  old  plan  of  filling  the 
pages  with  Tables  of  Routes,  which,  from  their  complexity, 
it  is  difficult  to  trace  or  to  understand,  has  been  discarded  ; 
and  instead  of  a  General  Map  only,  which,  from  the  smallness 
of  the  scale  on  which  it  is  graduated,  is  of  very  little  practical 
use  in  a  railroad  car — and  which,  from  its  size,  and  the  ne- 
cessity of  its  being  opened  and  re-opened,  folded  and  re- 


TO  THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


folded,  is  extremely  inconvenient  in  a  crowded  conveyance, 
a.s  well  as  an  annoyance  to  its  possessor  and  his  fellow-pas- 
sengers— for  the  present  work,  maps  of  the  several  routes 
have  been  engraved;  and  where  it  is  a  long  one,  the  route 
has  been  continued  on  another  map,  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
<jasily  understood — thereby  obtaining  a  much  larger  scale  for  it. 

The  distances  (instead  of  being  placed  as  formerly  between 
each  town,  thereby  giving  the  Traveller  the  continual  trou- 
ble of  reckoning  up)  have  been  carried  on  in  regular  order, 
from  the  starting-place — an  arrangement  that  will  bo  found 
far  more  convenient  than  the  old  one. 

The  "  Tours"  commence  at  Boston,  not  only  because  that 
city  is  the  centre  of  a  great  railroad  system,  but  also  because 
it  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  plan  we  have  adopted. 

With  this  book  in  his  hand,  the  Traveller,  as  he  proceeds 
on  his  journey  in  the  railroad  car,  or  glides  along  in  the  swift 
and  graceful  steamboat,  can  open  to  the  route  he  is  going, 
and  follow  it  through  without  trouble  or  inconvenience.  The 
descriptive  matter  which  follows  the  maps,  will  enable  him 
to  form  a  pretty  accurate  conception  of  the  places  through 
or  by  which  he  is  so  rapidly  passing  ;  and  when  arrived  in  a 
large  city,  he  has  but  to  refer  to  the  text  under  the  name  of 
the  place,  to  find  all  the  requisite  information  respecting  ho- 
tels, &c.,  and  the  charges  for  boarding — places  of  amuse- 
ment— interesting  localities  in  the  vicinity,  &c.,  &c. 

The  materials  for  this  publication  have  been  drawn  from 
the  latest  and  most  authentic  sources.  A  large  portion  of 
the  work  is  the  result  of  actual  observation,  and  a  corre- 
spondence with  individuals  connected  with  the  routes ;  for 
numerous  facts  we  are  indebted  to  friends  resident  in  many 
of  the  sections  described  ;  and  for  a  portion  of  the  matter  on 
European  railways,  in  the  "  Origin  and  Progress  of  Rail- 
roads," we  are  indebted  to  that  valuable  work,  the  "  Mer- 
chants' Magazine." 

The  maps,  which  are  engraved  on  steel,  will  be  found  clear 
and  distinct,  a  feature  that  will  much  enhance  their  value  ; 


i". 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


iveyance, 
llovv-pas- 
'il  routes 
iic  route 
as  to  be 
ale  for  it. 
between 
iial  trou- 
ar  order, 
be  fouikl 

iiise  that 
I  because 
;ed. 

proceeds 

the  swift 

is  goin^, 

ce.    The 

able  him 

through 

ived  in  a 

name  of 

iting  ho- 

amuse- 

vn  from 
)rtion  of 
a  corre- 
tes  ;  for 
in  many 
attor  on 
of  Rail" 
"  Mer- 

nd  clear 
value ; 


I 


and  the  introduciidii  of  rl/y  maps  (a  thing  entirely  new  in 
works  of  this  descrij)tion)  will,  wc  trust,  be  duly  apnreciated 
both  by  riliz(Uis  and  f^trangors.  The  rmbelli^hments  have 
been  engraved  by  the  best  artists,  from  appropriate  di^signs, 
many  of  wliich  were  taken  expressly  for  this  publication. 

Having  stated  some  of  the  original  and  more  prominent 
ffnitures  of  the  work,  we  siibmit  it  with  conlidence  to  the 
judgment  of  that  class  for  whom  it  is  more  especially  de- 
signed. We  have  withluld  neither  labor  nor  expense  in  our 
eftbrts  to  make  it  worthy  of  public  patronage  :  and  we  pledge 
ourselves  to  keep  it  up  to  its  present  standard  of  usefulness 
by  thorough  periodical  revisions. 

^^  Railroad  ami  Steamboat  Companies  are  requested  to  forward  us 
tlie  latest  information  relative  to  their  respective  lines,  which  shall  be 
attended  to  in  our  corrected  editions.  Residents  of  the  places  described 
in  this  volume,  and  travellers  als^o,  who  may  suggest  any  corrections  or 
additions,  the  result  of  personal  observations,  and  written  down,  not 
from  memory,  but  on  the  spot,  will  confer  a  great  obligation  by  ad- 
dressing us,  under  cover  to  the  publishers,  and  thus  serve  to  render  this 
volume  at  all  times  a  faultless  guide  to  the  travelling  public. 


LIST  OF  MAPS  CONTAINED  IN  THIS  VOLUME. 

Page 
No.  1— Cities  of  New  York  and   Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Jerti.'^ 

City,  and  Hoboken, 1 

No.  2— County  Map  of  the  Southern  New  England  states,  showing 
the  railroads,  and  their  connection  with  the  cities  of  New 

York,  Boston,  and  Albany,  &c 12 

No.  3— Plan  of  Boston,  with  parts  of  East  and  South  Boston  ;  also 

portions  of  Charlestown,  Cambridge,  &c 27 

No.  4— Great  Travelling  Routes  north  of  Boston,  &c.,  &c 41 

No.  5— Routes  to  the  White  Mountains  and  Winnipiseogee  Lake  ; 

showing  also  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  &.c.    5^ 

No.  6— Boston  and  Fitchburg,  and  Worcester  routes,  &c 68 

No.  7— Western  Railroad  to  Springfield,  &c 69 

No.  8— Western  Railroad  to  Albany,  and  a  portion  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad  ;  with  the  Connecticut  River  and  the  Hud- 
son and  Berkshire  railroads 77 


-■f-l 


A 


LIST  OF  iMAPS. 


Pagt 

No.  9— This  map  shows  the  rnilroads  diverging  from  Concord,  N.  II., 

with  the  Cheshire  and  SuUivan  railroads,  and  a  portion  of 
the  Ruthmd  Railroad  ;  also  the  Vermont  and  Massachu- 
setts Railroad,  &c.,  &c 85 

No.  10— Lake  Champlain,  and  railroads  from  Connecticut  river 
to  Montreal  ,•  the  Vermont  Central,  and  the  Connecticut 
and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  &c 90 

No.  11— Fall  River,  and  Taunton  and  New  Bedford  railroads,  &c.  .    94 

No.  12— Old  Colony  Railroad,  and  a  portion  of  the  Fall  River  route 

from  Boston,  &.c 05 

No.  13— New  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Springfield  Railroad  ;  also  the 

Canal  Railroad,  and  part  of  the  llousatonic  Railroad  ....   102 

No.  14— Providence  and  Stonington  railroads,  Norwich  and  Wor- 
cester, &c. 103 

No.  15— Long  Island,  Long  Island  Railroad,  Long  Island  Sound, 

and  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  &:c 140 

No.  16— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Dela- 
ware river  140 

No.  17— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Binghamton,  &.c. ;  Ithaca 

and  Owego  Railroad,  &c. 146 

No.  18 — Hudson  River  Railroad ;  Harlem  Railroad  ;  and  the  New 

York  and  Erie  from  New  York  to  Otisville,  &c 152 

No.  19— Routes  to  Saratoga  Springs,  and  a  portion  of  the  routes  to 

Buffalo,  &c 190 

No.  20— Continuation  of  routes  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  &c 191 

No.  21— Erie  Canal  and  Railroad  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester,  and 

Railroad  and  Canal  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego 200 

No.  22— Routes  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  &c.  .  201 

No.  23— Great  Travelling  Routes  between  N.  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, with  other  routes  in  New  Jersey  ;  also  the  railroads 
diverging  from  Philadelphia 221 

No.  24— Plan  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia 230 

No.  25— Continuation  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 
and  Washington,  and  to  Harrisburg,  &c. ;  also  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad 248 

No.  26— Plan  of  Baltimore 263 

No.  27 — Termination  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  to 

Pittsburg  and  Wheeling ;  also  to  the  Virginia  Springs,  &c.  284 

No  28— Map  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  &c.,  and  the  Brit- 
ish Provinces,  showing  the  connection  of  the  routes  ... .  313 

No.  29— Falls  of  Niagara 313 

No.  30— Land  and  Water  routes  from  Cleveland  to  Detroit  and 

Chicago 31.1 


INDEX 


Page 

Acton 71 

Altiaiiy 163 

Alliaiiy  (rouu-s  from) 1('5 

Allmiiy  to  Boston 165 

Alliiiny  to  Kuliulo  anil  Nnigura  Falls. ...  165 

AIIiqm'v  to  New  York 165 

Alliniiy  anil  Schenectaily  Rnilroad 191 

AlOany  and   Troy  to  Ballaton  Spa  and 

Surato;ra  Sprinys 166 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Hnlfulo  aiut  Niagara 

Falls 190 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Montreal  and  Que- 
bec   176 

Alleghany  City 259 

Allcg-hany  Poruige  Railroad 2h6 

A  lien  town 247 

Amlierst 8-1 

AmherBi  College 84 

Amsterdam 19S 

Andalusia 228 

Andover 47 

Anthony's  Nose l.^S 

Apponaug 105 

Ashiabula,  0 298 

Astorui 13.^ 

Athol P8 

Atlantic  Dock 139 

Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrencfi  Railroad.  ...    60 

Attica  and  Burtalo  Railroad 207 

Auburn 200 

Auburn  Stale  Prison 201 

Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad 201 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  Railroad 200 

Augusta 61 

Avon  Springs 206 

Baltimore  (city) 263 

Benevolent  Institutions 268 

Churches 265 

Hackney-coach  fare 271 

Hotels 271 

Literary  and  Scientific  Ins....  267 

Miscellaneous    objects    of    in- 
terest  269 

Monuments 261 

Places  of  amusement 269 

Public  Buildings 265 

Baltimore  (routes  from) 272 

Baltimore  to  Annapolis 273 

Baltimore  to  Charleston  and  intermediate 

places 290 

Baltimore  to  Columbia 272 

Baltimore  to  Cumberland 273 

Baltimore  to  Frederick,  Harper's  Ferry, 

Winchester,  and  Cumberland 882 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 281 


Pa  (re 
Baltimore  to  Pitt iihurg'  and  Wheeling. . .  284 

Baltimore  to  the  Virginia  Springs 273 

Baltimore  to  Washington 273 

Ballston  Spa 168 

Bangor ti2 

Barnegat 159 

Bath fi4 

Belfant »)5 

Bellows  Falls 88 

Belvidere 223 

Bethlehem 247 

Beverly 42 

Birmingham 269 

Hirmingham,  Vt IbO 

Bloody  Brook  Village 84 

Bloomingdale 134 

Bordantown 230 

Buscawen 86 

Boston  (city) 27 

Banks Sfi 

Briilgcs 28 

Churches 32 

Common 29 

(East) 29 

Hackney-coach  fares.  Ate 40 

Harbor 29 

Hotels m 

Places  worth  visiting 38 

Public  Buildings .S3 

(South) 28 

Steamboat  conveyances  trom  ....    40 

Theatres,  &cc 37 

Water 30 

Watering  places  in  the  vicinity 

of. 38 

Wharves 31 

Boston  to  Albany 80 

Boston  to  Athol 83 

Boston  to  Cincinnati 296 

Boston,  Concord,   and  Montreal  Rail- 
road      85 

Boston  to  Dan  vers 45 

Boston  to  Dedham 101 

Boston  to  Fitchburg 70 

Boston  to  Holliston  and  Milford 101 

Boston  to  Gloucester 45 

Boston  to  Lexington 72 

Bobton  and  Lowell  Railroad 48 

Boston  to  Lowell  and  Concord 49 

Boston  to  Fall  River 97 

Boston  to  Keene,  N.  H 89 

Boston  and  Maine  Railroad 46 

Boston  to  Marblchcad 46 

Boston  to  New  York,  via  Fall  River  and 

Newport 98 

Boston  to  Providence 108 


i- 


i 


'i 


INDEX. 


Botton  to  New  York,  via  Providence  ami 

Hloiiliii'tnii lOt] 

Boston  ami  Providenne,  and  Sionin^ton 

riiilroadM 102 

Boston    to   New  York,    via  Sprnig'fiidd, 

ll.irlt'ord,  and  New  Hrvpii.  . 109 

Boston  to  New  York,  via  Worcester  and 

Norwii'li 107 

Bnnton  to  I'lyinnnth.  . . ,. 94 

ItoMinn    to  I'ortlund,  via  lliiVLTiiill  and 

Dover 46 

Boston  to  Poiiiiinil,  via  Snlein,  Newliu. 

ryport,  iind  Porttmn'iiili 41 

BoHiiiii  to  Tuiuiioii  and  New  Bedlonl.. .     W 

HiiNloii  to  West  Towiisi'iid V2 

Uojioii  unci  WoriTKtfr  Rnilroiid 73 

B ONI  nil  to  Worcester 7  I 

Uuiii-hervillH 185 

Braillord,  Miii>s 47 

Rriindon 91 

Hriiiiilv Willi-  Spriiifjs 246 

llriiiilrborn' M8 

Hrldfsl)iir^r 228 

Hii<l<ri'por: Ill 

Biiclu-ewa'er  Branch  Railroad t»6 

Brighton 71 

Bristnl 228 

Brooklyn 136 

Ailaiitie  Dunk IIIU 

Chiirclies 138 

Dry  Dock ...  138 

^— Greenwood  Ceini'tery 139 

Marine  lIoHpitiii 138 

Naval  /^yi'enin 138 

Navy  Yiird 1.38 

Public  Buildings 137 

Biillalo 207 

BiillUlo  and  Niairaia  Falls  Railroad   ...  209 

BuilUo  to  Detroit  and  I'lucag'0 2h8 

Biillalo  to  Nia^'aia  Falls 209 

Bull's  Ferry 153 

Burling'ton 179 

Biiriiing'  Spriiijr 203 

Buuennilk  Fulls 156 

Cahotville 82 

Caldwell 172 

Caldwell's  Landing- 155 

Camden 244 

Camden  and  Aml)oy  Railroid 230 

Canaan  Falls 115 

C.ionjoliarie 192 

Camil  Railroad 114 

Cuiiamlai^iia 203 

Caiiaiidai>>'iia  Lake 203 

Canton 103 

Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad 99 

Cape  May 216 

Cape  Roiijje 186 

Cape  Vincent 219 

Carbondale,  Pa 150 

Cat  lisle 254 

Castleton ltJ3 

Catskill 160 

Catskill  Falls 161 

Catskill  Mjuntains 161 

Catskill  Mountain  House ItJO 

Cayn,?a 201 

Cayu^tt  Bridge 201 

Cayug:a  Lake 201 

Charnbersburjr 254 

Charleston.  S.  C 291 

Charleston  to  New  Orleans 2J1 


Paj^e 
Charleston   to    Savannah,    Macon,   and 

(,'olninlms ?93 

Charleitowii,  Mali 70 

Cherry  Valley 198 

Cheshire  Railroad 89 

Chester,  Pa 91 

Chester,  N.  Y I  It) 

('hicago SDl 

Chicago  to  Galena 303 

Cliicujr"  to  St.  Louis 3ll3 

Chickopee  Hranrh  Railroad S3 

(Miickopee  Fulls Hi 

Cincitinati 2^6 

Cincinnaii  to  New  York  and  Boitoii....  296 

Cleveland 3M 

Coey  man's 163 

Cohasset 96 

Cohoes    Falls Iti8 

Cold  Spring' 159 

Columbia '2S'i 

Columbia  Railroad 252 

Concord,  Mans 7| 

Concord,  N.  H 50 

Concord  to  Franklin b6 

Concord  (routes  Iruin) 85 

(Jnney   Island 134 

Cuniieciicut  and  Passnmpsic  rivers  Rail- 
road     93 

Connect  ic lit  River  Railroad 82 

Cooperstown lyS 

Corning 151 

Cornwall,  Conn 115 

Cornwall,  N.y 159 

Coxsackie  Landing' 162 

Crown  Point 178 

Cumberland. 284 

Cumberland  Valley  Railroad 254 

Deerfield 84 

Delaware  Water  Gap 223 

Detroit 299 

Detroit  to  rhicago 2;)3 

Dobb's  Ferry 153 

Dorchester 94 

Dover,  N.  H 48 

Duxbury 96 

F.ast  Canada  Creek 193 

Kasiern  Railroad 41 

Kasioii 223 

Eastport 65 

Klizabethtown 226 

Kllicott's  Mills 282 

Klmira 151 

Erie,  Pa 298 

Erie  Canal 191 

E.ssex 179 

Exeter 48 

Fair  Haven Ill 

Fairmount  Water-works 233 

Fall  River 97 

Fall  River  Railroad 97 

Falls  of  Niagara 210 

Fisherville 86 

Fish  House  Village 192 

Filch  but  T 72 

Fiichburg  Railroad 69 

Fitchburg  (routes  from) 87 

Five  Mile  Point 178 

Flatbush 134 

Flushing 133 

Fonda 192 


INDEX. 


9 


Page 
■  hd 

.' .' '. '.     70 

. ...  iva 

. . . .     Hy 
....    «! 

. ...  im 

. ...  301 
309 

....  aoa 

. . . .  »:i 

....  «-' 

....  2y6 

....  'J'JtJ 

8i« 

1(33 

....  i'H 

....  it;a 

....   159 

....  a52 
a-sa 

....  71 

. . . .  50 

b6 

....  « J 

....  134 
laii- 

93 

«2 

iy3 

151 

115 

I.i9 

162 

178 

284 

254 

84 

223 

299 

29'J 

153 

94 

48 

96 

193 

41 

223 

65 

226 

282 

151 

298 

191 

179 

48 

Ill 

233 

97 

97 

210 

86 

192 

72 

69 

87 

178 

134 

133 

192 


j[  Pa  ire 

tj  Fort  Ann I7ij 

.*■  Kdri   Kilwiinl 176 

*;  Fori  Hiimilion 131 

Kc.rl  !,.■«. 15? 

^  Fort  MilliT 176 

Fnrt  Tirniiiltr(ij.'ii 177 

Fun  Wailiiri^uiii 153 

.  Fonlion.' I0:< 

Fraiiiiii;r|iiiin 75 

Frimkliii 86 

Fiaiikliii  Riiilroiul .  2.55 

Frcderirk,  .Md 28:< 

FreiltTicktoii,  N.  B 66 

OaninerN  Islaiul 1 12 

(;.ii.s..f  Falls 205 

<it'IIHVll 1^02 

(iiTinaiitdwri 215 

(iililoii- villi' 167 

< ill- 1 11  Fal  H 1  ,'6 

(iir.inl  Colltnrt' 235 

(;>-Ikmi m 

<iralicin 7,S 

(iraiid  On  I  (Rail  way 304 

(Jitai  Falls , 48 

rirccrilielcl 84 

(irieiifieUl  (ripiites  IrnniJ yo 

(iitH'iipiiri 142 

(ircfiiwood  Ceriieiery 1,^9 

Uruiuii 72 

IlHlil'HX 67 

Hamilton 217 

Ham  J  lion 1 59 

Hampton 43 

Ilainp'.uii  Hi'ach 4.3 

Hampton  Falls 43 

Hanover 87 

Harlein 115 

Harlem  RaiToad \^,\ 

Harper's  Ferry 283 

Harilbnl Hi 

Harvard 71 

Harnsburjr 253 

Harrisldirg-  and  Lancaster  Railroad  ....  2.").S 

Hasi lilt's 15:) 

Hattifid S'H 

Haveiliill 48 

Haversiraw I55 

ilawley'b  Basin 1>J8 

Ht'mp.stead 142 

Herkimer I95 

liij|ilands 156 

Hiiiiflium 96 

Hiiili(lay.-.bnr^ 257 

'lolmeslnirfr 22"( 

Holmes'  Hole lot 

HuiiL'sdale,  Pa 150 

llopkmton 75  ^ 

Housatoiiic  Railroad 114  | 

W"^l  on ;  IC2 

HikUoii  and  Berkshire  Railroad 116 

Hndson  River  Railroad 145 

Huron 29i 

IpHWich 42 

Island  of  St,  Helen .'.'.'.'  185 

Isle  anx  Noix  and  Fort 181 

Isle  of  Shoals 43 

Ithaca I  151 

Jamaica  Plains 102 

Jamaica  Pond 102 


I  P«ir« 

Jamaica,  1,.  I M> 

J^rwy  City 224 

I  Joliintciwii,  N.  Y I9f 

I  Johnstown,  Pa 257 


Kaiijliii'M  Point 

Kaliihdm  Mountain.  . 

Kfene 

Ktvueville 

Kinilerhook  Landing 

KiiiiThton 

Kiii^rston  I.unduig'.. . 


La  Chine 

Lake  Chainplain 

Lake  (ieurffe 

I  Lake  St.  Peier 

'  Laiicasier 

I  La  Prairie 

j  Leliitrh  Water  Gap 

■  Lewiamn,  Me.   

i  Lewiston,   N.  Y ' 

I  Lexinjfion  and  W.  Cainliridge  Railroad 

;  Litchfield 

I  I-ittlc  Falls 

■  Lockimri   

'  Lon^'  Blanch 

Long  Island  Railroad 

Lon^  Lake 

Lowell 

Lower  Red  Hook 


Madison's  Cave,  Va 

Maiden 

Manchester 

Manlinltanville 

Mansfield 

Many  link 

Marshtielil 

M.irllia's  Vineyard 

Maiich  Chunk 

Med  ford 

Meinpliis  to  New  York 

Micliijfan  Central  Kmlroad 

Middlebury 

Miildletown 

Millord 

Milford  Branch  Railroad 

Mil i bury  Branch  Railroad 

Milwaukie 

Mississippi  anU  Ohio   rivers   (distances 

from  Pittsburg') 

Mobile 

Mobile  to  New  Orleans 

Monroe 

Moiitg'omery  to  Mobile 

Mimtpelier 

Montreal 

Montreal  to  Quebec 

Moniiiaent  Mountain 

Moose  Head  Lake 

Morris  and  Essex  Railroad 

MorrisviUe 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery 

Mount  Hope 

Mount  Independence 

Mount  Toby 

Mount  Tom 


215 
63 
89 

I7;i 

163 

2lH 
16U 

184 

ir6 

17,1 
185 
253 
181 
223 

61 
217 

72 

.50 
I'JI 
21  v. 
1.35 
140 
171 

4'J 
I6U 

290 
47 

;o 

131 

Iil3 

213 

'.6 

nil 

217 

4J 

2.4 

2'j9 
"Jl 
It'J 

II'J 
10! 

;5 

3JI 
215 

i^yi 

2'.:! 
2..J 
2'J2 

181 
1.S5 
115 

(il 
222 
2l8 

72 
205 
178 
178 

84 

Hi 


Nantucket 101 

Nashua 50 

Nashua  and  Concord  Railroad 4d 


: 


I 


10 


INDEX. 


F&ge 

Nashua  and  Worcester  Railroad 77 

Nashville 50 

Naiiok "6 

Natural  Biiilgt,  Va 289 

Na/.arelh 247 

Necdliaiii 74 

Nepoiiset  Village 95 

Newark 225 

New  lialtimcire Ifi3 

New  Bedford 100 

New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Railroad  ...    99 

New  Brig-liloei 135,  22J 

New  Brunswick,  provuice  of 65 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J 2SH 

Newburo- 159 

Newburyport 42 

New  Hamburg' 159 

New  Haven 109 

New  Jersey  (railroad  routes  in) 221 

New  Lebanon 117 

New  Lebanon  Spiings  (loutes  to) 116 

New  London 107 

New    London   and   Williinaniic    Rail- 
road   lOS 

New  Oi  leans 303 

Newport y8 

Newton 71 

Newton  Corner 74 

New  Windsor 159 

New  Yolk  City 118 

Blinks 125 

Cliurclies,  Public  Buildings, 

&,c 121 

City  Hall 124 

Croton  VVater-workf 129 

Cusiom-IIouse 125 

distances  from  tlie  City  Hall,  132 

Exliibitions  of  the  Fine  Arts.  129 

High  BridiiB 129 

Hackney  coach  fares,  &,c. . . .   132 

Hotels,  &LC 127 

-^— Insurance  Companies 126 

Literary  Insiituiions 12d 

Merchants'  Exchange 121 

places  In  the  viciniiy  of 133 

places  of  Ainuscinent rJ8 

Post  Ofiice 125 

Public  Walks,  Squares,  &,c.,  120 

— — —  Steamboat  Lines 130 

"  Tombs" 125 

Trinity  Church U'2 

Trinity  Tower 123 

New  York  to  Albany  and  Troy 130 

New  York  to  Albany  (winter  route) 114 

New  York  to   Boston,  via  New  Haven, 

Hartford,  and  Springfield 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Newpor'.  iiid 

Fall  River 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Norwich  and 

Worcester 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Sionington  and 

Providence 131 

New  York  to  Bridgeport,  5c 114 

New  York  to  Cincinnati 2% 

New  York  (trip  from)  to  Detroit  and  Chi- 
cago, via  iJie  great  lakes 300 

New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 146 

New  Yok  k  and  New  Haven  Railroad ...  143 
New    York    to    New  Haven,  Hartford, 

Springfield,  &c 109 

New  York  to  Morristown  and  Schooley's 

Mountain,  N.  J 921 

New  York  to  Paterson,  N.  J [  2£l 


I  Page 

New  York  to   Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 

and  Washington 221 

New    York    to    Philadelphia    (railroad 

route) 224 

New  York  to  Philadelphia   (steamboat 

and  railroad  route) 22i» 

New  York  to  Pierniont 148 

New  York  to  Port  Jervis 148 

New  York  to  Somerville 282 

Niagara  Falls 210 

Niagara  Falls  to  Hamilton,  Detroit,  &"..  217 
Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal  and  Quebec    217 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 214 

Norlolk  County  Railroad 10' 

Norristown 245 

Northampton 83 

North  Boscawen 86 

Northern  Railroad 85 

Northfield 88 

Nova  Srolia 65 

Norwalk 143 

Norwich 107 

Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad 106 

Nyack 154 

Ocean  House,  N.J 1.35 

Ogdensbuig : 219 

Ogdensbui^r  Railroad 220 

Ohio  and   Mississippi  rivers  (distances 

from  Pittsburg) 295 

Old  Colony  Railroad 94 

Origin  and  Progress  of  Railroads 13 

Oswego 19tf 

Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad 199 

Otisvide 149 

Overslaugh 163 

Owego. ." 163 

Palatine 193 

Palatine  Bridge 192 

Passage  up  the  Hudson 158 

Passaic  Falls 221 

Paterson 291 

Pa;erson  and  Rainiipo  Railroad 22" 

Pawtuxet  Village 105 

Peekskill 155 

Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad 260 

Petersboro'  and  Shirley  Railroad 92 

Pliiladelphia 2'M) 

Banks 237 

Benevolent  Institutions 238 

Churches 237 

—  Fairmouiu  Water-works  . .  233 

Girard  College 235 

Hackney-coach  fares 243 

Hotels 243 

Laurel  Hill  Cemetery 242 

Literary  and  Scientific  In- 
stitutions  239 

Medical  Institutions 240 

place-s  of  Amusement 242 

places  worth  visiting 241 

Prisons 241 

Public  Buildings 234 

Public  Squares 232 

Philadelphia    (grand    routes   from)    to 

Pittsburg  and  the  West 855 

Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 263 

Philadelphir.    to    Baltimore    (steamboat 

route) 268 

Philadelphia    to     Bethlehem,      Mauch 

Chunk,  &.C 247 

Philadelphia  to  Columbia 268 


INDEX. 


11 


Page 
PhiUilelplua    to   Harrisl)ur!^   and  Piits- 
liiir;r 

Philiiililplua  10  l,aiica«ier  iimi  Hanis- 
limjf 

PtiilHili-lpliui  to  New  York 

I'liiiii'iilptii.t,    Rea(!iii?,    and    Puttsville 

R;illin;,d 248 

riuailelpliia  ( roiiips  rriiiii ) 246 

I'lii.ailrtpliia   (roiiiis   Irmii )  lo  Balliinore 

niid  WLi.-luiiirtiili 261 


247 

25!? 
216 


Sailor's  Snug  Harbor 

Salem 

Saint  Anilrewii 

Sainl  Anne's 

Sanit  John,  \.  B 

Saint  Johns,   Can 

S.unl  Jolinsvillc 

S.iiiil  LawriiKe  and  Allan; 

St.  Lnuis 

St.  Louis  10  the  Kails  ot  St 


ic  Railroai^ 
,  Antljonv. 


riiila'iclptiia  to  III  ^iilniiT  an 


1  Poitsville..  243     St.  Louis  to  New  Orlians 


^a:r- 

•2.'!n 
41 

67 

1 8.'; 

l■.^ 
1S| 

I'.'S 
1-1 

3).' 

;siij 


I' 


ii'le.ji 


Will 


and    Ualti- 


llailroad. Sfil     Salisbury,  Vi 


Sal  I  still  rv  Beaoli I- 


'icini'ini  . 


l'ii.stnii-;f 25 


15.3     S.illpeiie  Cave,  Va 2,'1 


Saiiiln,«kv  Cliv. 


2'.JS 


pilsliilisr  (roUle.s  lioiii). 

Piislii'lcl. 
l'iii.-li.-iil 
l'iaitslinr;r 


2>>5     Sandvliii: i:<) 


'lid  North  Adams  Rai!roa 


^l     Saral( 
8  I     SaralOfra 


d  Shi 
1.1  VVahli 


dv  R.iilioad. 
Raili- 


li;^ 

ri 


1^0     Saratoija  I^ake K 


I'lviiiniith '.'5     Sara'OL'-a  Sp 


It, J 


Puini  mix  Tit-iiibles 


I'.iri  CMiiitiHi 24;»     Sau;reiiies. 

Pun  <Jeiu'>ee 


I^^5     Sarato;ia  to  Montreal  and  Quebec 1T2 


P.,ti    Hi 

I'nit    JiMvii 
Pi.rl  Kent 
I'orland  . 
P 


lit) 
•219     Sav:iiuial ZlZ 


\7i 


iVllll' 


l.l     Saxniivi.le  Branch  Raiuoud 75 


ll    (  11)11    I'S     II  IIMI  I. 


l;;)  Schi-ni 
44  S-hodi 
5.)     Schoci 


I, 


andiiiir. 
Mount 


lid 
iri;i 

222 


P 

l'..rilii.'"i  lo  Qiii-ii 


•:aslp.ut 6J     Schuylkill  (Kads  of  the) 2  Iti 


S'diiivikill  Hav 


r.iri    Ri.dimoiid    i;{5,  22'.i     Scl.iiylkil,  Vuulucl. 


■it-llli.U 


III 


■ii 


lb. 


Pm  tHiiiiiuth    lo  Cui 
Poii.;tiki  ell^l•• 


16     Seneca  Kalis.  , 


1  :,i) 


Lakn 


Pi>it"-.(owii 2ld     Shaker  Village. 


Piilisville 
i' 


M;i     Shaiiiii 


riiC-lon. 


Si 


larcn 


^4y 
..  24',) 
.  43 
,.  2t)2 
. .  203 
, .  bi 
..  103 
..   192 


103     Sheiiield 11 


P 


ovulence  lo  SMUiiiiiriou  . 


ioviiU!iii'e  and 


Wuii-esiei  Raiirnad.  , 


105 


■:iii 


pp.' 


sblii 


102     Siiii^wsbiii  A'. 


Piovidiiii'e  to  Worcester lOJ     Sillerv  Cove. 


SiiiiT  Siiiir 


Rr 


iic'bec 

..     l-(5 

,tieljec  (I'ai. mails  la 

iiiifi  .H" 

ttoin)..  . 

..  S02 

iili  Wit  V 

2  6 

..   Ii8 

p.jiiils  01  Si.  Mill  V. 

radiiijr 

eatliiw,  i'a 

..   I?5 
..     47 

211) 

,'(1    n.mk 

. ..   13.) 

i»d  Mountain 

...     59 

t'lis^t-e'aer  antl  S.ua 

.(lua  Iiaiin)ai.t  .  . 

...   Iii7 
...  10 

i(;rie!if ti  R.ipuis.  ,  . 

..     li-5 

ir'hhrltl    S[lllll"*S.  ,  . 

. ..   195 

142 

1)1' lies' er 

. ..  yoi 

,o*'^^away  iJcach... 

134 

. ..    I'.'S 

. ..    It'.O 

.ntisje's  Puiht 

it-o 

.owlov 

. . .     42 

L.(»xljurv 

102 

utuhmd 

...     91 

aiilaiK-l  Kailruad.  . 

. . .     90 

aclieiu's  \htn\ 

...   Ill 

Sk 


tneateles 


Skaiiraielos  Lake  .  , 
Siiioerville  and  Ea.~ 


261 
1.35 

186 

154 

200 

20;) 

Railroad ^23 

48 


Siiner^worth 

Siirel 1>'5 

S  iiiili  Aiiib..y 2M0 

Soiiili  Berwick 48 


MiiiiiiiM.ro' 


Suiiih  Hallev  Kai 


84 


7     Soiiih  lladiev  Villiicrc M 


Soiiili  Readiii'T 17 

.S.iiith  .Shore  Railroad ;'6 

Sp:i'  Rock 179 

Spot  Pood 47 

Sproiu-field bH 


Spriiit;(ield  lo  Noruianipion  and  Green- 


liuld. 


82 
Spiiyien  Diiyvei  Creek 153 


Sip 
Sunt 


Lake 

slaiid 135,  2:0 


Stillwater 17 


Sii 


L'liam 

lOlllllg-tOll 


Stoiiini^toii  Railroad. 
Stnyvi 


103 
l(;3 


Railroad 89 . 

;uiibiiry 251 


Suiiburv,  Danville,  and  Pottsvide  Rail- 


Sacketi's  Harbor 219  :  S\ 


road. 


SaCL 


44  ,  Sy 


racuse  an 


d  U. 


Railr 


251 
198 
198 


I' 


12 


INDEX. 


;  I 


Tacony 

Tnrryiuwii 

Taunton 

Trtunton  Ilriiiicli  Riiilroiiil 

Thornaston 

Tlioiinaml  Isli'S 

'I'liiee  Rivers 

Tiiiioii  Fulls 

Tuleilu 

TiiimwHiiila  Riiilru:i(l 

'I'orotilo 

'Troy 

Troy  to  BalUion  i^pa  ^:.  Saiatoira  Spring's 

Tiiiy  to  Hiiliiilo  mill  ,\i;i^';i'-u  Falls 

Tioy  and  (ireenlnish  RiiilroMil 

Tioy  to  Munireal  uml  Qntliec 

Trenton 

Trenton  Falls 


a!^e 
22J 

ion 

W 
64 
219 
\Hf> 
I3;l 
2'J9 
207 
21H 
166 
16i) 
l'.»l 

\m 
ir.i 

22- 
liC) 


VVrttertowii 73 

Wet'linwkeii 152 

Wei  ilia  in 42 

Weir's  C^ive 28j 

Wesiliiiri)' 75 

We.-t  CiiinbriLl^e 71 

We.-t  Coiiconl 86 

Western  Railroad,  Mass 77 

Wes:tleld 81 

Wesion 71 

We>l  Point 15ti 

VVe>-tpi)rt \7'i 

Wesr  Spriiijrfield 81 

West  Siockbridjje 116 

West  Trov 167 

Wesi  Whately 83 

Wheehiiij 2Hj 

Wiiiieliall 176 

While  Mull  II I  an  IS 51 

Willie  Mi)uiitanis  (routes  to) 56 

Wluie  I'Iniiis 145 

Wliilrsboro' 19H 

Wilkesbane 2511 

Wiiiiam  Henry 185 

Willianisbnr^ \U 

Will  lit  iiisport 251 

Wiliniiiffion '17 

Wi  iiiiiijrioii,  Del 262 

Will (.11  Railroad •. . .  93 

Wiiiiiipis'eciifee  Lake 58 

Wiiiiiipiseouee  Lake  (routes  to) 58 

Wiscas.-et 61 

Wi>salnckun  Creek 215 

Wob'irii 49 

Woodbiirv 241 

Woud's  Hne 101 

Worcesier 75 

WoK'ester  lliii  road 7.'i 

Won-esicr  III  Norwich 106 

Wori:ester  to  Providence 102 

Wren  liani 103 

Yonkcrs 153 

I  York 253 

j  York  and  Wng'iiisvijle  Railroad 257 

YuikMile Hi 


Union,  Pa 285 

Utica 19:') 

Uiioaand  Sdienectadv  Railroad   192 

Upper  Red  Hook .' 160 

Val'.py  Forge 219 

Verg^eiiiies 92 

Venniint  Ceiural  Railroiid 92 

Verrnnut  and  MusMiilin.-eus  Raiiii'ad  ..  87 

Vernna  Centre 198 

Virjrinia  Spiiiijfs 287 

Virginia  Sprinjfs  (routes  to) 2 Jo 

Wachnsett  Mountain 77 

Waldoboroiiirli 61 

Wall  ha  III 71 

Waiiip>viHe li'8 

VVaretiain 9J 

Warren 61 

Warwick 105 

WasliiiiiTloii  Ciiy 2,"H 

Hnckney-cuaclies,  fares....  2>l 

— Hotels 281 

Washing-ton,  Pa 285 

Waslmiij-ioii  Jiraiii'li  Railroad 273 

Wash  in  ^f  Ion  to  Baliiiiiore 27.'^ 

Waieili.rd 167 

Waterloo 202 


APPENDIX. 

Steamships 305,  306 

Sailing  Packets 306,  30* 

Telegraph  Lines 307-31 

Value  of  United  States  and  Foieign  Couis  <S;,e 311,  31 J 


m 


i 


73 

152 

42 

28y 

'•') 

"I 

86 

it 

81 

71 

158 

17S 

81 

116 

167 

83 

285 

176 

51 

50 

U5 

198 

250 

185 

133 

251 

47 

262 

"...     93 

58 

to) 58 

61 

2)5 

4U 

244 

101 

75 

I  *> 

106 

102 

103 

153 

253 

ail 25? 

145 


305,  306 

306,  30' 
307-31 
311,312 


,\ 

■'r.i 

1 

w 

1 

Hy 

I   ...1  .t.l.--tru 


,'1  H'    i     1 


'A:l\\ 


*f 


hv 


I' 


i 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAMBOAT 
COMPANION. 


ORIGIN    AND  PR0GRES6   OF  RAILROADS. 

The  first  railway  of  which  we  have  any  satisfactory  notice,  was  one 
constructed  near  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England,  about  the  middle  of 
tiie  seventeenth  century.  It  was  adopted  in  order  to  reduce  the  labor 
of  drawing  coals  from  the  pits  to  the  places  of  shipment,  and  consisted 
simply  of  pieces  of  wood  imbedded  in  the  ordinary  road.  These  tracks 
presented  a  much  smoother  surface  for  the  wheels  to  run  on,  than  was 
previously  used,  and  therefore  greatly  increased  the  available  power  of 
the  horses.  The  advantages  of  even  this  kind  of  railroad  were  so  great 
as  to  cause  its  extensive  introduction  into  various  mining  districts  ;  while 
improvements,  from  time  to  time,  were  made  upon  it. 

This  description  of  road  continued  in  use  for  a  century  and  a  half 
without  any  important  step  being  taken  for  the  introduction  of  a  more 
durable  material.  Stoneway  j,  it  is  true,  were  constructed  for  similar 
purposes,  but,  although  possessing  some  advantages,  they  were  not  as 
smooth  as  wood.  The  next  material  improvement  was  the  use  of  cast- 
iron  plates  fixed  upon  the  wooden  rails— the  result  rather  of  fortuitous 
circumstances  than  of  premeditation,  notwithstanding  the  well-known 
effect  of  iron  in  diminishing  resistance.  This  was  first  tried  upon  a 
wooden  railroad  at  the  Colebrook  Dale  iron-works  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, about  tiie  year  1767.  In  consequence  of  the  price  of  iron  becom- 
ing very  low,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  furnaces  at  work,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  cast  bars  which  might  be  laid  upon  the  wooden  rails,  and  in 
case  of  a  sudden  rise  in  the  price,  taken  up  and  sold  as  "  pigs."  This 
plan  was  first  suggested  by  Mr.  William  Reynolds,  the  gentleman  who 
erected  at  Colebrook  Dale  the  first  iron  bridge  in  England.  The  plates 
of  iron  were  five  feet  in  length,  four  inches  broad,  and  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  thick,  with  three  holes  in  each  for  nailing  to  the  wood. 

The  introduction  of  malleable  iron  as  a  material  for  rails  is  an  im- 
provement which  may  perhaps  be  considered  to  have  done  more  than 
any  other  in  preparing  railroads  for  becoming  the  principal  highways 
of  a  commercial  country.  The  brittleness  of  cast-iron  rendered  it 
necessary  that  the  rails  should  be  made  of  much  greater  strength  than 
was  sufficient  to  bear  ordinary  loads,  that  they  might  be  able  to  resist 
accidental  strains  and  shocks.  So  long  as  the  travelling  was  restricted 
to  a  low  rate  of  speed,  the  accidents  and  delays  thus  occasioned  were 


14 


nAILIiOAD    AND    STKAiMBOAT    CO.MrANION. 


t'. 
f 


;| 


I 


;  I 


V^ 


of  minor  importiince  ;  but  Iho  diflloulty  of  guurding  against  them  would 
no  doubt  have  greatly  retarded  the  \ise  of  railways  for  the  conveyance 
of  passengers,  if  an  adetjuale  remedy  had  not  been  provided  before  the 
experiment  was  made. 

Bars  of  malleable  iron  were  laid  down  as  rails  to  a  limited  extent 
about  the  year  IhOH,  and  .some  engineers  a<lvoeated  their  use,  notwith- 
standing tlie  inconvenience  arising  from  their  unsuitable  form  ;  no  ma- 
chinery being  then  used  by  whieh  they  coidd  be  made  economically  in 
•iiiy  other  than  a  S(iuare  or  Hat  form.  The  de.-ir(;  to  introduce  a  more 
(iurabk!  rail  led  also  to  exi)eriments  on  the  combination  of  wrought  and 
i-ast  iron  ;  but  these  and  all  simihir  conlrivanees  were  super.<eded  in 
1820,  by  the  invention  of  an  eflficieul  and  chea[)  method  of  rolling  iron 
bars  suitable  for  rails  and  other  purposes.  .Malleable  rails,  when  in  use, 
do  not  rust  to  any  material  extent,  while  the  same  rails,  if  lying  on  the 
ground  beside  the  track,  rapidly  waste  away. 

Animal  power  was  the  only  means  of  locomotion  originally  employed 
on  railways  to  any  considerable  extent ;  but  the  purpose  to  wliich  it  was 
applied,  was  simply  that  of  conveying  mineral  produce  to  a  place  of 
shipment,  somewhere  in  the  neighborhood. 

An  ingenious  contrivance  was  introduced  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
century  for  ascending  and  dcs(!ending  declivities.  When  a  declivity 
occurs  steeper  than  is  convenient  for  the  ordinary  power,  a  self-acting 
inclined  plane  is  sometimes  resorted  to  ;  on  which  a  train  of  carriages  is 
allowed  to  run  down  by  the  force  of  gravity,  drawing  a  rope,  which, 
after  passing  round  a  wheel  at  the  top  of  the  plane,  is  conducted  down 
the  slope  and  attached  to  an  empty  train— the  force  of  the  descent  of 
the  -loaded  vehicles  being  sufficient  to  cause  the  empty  train  to  run  up 
to  the  top  of  the  plane.  Stationary  steam-engines,  which  draw  the  car- 
riages by  means  of  ropes  guided  by  pulleys  in  the  centre  of  the  track, 
have  been  used  from  an  early  period. 

The  following  is  a  brief  notice  of  the  steps  by  which  the  locomotive 
engine  has  been  brought  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 

The  possibility  of  .applying  the  steam-engine  to  the  purposes  of  loco- 
motion was  conceived  by  several  of  its  earliest  improvers,  but  it  does 
not  appear  that  any  carried  their  ideas  into  practice  until  about  the  year 
1802.  Richard  Trevithick  and  Andrew  Vivian,  two  Cornish  engineers, 
the  inventors  of  the  high-pressure  steam-engnie,  were  the  first  who  ap- 
plied steam  as  a  locomotive  power.  Watt,  in  1784,  first  conceived  the 
idea  that  two  persons  might  probably  be  carried  by  an  engine  having  a 
'Cylinder  seven  inches  in  diameter,  and  a  foot-stroke,  the  piston  moving 
at  the  rate  of  one  htmdred  and  twenty  feet,  or  sixty  strokes  per  minute. 
This  scheme,  however,  was  never  put  \\\  practice. 

In  the  year  1804,  Trevithick  and  Vivian  constructed  an  engine  for 
moving  railway  carriages.  This  was  the  first  steam-engine  applied  to 
locomotive  purposes  in  Great  Britain.  It  was  used  successfully  on  the 
railroad  at  Merthyr  Tydvil,  in  South  Wales,  and  thereby  proved  the 
practicability  of  their  plan.    Th  ?  following  engraving  represents  a  fronl 


■lif  ' 


ORTf.IN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  UAIMIOADS. 


15 


would 
jyance 
are  the 

extent 

otwilh- 
no  ma- 
cully  in 
a  more 
gilt  and 
cded  in 
ing  iron 
1  in  vise, 
g  on  the 

mployed 

ch  it  was 

place  of 

)f  the  last 
declivity 

self-acting 

Triages  is 

le,  which, 
led  down 
escent  of 
to  run  up 

[v  the  car- 
Ihe  track, 

|)comotive 

of loco- 
lut  it  does 
\t  the  year 
mginecrs, 
tt  who  ap- 
fceived  the 

having  a 
|)n  moving 

;r  minute. 

tngine  for 
kppUed  to 
Illy  on  the 
Iroved  the 
kts  a  front 


M 


-c— ) 


%  ) 

'■I 


ami  side  view  of  tliis  inaclii;io.  Tlii^  locoinotivo  cneiiio,  wliicfi  in  many 
of  i!s  Icaiiiim  iVaiures  was  e.^.-cutially  the  same  as  those  now  in  nse, 
drew  at  its  first  trial  as  iiiaiiy  waL'oiis  as  carricil  ten  tons  of  bar-iron, 
with  acoiisi(ioral)h'  niunhcrof  jx-rsons,  and  travelled  at  llie  rate  of  five 
miles  an  hour.  Tlic  "leniUM-,"  carry iii;-,'  a  siipply  of  fuel  and  water,  and 
a  small  force-pump,  worked  by  tlie  rnachnie  itself,  maintained  the  re- 
quisite (]uantily  of  uatf'r  in  the  l)()iler. 

Messrs.  Trevithick  and  Vivian  also  invented  steatn-eoaehes  for  run- 
ning upon  eonunon  turnpike  roads,  but  not  receivuig  liic  encotiragc- 
ment  they  deserved,  they  ahaii  lone  I  the  enterprise. 

In  IStiT,  .Mr.  Cohlsworthy  (Jurney  obtained  a  patent  for  a  steam-car- 
riage, and  in  182'J  had  broucrht  it  to  such  perfection  that  he  was  enabled 
to  ascend  with  it  tlie  highest  liills  round  London,  and  travelled  from 
London  to  Bath,  a  distance  of  li;7  miles,  and  back.  In  18:^1,  one  of  his 
steam-carriages  ran  about  four  nujnths  on  the  road  between  Gloucestei 
and  Chelteidiam.  The  success  of  Mr.  (I'urney's  steam-carriage  led  tc 
the  formation,  in  Scotland,  about  the  year  1831,  of  a  steam-carriage  com 
pany  for  turnpike  roads.  The  earriaQ;es  connnenced  plying  regularly 
between  Glasgow  and  Paisley,  when  an  unfortunate  accident  occurred, 
in  1835,  attended  with  considerable  loss  of  life,  from  the  explosion  oi 
one  of  the  boilers.  After  this  disaster,  all  attempts  to  introduce  steam- 
carriages  on  public  roads  proved  abortive. 

In  1811,  Mr.  Bienkinsop  patented  a  locomotive  engine,  in  which  the 
power  w^as  applied  to  a  large  cogged  wheel,  the  teeth  of  which  entered 
a  rack  laid  down  beside  the  ordinary  rails.  Patents  were  taken  out  in 
1816  and  1817,  by  George  Stephenson,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  Dodd 
and  Losh,  under  which  several  locomotives  were  constructed  and 


'V>1« 


m 


16 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAIMBOAT  COMPANION. 


t' 


•  r 


brought  into  prucliciil  operiUion  upon  colliery  railways  near  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne. 

There  can  he  no  douht  that  the  idea  of  the  construction  of  the  Liver- 
pool and  Mandiester  railway  orij^inated  with  the  late  Mr.  William 
James,  four  years  before  the  act  of  Parliatnent  was  obtained,  which  was 
in  1825.  To  this  gentleman  we  arc  indebted  for  the  present  system  of 
railways.  He,  however,  (as  is  usual  in  s\ich  cases,)  never  reaped  any 
benefit  from  his  valuable  suggestions.  To  hun  likewise  is  due  the  pro- 
jection of  the  London  and  Birmingham  railway.  He  had  witnessed  the 
operations  of  the  locomotive  engines  around  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
imiiarted  his  sentiments  to  Mr.  Saunders  of  Liverpool,  which  so  deeply 
impressed  that  gentleman  with  the  feasibility  of  applying  this  plan  of  rail- 
way traction,  that  he  had  a  survey  of  the  road  made  at  his  own  expense. 

When  the  projectors  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  were 
engaged  in  the  design  and  execution  of  that  great  work,  the  advantages 
of  locomotive  steam-engines  were  so  imperfectly  developed,  that  it  was 
uncertain  whether  they  would  be  adopted.  The  experiment  of  forming 
a  railway  for  passengers,  as  well  as  for  carrying  general  merchandise, 
had  scarcely  been  tried,  although  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway, 
which  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1825,  had  done  more  than  any  of  its 
predecessors  in  showing  the  capabilities  of  a  railway  for  such  a  use. 
As  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  line  approached  completion,  the  di- 
rectors became  convinced  that  horse-power  was  ineligible,  since  it  was 
.ntended  to  aim  at  considerable  velocity-  It  was  difficult  to  decide  upon 
the  compiirative  merits  of  stationary  and  locomotive  engines.  Various 
suggestions  were  made  for  the  application  of  fixed  engines  at  intervals 
along  the  line,  to  draw  trains  by  ropes  from  station  to  station  ;  but  it 
was  eventually  determined  to  use  locomotives,  and  to  offer  a  premium 
of  £500  for  the  best  which  would  fulfil  certain  conditions,  of  which  some 
were— that  it  should  not  emit  smoke,  (the  nuisance  of  smoke  was  pre- 
vented by  the  employment  of  coke  as  fuel,  which  is  used  at  the  present 
time  upon  most  of  the  railways  in  England)— should  draw  three  times 
its  own  weight  at  the  rate  of  ten  miles  per  hour— should  be  supported 
on  springs,  not  exceeding  six  tons  weight,  or  four  tons  and  a  half  if  on 
only  four  wheels— and  should  not  cost  more  than  i;^550.  The  trial  was 
fixed  for  October,  1829,  when  four  steam  locomotives  were  produced, 
one  of  which  was  withdrawn  at  the  commencement  of  the  experiment. 
The  Sans  Pareil,  by  Mr.  Hackworth,  was  very  similar  to  Trevithick's 
engine,  but  had  two  cylinders,  both  working  the  same  axle.  This  en- 
gine attained  a  velocity  of  15  miles  per  hour  with  a  gross  load  of  19  tons, 
but  at  length  gave  way,  owing  to  a  trifling  accident.  The  remaining 
engine,  the  Rocket,  was  constructed  by  Messrs,  Stephenson  and  Booth, 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway.  It  travelled  with  a  gross  load 
of  17  tons,  and  averaged  a  speed  of  14  miles  per  hour ;  but  under  some 
circumstances  it  attained  double  that  velocity,  and  succeeded  in  per- 
forming more  than  was  stipulated  for.  The  following  engraving  repre- 
sents a  side  view  of  the  "  Rocket." 


m 


■»■■■ 


vciistle- 

e  Liver- 
William 
lich  was 
,'stein  of 
iped  any 
the  pro- 
)sscd  the 
yne, and 
5f)  deeply 
in  of  rail- 
expense, 
rt'ay  were 
Ivantages 
hat  it  was 
>f  forming 
chandise, 
1  railway, 
any  of  its 
ch  a  use. 
m,  the  di- 
nce  it  was 
pcide  upon 
Various 
intervals 
on  ;  but  it 
I  premium 
hich  some 
)  was  pre- 
he  present 
;iree  times 
supported 
half  if  on 
|e  trial  w  as 
produced, 
;periment. 
revithick's 
This  en- 
of  19  tons, 
remaining 
md  Booth, 
gross  load 
nder  some 
ed  in  per- 
ing  repre- 


OnirJIX  AND  PROGRES.S  OF  RAIMIOADS. 


17 


Since  the  ."Juccessful  adoption  of  locomotive  steam-engines  on  the 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway,  improvements  have  followed  close- 
ly upon  one  another  ;  but  they  have  chiefly  been  of  a  minor  character, 
when  conipared  with  that  of  tubing  the  boiler,  which  formed  the  di.stm- 
guishing  feature  of  the  Rocket  engine.  Stephenson  built  several  en- 
gines, shortly  after  the  competition  in  which  the  Rocket  had  proved 
victorious,  retaining  this  arrangement,  but  having  the  machinery  dis- 
posed in  a  different  manner.  The  power  of  generating  steam,  which  is 
the  measure  of  efTiciency  in  a  locomotive  engine,  depends  much  upon 
judicious  tubing,  it  being  desirable  to  deprive  the  heated  air  of  its  ca- 
loric as  completely  as  possible  before  leaving  the  boiler.  An  important 
feature  in  a  locomotive  is  its  security  from  bursting,  because,  as  the 
tubes  are  much  weaker  than  the  external  casing  of  the  boiler,  they  are 
almost  certain  to  give  way  first,  and  the  bursting  of  one  or  two  tubes  is 
rarely  productive  of  more  serious  consequences  than  extinguishing  the 
fire,  and  thereby  causing  a  gradual  stoppage  of  the  machine. 

On  the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway,  15th  Sep- 
tember, 1830,  the  problem  of  the  rapid  transport  of  passengers  by  steam 


•}V 


18 


nAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


I 


ii 


'li 


on  railways  was  solved,  and  the  profitable  character  of  the  enterprise 
soon  hccatno  ap[)arpnt. 

This  road  was  comtiuMiced  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  George 
Stephenson,  an  engin(.  -  of  great  practical  skill  and  experience  ;  and 
fortunate  indeed  it  was  for  (iroat  Uritain  and  llie  world,  that  a  work  of 
such  vast  importance  was  placed  in  such  able  hands.  Had  this  great 
enterprise  failed,  there  is  nc^  knowing  how  long  the  progressive  spirit  of 
the  age  would  have  slept  upon  this  iiuportant  subject,  and  the  world 
been  deprived  of  the  vast  benefits  resulting  from  it.  The  projectors 
of  this  great  work  had  iinincnse  opposition  to  struggle  against.  The 
powerful  canal  companies— which  had  settled  down  into  odious  mo- 
nopolies, disregardfitl  of  the  jmblic  weal— had,  by  exorbitant  exactions 
and  negligence  of  duly,  aroused  the  people  to  tiie  necessity  of  this  great 
undertaking,  and  afUT  a  deadly  opposition  to  it  m  the  Uritish  rarlia- 
nient  of  four  years,  the  company  at  last  obtained  a  charter. 

The  Liveri)0()l  and  Manchester  Railway  was  designed,  at  first,  only  to 
facilitate  the  transit  of  merchandise  ;  but  its  still  greater  fitjiess  for  the 
conveyance  of  i)assengeis  was  soon  demonstrated  ;  and  from  that  time 
the  progress  of  railways  has  known  no  check. 

In  IHIO  there  were  1,300  miles  of  railway  in  full  operation  in  England, 
upon  which,  during  that  year,  12,000,000  of  persons  had  been  conveyed. 
In  1841,  1,550  miles  were  in  working  order,  over  which  20,000,000  of  pas- 
sengers had  been  carried.  The  length  of  railway  open  in  1843  was 
1,800  miles,  and  the  number  of  passengers  transported  during  that  year 
was  nearly  27,000,000.  In  1844  the  length  was  increased  to  1,900  miles, 
and  the  passengers  exceeded  the  incredible  number  of  30,000,000. 

In  June,  1845,  2,118  miles  were  opened  for  traflTic,  and  during  the 
same  year  300  miles  more  were  completed.  In  1845  the  passenger  ser- 
vice was  equivalent  io  five  hundred  millions  of  people  travelling  one  inile. 

In  1840,  593  miles,  and  in  1847,  639  miles  were  opened  for  traffic, 
making  a  total  of  about  3,830  miles  of  railway  communication  in  opera- 
tion in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  amount  of  capital  absorbed  in  railways  was,  in  1843,  £57,635,000 ; 
in  1844,  £63,489,100;  in  1845,  £71,646,100;  in  1846,  £83,165,100;  and  in 
1847,  it  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  £109,528,800. 

Of  the  619  miles  of  railway  sanctioned  in  1844,671  miles  have  been 
opened  ;  of  the  2,860  miles  sanctioned  in  1845,  1,030  have  been  opened  ; 
and  of  the  4,705  miles  authorized  in  1840,  36  miles  have  been  opened. 
In  1847  the  construction  of  1,408  miles  of  railway  was  sanctioned. 
During  the  four  past  sessions,  9,732  miles  of  railway  were  authorized 
to  be  made ;  of  these,  1,737  have  been  opened  for  traffic  ;  and  it  is  esti- 
mated that  200  miles  are  nearly  ready  for  opening,  leaving  about  7,855 
miles  to  be  completed,  and  8,055  to  be  opened  for  traffic,  in  addition  to 
the  3,449  miles  already  opened  ;  making  a  total  of  11,494  miles. 

The  following  calculation,  with  its  extraordinary  result  of  railway 
travelling,  is  from  the  Edinburgh  Review :  "  One  hundred  horses  work- 
ing m  a  coach  would  carry  25  passengers  per  day  100  miles.    Omitting 


ORir.lN  AND  PRfMIRRSS  OF  RAILROADS. 


19 


fractions,  llio  number  carried  in  tho  year  wouM  bo  10,0(10,  which  would 
be  c<iMivalent  to  a  million  earned  (,ni'  mile.  Such  a  coach,  worked  by 
100  horses,  would  take  .')00  years  to  execute  the  passenKcr  Irafl'ic  of  the 
railways  in  lSlt-5.  In  doiiiK  tlii.x,  it  would  liavel  a  distance  eciual  to 
l.OOO  tunes  the  circurulereiice  of  the  ylohe.  The  locomotive  engines, 
therefore,  employed  in  draw  mg  |iii"^sem,'er  tiiins  that  year,  performed 
the  work  of  50,000  stai,'e-coach  Iioim  s." 

The  writ«!r  then  procer'ds  to  calculate  the  saving— first,  in  fare,  2UI. 
per  head  per  mile  ;  secondly,  in  time,  Od.  per  hour;  thirdly,  iu  tavern 
expenses,  2d.  i)er  100  ;  making  a  total  saving  of— 

In  fare X'5,280,'J15 

Intime l,llo,.V.>() 

In  tavern  expenses .')(iri,<)00 

Xr.,027,0U 

The  saving  is  thus  double  the  siun  paid  as  railway  fare,  even  under  a 
complete  system  of  monopoly. 

I'ljonthe  railways  iu  Kn^laiid  locomotives  attain  a  great  speed,  owing, 
perhaps,  to  the  substantial  manner  in  which  the  roads  are  built.  Trains 
on  the  (rre;it  Western  Railway  have  gone  101  miles  in  three  hours  and 
."W  minutes,  at  the  same  tune  drawing  (iO  tons  weight.  Deducting  32 
minutes  for  stoppages,  it  gives  a  rate  of  speed  e(|ual  to  about  01  miles 
per  hour.  The  usual  time,  however,  for  performing  this  distance  is 
four  and  a  half  hours,  including  stoppages,  with  a  train  of  40  freight  cars, 
which  IS  drawn  with  perfect  ease. 

Formerly  it  took  two  hours  to  perform  the  journey  between  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow,  a  distance  of  40  miles.  The  road  is  now  gone  over 
l)y  the  mail  trains  in  an  hour  and  a  rpiarter.  The  usual  rate  of  travel 
upon  the  English  railways,  of  "  swift  trains,"  is  50  miles  per  hour,  in- 
cluding stoppages. 

One  of  the  greatest  feats  ever  performed  by  a  locomotive  was  un- 
doubtedly that  by  one  built  by  Mr.  Norris  of  Philadelphia,  which  drew 
a  train  of  158  iron  coal-ioa^ons ,  weighing  1,208  tons,  a  distance  of  84 
miles  in  eight  hours  and  three  minutes.  Trains  in  the  United  States 
are  sometimes  seen  of  great  length.  One  was  observed  passing  over 
the  Western  Railroad  between  Boston  and  Albany  during  the  win*  .r  of 
1847,  which  was  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  length. 

The  London  and  Greenwich  Railway  passes  through  a  sea  of  houses, 
and  for  nearly  four  miles  is  constructed  on  a  continued  series  of  arches, 
forming  one  vast  viaduct  from  one  end  to  the  other.  There  are  not 
less  than  878  brick  arches,  chiefly  semicircular,  18  feet  span  and  20 
feet  high. 

The  Blackwall  Railway,  three  miles  and  843  yards  long,  is  another 
gigantic  work.  On  it  there  is  a  viaduct  of  4,020  yards,  containing  285 
arches,  chiefly  semi-elliptical,  of  30  feet  span. 

As  soon  as  the  practicability  of  railroads  for  passenger  traffic  had  been 


tj  ' 


drm 


\ 


% 


M 


,1 


20 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


determined  on  in  Engliind,  many  persons  in  this  country  immediately 
foresaw  the  immense  ailviuitages  that  were  to  accrue  from  the  adoption 
of  that  system  here,  and  rueasuros  w  ere  at  once  taken  to  phint  the  "  iron 
road"  in  America.  The  progress  was  rapid,  and  in  a  few  years  a  very 
extensive  system  was  entered  into.  The  first  railway  constructed  in 
the  United  States  was  the  Quincy  in  Massachusetts,  in  the  year  1827, 
which  was  four  miles  in  length.  It  was  built  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
veying granite  quarried  in  the  Ciranite  Hills  to  vessels  lying  in  the  Ne- 
ponset  River. 

In  1829,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  was  opened  to  the  Relay 
House,  nine  miles  ;  and  that  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  was  also 
commenced.  In  1633  the  railroad  was  completed  connecting  Newcastle, 
on  the  Delaware,  with  Frenchtown  on  Elk  River,  which  empties  into 
Chesapeake  Ray.  'J'his  was  on  the  route  between  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore.  About  the  same  time  one  was  in  progress  between  A mboy 
and  Bordentown,  New  Jersey,  the  first  road  upon  which  a  locomotive 
was  used  in  the  United  States.  The  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad 
received  its  charter  in  18%1.  and  was  opened  on  the  4th  day  of  June,  1834. 
Since  that  period  j  ailroads  have  extended  with  even  greater  rapidity  in 
this  country  than  in  England,  and  a  few  years  will  no  doubt  witness 
a  more  extensive  system  of  railway  communication  in  the  United  States 
tl?;>.'i  the  most  sanguine  ever  dreamed  of.  At  the  present  time  there 
are  upwards  of  5,000  miles  completed,  and  many  thousands  more  pro- 
jected. In  the  construction  of  these  great  avenues  of  intercourse,  the 
enormous  capital  of  120  millions  of  dollars  has  been  expended. 

The  principal  theatres  of  raivay  enterprise  in  America  are  in  the 
New  England  States,  (^lassachusetts  particularly,)  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Georgia.  Great  progress  is  being  made  in  several  of  the 
other  states,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  in  a  few  years, 
the  country  will  be  intersected  at  every  important  point  by  these  great 
thoroughfares. 

From  Boston  there  is  a  direct  line  of  railway  communication  with 
Buffalo,  at  the  foot  of  navigation  on  Lake  Erie,  via  Albsiny,  a  distance 
of  563  miles  ;  and  another  road  is  in  course  of  construction,  across  that 
portion  of  Canada  West  lying  between  Lakes  Ontario  and  Huron,  which 
when  completed  will  form  an  important  link  in  the  iron  chain  connecting 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  with  the  mighty  rivers  of  the  western  world. 
This  road  will  commence  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  cross  the  Niagara  River 
on  the  suspension  bridge,  already  contracted  for,  and  thence  pass  along 
the  southwestern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  to  Ilanulton,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  44  miles  ;  thence  the  route  is  to  be  continued  to  London,  76 
miles  ;  with  branches,  one  to  Goderich,  on  Lake  Huron,  the  other  to 
Port  Sarnia,  opposite  Fort  Gratio*.  in  Michigan,  each  a  distance  of  about 
50  miles.  From  London  it  will  extend  to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit, 
Michigan,  110  miles. 

From  Detroit  the  Central  Railroad  is  now  in  operation  to  Kalamazoo, 
146  miles.    The  remainder  of  the  route  to  Lake  Michigan  will  ere  long 


tini 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


21 


be  completed,  and  the  road  finally  extended  around  the  head  of  the 
Lake  to  Chicago.  The  latter  place  will,  no  doubt,  eventually  be  con- 
nected by  railroad  with  St.  Louis. 

Boston  will  soon  be  unite  Aith  Montreal  by  the  extension  (properly 
speaking)  of  the  Lowell  Rauroad  after  it  has  passed  into  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  through  Verniont  to  Lane  Champlain  ;  and  also  by  the  ex- 
tension of  the  Fitchburg  via  Keene  :  and  the  Vermont  and  Massachu- 
setts, both  meeting  at  Bellows  Falls,  and  there  joining  the  Rutland  road, 
will  terminate  at  Burlington.  These  again  will  form  a  connection,  by 
steamboat  across  Lake  Champlain,  with  the  Ogdensburg  road,  now  in 
process  of  construction  from  Rouse's  Point  to  Ogdensburg,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

Other  important  branches  will  unite  with  the  foregoing  roads,  the 
principal  of  which  will  be  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Rail- 
road, lately  commenced,  and  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  road, 
a  portion  of  which  is  already  built. 

A  new  road  is  also  proposed  that  will  connect  Boston  with  Troy, 
New  York,  by  the  extension  of  the  Fitchburg  and  Vermont  and  Massa- 
chusetts Railroad,  through  the  valleys  of  the  Deerfield  and  Iloosic 
Rivers,  to  Troy.  It  is  slated  that  by  this  route,  the  distance  between 
Boston  and  the  Hudson  River  will  be  from  30  to  40  miles  shorter  than 
by  the  Western  Railroad. 

Railroads  already  connect  Boston  with  Portland,  and  one  projected, 
and  partly  commenced,  is  to  unite  Portland  with  Montreal,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  River.  The  metropolis  of  New  England  is  connected  with 
New  York  by  several  lines  terminating  on  Long  Island  Sifiind  ;  by  the 
New  Haven  and  New  York  road  ;  by  the  Long  Island  road  from  Green- 
port  to  Brooklyn  ;  and  by  steamboats  running  on  the  Sound. 

New  York,  the  great  commercial  emporiun  of  the  United  States, 
will,  in  a  year  or  two,  be  connected  with  Albany  by  roads  now  being 
constructed,  and  with  Dunkirk  on  Lake  Erie  by  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad.  When  these  great  works  are  completed,  she  will  have 
the  same  advantages  for  securing  her  portion  of  the  trade  of  the  great 
West  thiit  accrued  to  Boston  from  the  opening  of  the  Western  Railroad. 
Wlien  the  road  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego  on  Lake  Ontario  is  built,  with 
the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  all  the 
advantages  of  her  roads  become  demonstrated  by  practical  benefits 
conferred  on  her.  New  York  will  then  wonder,  how  it  was  she  allowed 
such  immense  advantages  for  extending  and  facilitating  her  intercourse 
and  trade  to  lie  unimproved  so  great  a  length  of  time. 

The  link,  so  much  needed  in  the  connection  of  New  York  with  the 
railroad  system  of  New  England,  is  about  to  be  consummated  by  the 
completion  of  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad. 

The  metropolis  has  also  a  railway  communication  proceeding  south- 
ward, traversing  the  states  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  :  at  present,  liowever,  termina- 
ting at  Wilmington,  in  the  latter  state.    A  road  158  miles  in  length,  the 


'lit, 
t 


22 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'i 


only  remaining  link  unfinished,  is  about  to  be  constructed,  which,  when 
completed,  will  form,  with  a  few  trifling  exceptions,  an  unbroken  line 
of  railway  communication  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  She  will  also  soon 
be  brought  in  contact  with  the  rich  coal-fields  of  the  "  Keystone"  state, 
by  railroads  extending  across  New  Jersey  into  Peiuisylvania. 

Philadelphia  by  her  Central  Railroad  will  be  united  with  Pittsburg,  a 
distance  of  about  350  miles,  a  portion  of  which,  as  far  as  Ilarrisburg, 
107  miles,  is  already  built ;  and  by  another  road  in  process  of  construc- 
tion, it  will  be  connected  with  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie.  Otlicr  roads 
yet  to  be  constructed  will  unite  this  growing  city  with  St.  Louis,  on  the 
Mississippi.  Philadelphia  will  then  have  a  direct  steam  commvuiication 
with  New  Orleans.  Another  link  of  railroad,  that  will  add  greatly  to 
the  prosperity  of  Philadelitliia,  will  be  the  route  (already  surveyed) 
from  that  city  to  Erie,  on  the  lake  of  tlie  same  name.  These  great 
works  will,  no  doubt,  be  carried  through  before  many  years.  This  city 
is  also  the  centre  of  the  routes  which  connect  the  north  with  tlic  south. 

From  Baltimore  run  two  great  arteries  north  and  south,  the  former 
terminating  in  the  state  of  Maine,  5()()  miles,  and  the  latter  at  Wilming- 
ton, North  Carolina,  420  miles.  From  these  al  Ualtimore  issues  a  branch 
proceeding  westward,  towards  the  Alleghany  range:  at  present,  it  is 
completed  only  as  far  as  Cumberland,  on  the  Potomac  river,  1T8  miles, 
to  the  foot  of  the  ridge,  w  Inch  is  from  that  point  crossed  by  an  excel- 
lent Macadamized  road,  on  \\hich  stage-coaches  run.  The  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  Company  have  resolved  to  extend  ti.eir  road  from 
Cumberland  (its  present  terminus)  to  Wheeling  via  Fish  Creek,  that 
city  having  consented  to  the  establishment  of  a  depot  on  the  Ohio,  at 
the  mouth  of  said  creek,  which  is  28  miles  below  Wheeling,  making  the 
distance  from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati  017  miles. 

The  legislatures  of  North  and  South  Carolina  have  recently  granted 
a  charter  for  supplying  the  connecting  link  in  the  chain  of  inland  travel 
between  the  North  and  the  South,  by  the  construction  of  the  Wilming- 
ton and  Manchester  Railroad,  158  miles  in  length  ;  at  present,  the  travel 
from  Wilmington,  N.  C,  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  is  performed  on  steam- 
boats, which  circumstance  operates,  it  has  been  ascertained,  by  divert- 
ing the  travel  from  this  to  other  channels.  In  order  to  obviate  this,  and 
to  dispense  entirely  with  the  sea  route,  measures  are  now  being  taken 
to  construct  the  above  road  with  as  little  delay  as  possible. 

Besides  this,  it  is  in  contemplation  to  connect  the  Virginia  and  Soiitli 
Carolina  roads,  by  the  construction  of  a  road  from  Raleigh,  N.  C,  to 
Columbia  or  Camden,  in  S.  C.  This  is  to  be  called  the  Metropolitan 
Route,  because  it  connects  the  capitals  of  the  two  states.  The  length 
of  this  road  will  be  184  miles.  The  face  of  the  country  over  which  it 
must  pass  is  very  broken,  for  the  most  part  sand-hills. 

The  state  of  Georgia  is  about  completing  the  Western  and  Atlantic 
Railroad,  from  Dalton  to  Chattanooga,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  38  miles. 
This  is  the  last  link  in  the  chain  between  the  Atlantic  at  two  points, 
viz.  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee.    From 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS   OF  AAILROADS. 


23 


,  when 
3n  line 
o  soon 

"  stiite, 

burg,  a 
risburg, 
)nslruc- 
r  roads 
;,on  the 
iiication 
•eatly  to 
irvoyed) 
se  great 
rhis  city 
\c  south, 
e  former 
Vilining- 
ii  branch 
ent,  it  is 
78  iniley, 
an  cxcel- 
ialtimore 
pad  from 
eek, that 
t  Ohio,  at 
iking  the 

granted 
[nd  travel 
CVilming- 
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^n  steain- 
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this,  and 
ing  taken 

[nd  Soutli 

In.  c,  to 

\tropolitan 
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which  it 

Atlantic 

38  miles. 

fo  points, 

le.    From 


this  point  where  the  road  strikes  the  Tennessee  river,  there  is  about  100 
miles  steamboat  navigation  to  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  and  about  500  to  the 
Ohio  river.  Tlie  passage  over  the  Muscle  Shoals,  however,  can  only 
be  effected  when  the  river  is  high.  From  Charleston  to  Augusta,  by 
the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  is  13G  miles  ;  thence  to  Atlanta,  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad,  171  miles.  At  Atlanta,  the  roads  from  Savannah  and 
Charleston  meet.  The  total  distance  from  Charleston  to  the  Tennessee 
river,  at  Chattanooga,  is  445  miles. 

The  West  has  in  contemplation  a  great  enterprise,  in  the  proposed 
Mississippi  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  It  is  to  extend  from  a  point  opposite 
St.  Louis,  to  Wheeling  on  the  Ohio,  passing  over  the  route  of  the 
present  National  Road,  through  Vandalia,  Indianapolis,  and  Columbus; 
the  distance  between  St.  Louis  and  Wheeling  being  638  miles.  It  will 
form  part  of  the  direct  route  from  Boston.  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  Baltimore,  to  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis.  At  Columbus,  Ohio,  by 
connecting  with  a  railroad  to  Cleveland,  and  thence  to  Dunkirk  and 
Buffalo,  (it  being  about  300  miles  from  Columbus  to  Buffalo,)  New  York 
has  a  connection  with  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Buffalo  to  Boston,  and 
will  have,  ere  long,  with  Lake  Erie  by  the  N.  York  and  Erie  Railroad. 
At  Wheeling,  a  connection  will  be  formed  with  Philadelphia  via  Pitts- 
burg, and  also  with  Baltimore  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
Thus  lines  will  extend  from  the  four  great  commercial  cities  of  the 
East  to  St.  Louis;  the  line  from  Boston  being  about  1,2.'>0  miles,  that 
from  New  York  about  1,200,  from  Philadelphia  about  1,100,  and  from 
Baltimore  about  1,000  miles. 

Such  are  the  artificial  avenues  by  which  the  communication  between 
the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard  and  in  the  interior  of  the  country  is  and 
will  ultimately  be  carried  on.  Besides  these,  there  are  innumerable 
navigable  rivers,  extensive  canals,  and  good  common  roads,  whereby 
the  commerce  of  the  country  is  greatly  facilitated. 

The  subject  of  railroads  is  occupymg  great  attention  in  continental 
Europe.  Belgium  was  the  first  state,  after  Great  Britain,  that  moved 
energetically  in  the  matter ;  four  different  lines,  348  miles  in  length, 
have  been  constructed  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  and  the  re- 
sult of  the  first  year  after  their  opening  fully  justified  the  policy  which 
had  dictated  their  construction.  Before  the  establishment  of  these  lines 
of  communication,  the  number  of  passengers  between  Brussels  and 
Antwerp  annually  was  75,000.  In  the  eight  months  after  the  opening 
of  the  railway,  the  number  was  541,129  ;  and  afterwards  the  annual  in- 
tercourse between  those  cities  amounted  to  a  million.  A  secondary 
system  of  lines,  about  200  miles,  to  communicate  with  the  inferior  towns, 
has  been  commenced  under  the  authority  of  the  state,  by  private  com- 
panies. 

In  1842,  the  French  government  resolved  that  a  system  of  railways 
should  be  planned  and  executed.  With  thi-s  view,  it  was  determined 
that  from  Paris  as  a  centre,  main  branch  lines  should  issue,  to  be  di- 
rected to  those  points  of  the  frontiers,  by  land  and  sea,  that  should  best 


24 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMTANION. 


DC 


m  W 


serve  the  purposes  of  foreign  commerce.  In  1844,  there  were  537  miles 
of  railway  opened  to  the  public,  absorbing  a  capital  of  $57,320,000  ;  in 
progress  of  construction  1,837  miles,  and  061  miles  projected.  When 
these  are  completed  the  total  length  will  be  3,335  miles,  requiring  the 
enormous  capital  of  $355,977,000.  The  Great  Northern  Railway,  which 
unites  Paris  and  Brussels,  is  now  open,  and  is  said  to  be  the  most  gi- 
gantic railway  concern  in  the  hands  of  any  one  company  in  the  world. 
It  will  have  need  of  3,250  carriages  and  175  locomotives.  It  has  occu- 
pied four  years  in  its  construction,  and  cost  180,000,000  francs.  Most 
of  the  railways  in  France  have  been  undertaken  by  the  government, 
and  when  completed,  are  leased  for  a  term  of  years  to  companies,  or 
individuals,  on  complying  with  certain  conditions.  At  the  expiration 
of  40  years,  they  will  revert  again  to  the  government,  and  in  about  90 
years  private  companies  will  cease  to  exist,  except  such  as  the  govern- 
ment may  thinii  fit  to  reconstitute. 

Railway  communication  is  proceeding  rapidly  in  Germany.  During 
the  latter  part  of  the  year  (1818)  the  line  will  be  complete  between 
Cologne  and  the  extreme  frontier  of  the  east,  north,  and  south  of  the 
Germanic  confederation.  Vienna,  Breslau,  Berlin,  and  Hamburg,  are 
now  connected  by  a  continuous  railway.  It  is  stated  that  an  under- 
standing has  taken  place  between  the  directors  of  the  different  railway 
companies  possessing  this  vast  range  of  lines,  and  that  they  have  agreed 
on  an  arrangement  of  departure  in  correspondence  with  each  other,  so 
that  the  distance  between  Vienna  and  Hamburg  may  be  cleared  in  48 
hours,  comprising  stoppages,  and  between  Vienna  and  Stettin  in  40  hours. 

The  Austrian  system  consists  of  what  may  be  called  four  great  arte- 
ries, which  meet  at  Vienna  ;  and  from  thence  proceed  n.,  s.,  e.,  and  w. 
The  southern  line  terminates  at  Trieste,  traversing  a  distance  of  335 
miles.  When  this  line  is  completed  travellers  may  go  direct  from 
Hamburg  to  Trieste. 

The  northern  directs  its  course  by  Prague,  on  the  frontiers  of  Saxony. 
497  miles  ;  throwing  off  a  branch  to  form  a  union  by  Olmutz,  with  the 
great  line  througli  Prussian  Silesia.  These  two  lines,  running  n.  and  s., 
are  destined  to  form  a  part  of  a  more  extensive  line,  by  which  the 
Adriatic  will  be  united  with  the  Northern  seas.  The  two  arteries 
which  run  e.  and  w.  will  connect  Vienna  with  the  confines  of  Hungary. 
A  line  of  railway,  measuring  about  200  miles,  will  traverse  the  Loni- 
bardo- Venetian  territory,  connecting  Venice  with  Milan,  and  commu- 
nicating by  steam  navigation  with  the  terminus  of  the  great  northern  auG 
southern  line  at  Trieste. 

The  Great  German  and  Italian  Junction  Railway,  is  a  proposed  line 
of  143  miles  in  length,  commencing  on  Lake  Constance,  and  traversing 
the  entire  breadth  of  Switzerland.  Crossing  the  Alps  by  a  tunnel  3^ 
miles  in  length,  it  will  terminate  on  Lake  Maggiore.  The  capital  re- 
quired for  this  undertaking  is  75,000,000  francs. 

The  German  railways  branching  off  from  Lake  Constance,  and 
which  will  connect  with  the  above,  are— 


1 

jo. 

I  in 
iiii 
Fr 
;t:i( 

the 

()!!( 

a  l!ie 
(.n 

lin 
lin( 


N. 


ORIGIN  AND  rUOGllESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


i5 


were  537  miles 
$57,320,000  ;  in 
>jected.  When 
s.  requiring  the 
Railway,  which 
)e  the  most  gi- 
ly  in  the  world. 
5.    It  has  occu- 

0  francs.  Most 
le  government, 

companies,  or 

the  expiration 

and  in  about  90 

1  as  the  govern- 

rmany.    During 

nplete  between 

ind  south  of  the 

\  Hamburg,  are 

1  that  an  under- 

liflferent  railway 

hey  have  agreed 

h  each  other,  so 

be  cleared  in  48 

ettinin40iiours. 

four  great  arte- 

■j.,  s.,  E.,  and  w. 

distance  of  335 

go  direct  from 

itiers  of  Saxony. 
Hmutz,  with  the 
[mning  is.  and  s., 

!,  by  which  the 
he  two  arteries 
Ines  of  Hungary. 
Verse  the  Loni- 
|n,  and  comniu- 

kat  northern  anu 

I  a  proposed  line 
and  traversing 

I  by  a  tunnel  3V 
^he  capital  re- 

Constance,  and 


1.  The  naihn  Railway,  about  to  be  constructed  from  Constancnto 
Oilenburg,  where  it  will  unite  with  the  Great  Baden  Railway,  alre.idy 
in  operation,  which,  on  the  north,  proceeds  to  Manheim  and  FrankI  irt, 
and  on  the  west,  to  the  French  Inie  from  Strasburg  to  Paris.  Ficm 
Fianivfort,  various  lines  will  lead  to  Cassel,  Hanover,  and  Hambiig, 
;i:i(i  also  to  the  great  lines  of  Belgium  and  Holland. 

2.  The  Wurteviburg  Railway,  from  Frederick.shaven,  via  Ulm  and  along 
the  Neckar  River  to  Stutgard  and  Loiiisburg  ;  with  branches,  ou  the 
one  hand,  to  Heilbroun,  (the  place  of  departure  for  steamboats  upon 
the  above  river  ;)  and  on  the  other  hand,  to  Biirchsal,  there  joinmg  the 
Great  Baden  Railway  before  mentioned. 

3.  The  Bavarian  Railiuaij,  from  Lindau  to  Augsburg.  At  Aug.«burg  a 
line  proceeds  to  ^Mimicli,  where  an  extension  will  be  made  to  meet  the 
line  projected  from  Salzburg  to  Lintz,the  Danube,  and  Vienna  ;  another 
proceeds  to  Donanworth,  Nuremljerg,  and  Bamberg.  From  the  latter 
p'ace  a  line  proceeds  in  a  northerly  direction  to  (  oburg,  and  from  thence 
to  Cassel,  Hanover,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen.  I'rom  Bamberg,  also,  is  a 
line  leading  to  Altenburg  and  Leipsic  ;  w  hence  various  lines  diverge  to 
Dresden,  Magdeburg,  Brunswick,  Hanover,  and  Berlin,  as,  also,  to 
Stettin  and  ports  on  the  Baltic  Sea. 

4.  The  Swiss  Railways  from  Romansliom  to  Zurich,  recently  author- 
ized, and  that  in  course  of  construction  from  Zurich  to  Bale. 

The  entire  system  of  railroads  in  Germany,  when  completed,  will 
consist  of  1,600  German  (^  7,(iOO  English)  miles  of  railway.  At  the 
close  of  the  year  1845,  4,700  miles  were  opened  for  traffic.  When  the 
system  is  completed,  one-third  will  have  been  constructed  by  the  state, 
and  two-thirds  by  companies  under  the  authority  of,  and  subject  to,  the 
control  of  the  state.  The  total  amount  of  capital  absorbed  by  these 
great  undertakings  will  be  $373,90^,000. 

The  Italian  railways  branching  oft"  from  Lake  Maggiore,  are— 

1.  The  Sardinian  Railway,  in  course  of  construction,  from  Arona  to 
Genoa,  via  Alessandria.  From  this  latter  place  a  line  is  also  being  con- 
structed to  Turin,  whence  it  will  be  extended  through  Upper  Piedmont 
and  Nice,  to  connect  with  the  railways  of  the  south  of  France  ;  and 
another  is  projected  to  Placenza,  there  to  join  those  of  Lombardy,  Tus- 
cany, and  Ilomagna. 

2.  The  railway  (lately  authorized)  from  Bellinzona  to  Lugano  and 
Chiapo  on  the  frontiers  of  liOmbardy,  destined  to  join,  at  Como,  the 
railway  to  Milan.  From  Milan,  the  line  to  Verona,  Vicenza,  and 
Venice,  will  soon  be  opened;  and  another  is  projected  to  Piacenza, 
Parma,  Modena,  and  Bologna,  where  it  will  join  the  lines  (lately  au- 
thorized by  the  Pope)  from  Bologna,  Ancona,  Rome,  and  Ceprano,  on 
the  confines  of  the  Kingdom  of  Naples.  From  Ceprano,  a  line  is  in- 
tended to  be  made  to  Capua,  there  joining  the  railway  now  open  to 
Naples.  From  Naples,  a  line  to  Barletta  has  been  authorized,  and  an 
extension  is  contemplatetl  from  the  free  port  of  Brindisi,  on  the  soutli- 
eastern  extremity  of  that  kingdom. 


26 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  system  of  Russian  railways  projected,  and  in  progress  of  con- 
struction, consists  of  the  following  principal  lines.  The  first  extending 
from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw,  and  thence  to  Cracow,  where  it  unites 
with  the  northern  chain  of  German  lines  ;  thus  opening  a  continuous 
communication  with  all  the  chief  cities  of  Central  Europe.  The  second 
line  will  connect  St.  Petersburg  with  Moscow;  and  the  third  will  be 
tlie  continuation  of  tlie  Austro- Hungarian  line  to  Odessa.  The  fourth 
line,  intended  for  merchandise  only,  will  connect  the  Volga  and  the 
Duna.  The  entire  length  of  tlus  system  of  railways  will  be  about  1,600 
miles. 

The  average  cost  of  railways  m  the  United  States  arid  Etirope,  p?r 
mile,  including  purchase  of  lands,  construction,  materials,  depots,  sala- 
ries, and  every  appendage  and  appurtenance,  is  as  follows,  in  round 
iminbcrs,  omitting  fractions.  In  Massachusetts  $30,000;  the  other 
Eastern  States  $24,000  ;  New  York  $20,000  ;  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania $40,000;  Michigan,  Ohio,  and  Indiana  $11,000.*  In  England 
$JT5.000;  France  $107,500  ;  Belgium  $80,000  ;  Germany  $40,000,  (owing 
to  the  low  price  of  labor  and  land  ;)  and  in  Prussia  $47,000. 


*  The  small  cost  comparatively  of  the  roads  South  and  West  is  owing'  to  the  nature  ot 
th«  country,  and  the  iinpcrfect  workmanship  bestowed  upon  them. 


igress  of  con- 
irst  extending 
here  it  unites 
a  continuous 
.  The  second 
third  will  be 
,  The  fourth 
olga  and  the 
be  about  1,C00 


d  Europe,  p?r 
,  depots,  sula- 
:)ws,  in  round 
10;  the  other 
and  Pennsyl- 
In  England 
140,000,  (owing 
00. 


\S  to  the  nature  ot 


FLANo.  BObTON, 

WITH  C.M'.'I'S  OK 

EAST  AN  i>  SOUTH  BOSTON, 

ALSO    J'Oiri'iOXS    OK 

CHARI^STOWN 

AXI» 

CAMBRIDGE. 

Sliowiiii;   liUi'wiric  llif  Miiili'Oiiil  I><>|miIs. 
ia--ii:i<h.\ri-:  ■/■<»  I'luiri-is-  .\<>r  \.i.Mt:i>  f>.v  ■nit:M.\i: 


[i  hoifthnn  .''ifitiiff  Chlii'fh 
•W'ltifnuit  Thfiiit'i' 
,,       r-        '^i  lliiyniiiiki'l  .Siiiiiiiv 
y         l\  llmtiiid .lilii'ii iriim 

iS.httf'ff'ffi/i  II mist* 
WShinuniit  llini.^-f 
Ml-Uni    Sli  ivi  llnii.yr 
1 1  ^'ity  'riii-rrii 
IJiHrtiil/rSlirrl  Cliuiili 
rM-iiiifiiil  II, til 
1 1  Qiiini't'  Aliirkri 
ICt  Mfirl'iiiiilS-  Kf.H-l'ii.sl  III  fl , -I 
Ui  lininttt'l'fifil  t'tit'l !•,•  Ilitii.vr 
\7  KiiliiiiK)!'  liil'Irr  llim.'.r 
lam,!  Slnlrllnu.y,- 
l!J  linirl   lliill.vi- 


■2l>rirv  Hull 
'2\  Mh.vfiiiii 
'2'J!..\li\\n>mit^'  Ifniii/ix 

'1^\  'li'l'llllftl  t   lltHI.Vf 

2  I  .ithritti-mii 
I't  'ririiiniil    'rriii/ilf 
'Jli  lliiilifiiliiiiiil  .'Mii-ii'h' 
■1~  lllil  S, tilth    r,'llii;ll 
■J.H  Hii.ylttii  Thftilif 
2!)  riiiliiiiiin   I'ltitrtli 
'MMIrititiiitiflil  lliiii.vf 
AMtitlltttnt  lliilil 
^^Mtirlltttitt'  ritiiltil 
.Vll'iiihSi.  riuirtli 
'.\S  I'linily  Cliiirili 
:i  1  SWitiil.yrlt.XMii.vtiitif  rrinfth\ 
WTt  Xttttiiiil  l/iyttti/i-  \tt. 
MtrititftI Sttitts  llnul 
M l.itiin&KniiU.ilillttili  ^i-liful 


■I. .-IB  l,^,  HJlYiSi,.'.-/;^-.,// //c,  (<VrA.v  <-.''ti^eur'tJi,  Di.tCfUtiLi.rl  oi  [li.:Souil,,.ni.lJiiii:'rt  ^.i  N,\\  'i^.rk. 

.f 


,   ..L.V1.   d.  \ 


'ii  V.';:iijii. 


E 

M 

7] 

u 

av 

to 

vi( 
mi 
till 
1?; 

av( 

th( 

Ea 

of 

day 

bei] 


BOSTON.   ,*^.*-    -^  --*••>.     u.        37 


r^ 


-^-i'-i  .    ^* 


--•J 


r-^^--- 


s. 


i?.-- 


„,^,;^?^^ 


BOSTON. 

Boston,  the  capitiil  of  Massjicliusetts,  and  mctropolia  of  N«nv 
England,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  at  the  western  cxfreniity  of 
Massachusetts  Buy.  It  is  in  N.  Lat,.  42°  21'  23",  and  W.  LonjLr. 
71°  4'  9",  and  contains  a  population  of  125,000.  The  peninsula 
upon  which  it  is  built  is  nearly  tiirco  miles  in  len^^th,  willj  an 
averaijo  breadth  of  ono  mile,  with  numerous  elevations  from  50 
to  110  feet  above  the  sea,  affordinf^  admirable  sites  for  building,  and 
giving  to  the  city  a  peculiarly  fine  appearance,  especially  wlien 
viewed  from  the  water.  Tlie  Indian  name  of  Boston  was  Shaw- 
mut,  but  it  was  called  by  the  first  settlers  Trimonnlain,  from  th. 
three  hills  on  which  the  city  is  built.     It  was  incorporated   Feb. 

Boston  is  connected  with  the  surrounding  country  by  artificial 
avenues  or  bridges,  and  with  Roxbury  by  the  Neck  which  forms 
the  peninsula  upon  which  the  city  is  built.  It  is  united  with 
East  Boston  (formerly  Noddle's  Island)  and  Chelsea  by  means 
of  steam  ferry-boats,  which  ply  at  regular  intervals  during  the 
day  The  bridges  are  among  the  greatest  curiosities  of  the  place, 
being  so  different  from  any  thing  of  their  kind  elsewhere ;  and 


.  .<n 


■'■>. 


I 


I 


ss 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


thoir  great  length,  with  tlin  fine  views  they  ufTurd,  renders  them 
objectii  of  interest  to  strangers.  Boston  is  connected  with  Charles- 
town  by  the  C/iurles  River  or  old  C/iarlcslnwn  Rridffe,  and  by 
Warren  If  rid  ire.  The  former  was  incorpiriited  in  March,  17H5, 
nnd  is  1M,;>03  feet  long,  42  in  breadth,  and  co«t  npwardsof  }^r)0,()00. 
—  Warren  Bridge  was  incorporated  in  March,  1828;  its  hMigth 
is  1,3!)0  feet,  breadth  4').  The  toll  formerly  collected  from  all  who 
j)iiHsed  over  these  bridges,  was  abolished  a  few  years  since,  on 
their  becoming  t^tate  property. —  West  Boston  Bridge,  leading 
from  the  foot  of  Cambridgc-st.  to  Old  Cambridge,  was  opened  in 
Nov.  171)3.  It  re.ts  upon  180  piers,  and,  including  causeway 
and  ubiilments,  is  (i,ll)()  iVet  iu  length.  This  bridge  was  sold  to 
u  company  in  June,  18  Ki,  for  ,'|^7j,000,  who  have  twelve  years 
allowed  for  raising  the  sum  by  tolls,  the  interest  of  which  is  to 
keep  the  bridge  in  repair. — Cragie^s  or  Canal  Bridge,  from  the 
foot  of  Leverett-st.  to  Lechmero  Point,  in  East  Cambridge,  was 
opened  in  Aug.,  1809:  its  length  is  2,71)6  feet,  width  40.  From 
this  bridge  a  branch  extends  to  Prison  Point,  Charlestown,  the 
If'iigth  of  which  is  1,820  feet,  width  3.')  feet.— The  Mill  Dam  or 
Western  Aiienue,  opened  in  Ju'y,  1821,  extends  from  the  foot  of 
Beacon-st.  to  Sewell's  Point  in  IJrookline :  it  is  constructed  in  a 
substantial  manner  of  stono  and  earth,  and  is  a  mile  and  a  hall 
long,  and  from  (iO  to  100  feet  in  width.  It  encloses  about  GOO 
acres  of  flats,  over  which  the  tide  formerly  flowed.  A  cross-dam 
divides  this  enclosure,  which,  by  the  aid  of  flood  and  ebb  gates, 
forms  a  receiving  basin,  thereby  producing,  at  all  periods,  a  great 
extent  of  water-power.  The  cost  of  this  work  was  about  ^700,000. 
— Boston  Free  Bridi^",  from  Sea-st.  to  South  Boston,  completed 
in  1828,  is  500  feet  long  and  28  wide. — South  Boston  Bridge, 
leading  from  the  '*  Neck"  to  South  Boston,  was  opened  iu  July, 
1805.  Length  1,550  feet,  width  40:  cost  $50,000.  These 
bridges  are  all  lighted  with  lamps.  Besides  the  above,  the  river 
is  crossed  by  several  railroad  bridges  or  viaducts. 

South  Boston,  formerly  apart  of  Dorchester,  is  connected  with 
Boston  by  two  bridges,  and  also  by  ttie  Old  Colouy  Railroad  ;  it 
contains  about  600  acres,  which  is  laid  oiil  into  regular  streets. 
Pop.  about  9.000.  *'  Dorchester  Iltights,"  wi  ich  are  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  tract,  120  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  fa- 


BOHTO>f. 


29 


mouH  in  the  U«'Voliitiouary  liistDpy  of  tlio  country.  From  these 
IK<i|jhts,  and  also  riom  ."Mount  N\'uNhin<.'ton,  in  presented  u  line 
view  of  Boston  and  its  harbor,  t'liarh»sto\vn,  the  Navy  Yard,  and 
the  surrounding  conntry.  The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  the 
Houses  of  Industry,  (-orroetion,  and  U<  ,  )rniation  are  located  here. 

East  Boston,  fornurly  Noddle's  Island,  lies  about  1,9^0  feet 
N.  K.  from  Boston,  and  in  divided  from  l'hels<a  by  (.'holseu  creek, 
(>00  feet  wide,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  whenc(^  a  tine  road  leads 
to  the  iSalorn  turnnikc.  Pop.  about  G,()00.  Here  is  the  depot  and 
htaitinfj-point  of  the  Kasttrn  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  t'unard 
hue  of  stramships.  Sui^ar-rcfinin;;,  ship-buildin;r,  and  uifchan- 
ical  pursuits,  arc  ext'-nsivcly  carried  on  here  A  steam-ferry 
unites  this  place  with  Boston,  Icavin;,'  each  side  every  five  min- 
utes, and  occupyin;r  in  crossiu;r  about  three  minutes. 

Boston  Harbor  contains  many  islands,  some  of  which  are  of 
great  beauty :  it  in  8afe,  and  Ciij)acious  cn'jn;;!i  for  the  larjrest 
navy.  The  most  imjxirtant  j)art  of  this  harbor  is  entered  by  a 
narrow  pass,  about  three  miles  below  the  city>  aud  is  well  pro- 
tected by  forts  Independence  and  Warren.  The  outside  harbor 
is  protecteiJ  by  a  stroiiir  fortress  on  (ieor^je's  Island,  recently  erect- 
ed by  the  general  goveninieni.  The  view  of  the  city,  and  the 
towns  and  villajjes  on  the  shores  of  the  harbor,  add  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery.  Fsliinif  purtici  fre(jMentiy  jro  out,  and  bav- 
in;; secured  a  mess  of  fish,  land  on  one  of  the  many  islands,  and 
regale  themselves  with  a  ''  cliowder."  Boats  of  twenty  or  thirty 
tons  are  usually  chartered  for  this  purpo.se,  men  of  experience 
always  goin;;  with  them. 

Boston  Common,  one  of  tlie  most  delightful  places  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  is  a  <^reat  promenade,  and  on  holidays  and  public 
occasions  is  crowded  with  people.  It  contains  about  7.')  acres, 
including  what  is  termed  the  Public  Garden,  on  the  west  side  of 
Cliarles-st.  It  is  a  njile  and  one-third  in  circumference,  and  sui- 
rounded  by  an  iron  railing  which  cost  the  city  about  f*$75,0UIJ  ; 
outside  of  which  are  wide  streets  lined  bv  handsome  buildinir«. 
It  is  gently  undulated,  beautifully  shaded  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  some  of  which  are  more  than  a  hiuiiired  years  old,  and  a 
beautiful  gravelled  walk,  or  mall,  extends  throughout  its  entire 
circumference.     This  spot,  so  greatly  admired  by  strangers,  is  th«k 


if 


n-. 


^;     -i' 


h 


30 


RAII  ROAD    A^D   STEA1\:B0AT  COMPANION. 


pride  of  all  Bostoniuns.  The  ground  was  left  to  the  city,  on  con- 
dition tliat  it  should  not  be  appropriated  to  any  other  than  its 
present  use. 

Watkr. — Boston  is  about  to  be  supplied  with  water  from  Lonj» 
Pond,  in  Framin«;rhani,  by  means  of  the  splendid  enterprise  now 
in  prajTrea-s.  The  ceremony  of  Jireu king  ground  took  place  Aug, 
2  llh,  1846,  on  which  otjcasion  Li/n«r  Pond  received  the  appella- 
tion of  '*  ('Ocliituiito  Lake."  This  lake  covers  an  area  of  659 
acres,  and  drains  a  svirface  of  11,400  acres.  It  is  in  some  places 
70  ft.  deep,  and  is  elevated  124  ft.  above  tide-water  in  Bosto*i  har- 
bor. The  corner-stone  of  the  Boston  Reservoir,  situated  on  Beacon 
Hill,  was  laid  ou  Saturday,  Nov.  19th,  1847,  by  the  Mayor  and 
City  Council.  A  lar^e  number  of  citizens  assisted  at  the  ceremony 
Tlie  founcialious  for  the  arches  which  support  the  reservoir  are 
very  mafssive.  The  reservoir  covers  an  area  of  40,000  feet.  The 
water  is  broujjht  in  an  oval  aqueduct,  six  feet  four  inches  in 
height,  and  five  feet  in  width,  laid  in  brick  with  hydraulic  ce 
nient,  about  14^  miles,  from  Cochituato  lake  to  Brookline,  when? 
it  discharjres  itself  into  a  reservoir  30  acres  in  extent.  From 
Brookline  the  water  is  forced  by  its  owu  pressure  through  pip^ 


:a 


BOSTON. 


31 


•S>^H.> 


^/'j  on  coii- 
r  than  its 


of  30  and  35  inches  in  diameter,  to  the  two  reservoirs  in  the  city, 
the  one  on  Mount  Wasliinfrton  ut  South  Boston,  which  will  con- 
tain a  superficies  of  70,000,  and  the  one  on  Beacon  Hill  of  38,000 
feet.  The  latter  will  contain,  when  full,  3,000,000  of  gallons. 
This  rebervoir  will  he  capable  of  throwing  a  jet  to  a  great  height. 
The  two  reservoirs  will  deliver  to  the  city  of  Boston  10,000,000 
of  gallons  a  diiy  of  the  i)iirtst  and  best  water.  The  entire  cost 
of  construction  will  probably  fall  within  3,000,000  of  dollars. 
The  greatest  drawback  to  Boston  has  been,  perhaps,  the  want 
of  a  sulHcieut  snp]>ly  of  this  element,  conflicting  interests  having 
retarded  its  introduction  at  an  earlier  period.  The  aqueduct  com- 
pany for  bringing  water  from  Jamaica  Pond  in  Roxbury,  a  dis- 
tance of  four  miles,  commenced  operations  as  early  as  1795,  but 
the  greatest  supply  from  this  source  is  about  50,000  gallons  daily, 
a  quantity  quite  inadequate  for  the  rapid  increase  of  tho  popula- 
tion. It  is  estimated  that  28  gallons  per  diem  would  be  required 
for  eacli  individuul,  including  w.hat  may  be  used  for  culinary  and 
other  purjHises.  At  this  rate  it  would  take  upwards  of  3,000,000 
gallons  daily  to  supply  the  inhabitants. 

W'liAKVEs. — About  200  docks  and  wharves  surround  the  city, 
forming  one  of  its  peculiar  features.  Long  Wh.irf  extends  from 
the  foot  of  State-st.  1,B!)0  ft.,  is  200  ft.  in  width,  and  contains  76 
spacious  stores. — Ceiilritl  W/iorf  is  1,380  ft.  long,  with  a  signal 
station  in  the  centre,  from  whicli  is  obtained  a  fine  view  of  the 
city  and  harbor. — India  Wluirf  is  980  ft.  long,  and  from  246  to 
280  ft.  in  width.  Sh'ps  from  the  East  Indies  and  China  are  gen- 
erally to  be  found  here. — Grduite  or  Commercial  Wharf  is  1,100 
ft.  long,  and  IGO  wide,  and  contains  many  handsome  granite 
stores. — The  Eastern  Railroad  Wharf,  of  recent  construction, 
extends  18  1  ft.  on  Commercial-st.,  and  is  412  ft.  long  and  184  ft. 
wide.  On  this  wharf  are  28  large  stores,  the  depot  of  the  East 
Boston  Railroad  ferry,  and  the  Exchange  Hotel,  a  new  and  com- 
modious building. — Lewis's  TV7/ar/ contains  a  fine  block  of  gran- 
ite warehouses,  some  of  which  are  four  stories  in  height.  On  the 
end  of  the  wharf  is  an  observatory,  commanding  a  fine  and  ex- 
tensive prospect. —  Union  IVZ/a// extends  290  ft.  on  Commercial- 
st.,  and  is  G40  ft.  in  length.  It  has  a  number  of  fine  warehouses 
upon  it.   At  the  lowest  tides  tho  water  at  this  wharf  is  22  ft.  deep. 


■li 


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IIAILI.DAI)  AM)  .ST EA."^; COAT  CCAIFAMON. 


if 


CiiuiK.'MKs. — The  rN.TAi.iAN  MIC  as  folluws :  First  Chiircft,m 
ChauiKJcy-placo,  l('a(r.ii;jj  i'lOMi  Siiiumcr-sf.,  R»'V.  N.  L.  Frolhinir- 
harn,  j)aslor ;  Srroud  C/iiirr/i,  in  Ilaiiovcr-st.,  Rov.  C  Kul)l)ins ; 
Kuii>-^s  CiKipcl,  on  the  corner  of  Treniont  and  School  sts.  ; 
Bratilc-.strec.t  Church,  \n  I3rattle-st.,  Rev.  S.  K.  Lulhrop  ;  New 
South  Church,  on  C'hiirch  Green,  at  the  junction  ol' tSunnner  and 
IJedford  sts.,  Rev.  A.  Y  nm^r ;  Federal-street  Church,  at  the 
corner  of  Federal  and  Rcrry  sis.,  Rev.  E.  S,  Gannett.  ;  Hollis- 
street  Church,  IIo!Ii.s-st. ;  Purchase-S'treet  Societi/,  removed  to 
corner  of  Harrison  avenne  a. id  Reaoh-st.,  Rev.  C  Coolid;^e  ;  Sou!h 
Con<rregutlnn(d  Church,  oii  WashiiiLrton-st.,  S.  End,  Rev.  F.  D. 
IInntin;rton  ;  Church  nf  thy.  Disciple,^,  Masonic  Temple,  Rev. 
J.  F.  Clarke  ;  Bedford-.strcc.t  Surieti/,  Rev.  li.  C.  Waterston  ; 
Wurrcii-sfreet  Chapel,  Rev.   r.  R.  Fox. 

The  Tkimtakian  ('ihrcmi  s  are — Old  S:)n!h  Church,  corner 
of  Wasliin;rton  and  Milk  sts.,  ,lev.  G.  W.  RkiLjden  ;  Park-street 
Church,  corner  of  Park  and  Treniont  sts.,  Rev.  S.  Aiken. — Essex- 
street  Church,  Rev.  N.  Adams;  Ceutral  C hurch ,\\"mtvr-iii.,  Rev. 
W.  iM.  lion^crs  ;  Mount  Veruon  Church,  Somerset-place,  Rev.  ,1. 
N.  Kirk;   Bowdoin-street  ('hurch,  R-v.  .T.  W.  Waterbiiry. 

The  liAi'Tisr  Ciiuitcui-.s  are--7V/r  First  Church,  corner  of 
Hanover  and  laiion  sts.,  Mcv.  R.  II,  Neale  ;  Second  Baptist 
Church,  Baldwin-place,  near  .Sa!em-st.,  Rev.  B.  Stowe  ;  Third 
Baptist  Church,  in  Charles-st.,  Rev.  I).  Sharp;  Federal-street 
Baptist  Church,  removed  to  Bedfurd-st.,  Rev.  W.  liajrue  ;  Har- 
vard-street  Church,  corner  of  ilairison  avenne  and  Ilarvard-st., 
Rev.  J.  Barnard  ;  Treinont-strect  Church,  Treniont  Temple, 
Rev.  N.  Colver;  B'jwdoin-sqnare  Church,  Rev.  R.  W.  Cusjnnau. 

Tlie  EiMHCoi'AL  CnuKcnKS  are — Christ  Church,  in  Salem-st., 
near  Copp's  lliil,  Rev.  J.  Woart  ;  Trinity  Church,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Summer  and  Ilawley  sts.,  Rt.  Rev.  IM.  Eastburn  ;  St 
Paul's  Church,  Tremonl-st.,  opposite  the  Common,  Rev.  A.  If 
Vinton  ;  St.  Stephen^s  Church,  in  Purchaso-st.,  Rev.  E.  W.  V. 
Wells;  Grace  Church,  in  Temple-st,,  Rev.  C.  M.  Butler. 

The  Catholic  Chuuciies  are — Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  in 
Franklin-st. ;  St.  Marys  Church,  Endicott-st. ;  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Northampton-.st. ;  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
South  Boston  ;    *S'^  Augustine's  Church,  South  Boston  ;  Churchy 


•M'  -1 


BOSTON. 


33 


of  the  Holy  TririHy,  on  Suffolk-st. ;  Church  of  St.  Nicholas, 
East  Boston. 

The  Umvf.rsalist  Churciiks  arc — First  Univrrsnlist  Church, 
Ilanover-st. ;  Second  IJniversalisi  Church,  in  School-st. ;  Fourth 
Church,  S.  B.,  Rev.  T.  D.  Cook  ;  Fifth  Church,  on  VVarren-st. 

The  Methodist  Churcurs  are — First  Methodist  Church,  m 
\ortli  B'MUU'tt-st. ;  Second  Church,  in  Brornfield-st. ;  the  Mur- 
iner''s  Bethel,  in  North-square,  Rev.  E.  T.  Taylor ;  Fourth 
Church,  in  North  Riissell-st. ;  Fifth  Church,  in  South  Boston. 

The  New  Jkiil'salem  Cwukcii  is  in  Bowdoin,  near  Beacon-st. 

Public  Bl'ILDINgs,  tfco. — Of  the  puhlic  l)uil(lings  in  Boston,  1}io 
Sfatc-Houfie,  on  the  sununit  of  Beacon  H'll,  and  frontiufr  tlio 
"  Common,"  is  among  the  first.  Its  foiindition  is  110  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Lenjrtii  173  ft.,  breadth  61.  The  edifice 
was  completed  in  1798,  at  a  cost  of  3133,330,  about  three  years 
haviii!r  been  occui)ied  in  its  construction.  On  the  entrance  floor 
is  to  be  seen  Chantrev's  beautiful  statue  of  Washinirton.  Near 
by  is  the  staircase  leading  to  the  dome,  where  visiters  are  re- 
quired to  register  their  names,  and  from  the  top  of  which  is  ob- 
tained a  fine  view  of  the  city,  the  bay  with  its  islands,  and  the 
surrounding  country, — one  of  the  finest  views  in  the  Union,  if  not 
in  the  world.  The  number  of  visiters  to  the  cupola  from  April  to 
Nov.  184G,  was  54,250.  The  state  legislature  holds  its  annual 
session  here. — The  new  Custom- House  is  located  at  the  foot  of 
Stato-st.,  between  the  heads  of  liong  and  Central  wharves.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  cross  ;  the  extreme  length  being  140  ft., breadth 
95  ft.  The  longest  arms  of  the  cross  are  75  feet  wide,  and  the 
shortest  C7  ft.,  the  opposite  fronts  and  ends  being  alike.  The  en- 
tire heiglit  to  the  top  of  the  dome  is  90  ft.  It  is  built  in  the  pure 
Doric  order  of  architecture.  Each  front  has  a  portico  of  six  fluted 
Doric  columns,  32  ft.  high  and  5  ft.  4  inches  in  diameter,  and  is 
approached  by  14  steps.  The  cohmnis  are  each  in  one  piece,  of 
liighly  wrought  granite,  having  cost  about  .*$5,000  cacli.  It  is 
built  on  3,000  piles,  driven  in  the  most  tliorough  manner.  Im- 
mediately on  the  top  of  these  piles  is  a  platform  of  granite,  one 
foot  six  inches  thick,  laid  in  the  best  hydraulic  cement,  and  upon 
it  the  foundations  of  tlie  walls,  j)artitions,  &c.,  were  commenced. 
Underneath  the  whole  building  is  a  cellar  12  ft.  deep,  perfectly 

3 


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34 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAAIHOAT  COMPANION. 


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dry,  wliich  is  used  for  the  storajre  of  goods.  The  architect  of 
this  no!)Io.  structiiro  was  Arnini  IJ.  Yoiin<r,  Esq.,  of  Boston. — 
Funriiil.  Hall.  This  venerated  structure,  termed  the  "  Cradle  ot 
Liberty,"  is  in  Dock  Square.  It  is  about  lUi)  years  old,  and  is 
an  oliject  of  deep  interest  to  Americans.  Here  the  fathers  of  the 
]{evo!ution  met  to  liaranjrne  the  people  on  the  events  of  that  stir- 
rinqf  period  ;  and  often  since  tliat  time  the  jrreat  men  of  the  state 
and  nation  have  made  its  walls  resound  with  their  eloquence. 
It  was  presented  to  tlic  cily  by  Peter  Faneuil,  a  distinguished 
mercliant,  who,  on  the  4lh  of  July,  1740,  made  an  otl'er,  in  a 
town-nxM'ling,  to  build  a  market-house.  There  being  at  that 
time  none  in  the  town,  it  was  accepted  by  a  vote  of  307  to  3G0. 
The  buiUling  was  begun  the  following  year,  and  finislied  in  1712. 
The  donor  so  far  exceeded  his  promise,  as  to  erect  a  spacious  and 
b"autiful  Town  Hall  over  it,  and  several  other  convenient  rooms. 
In  commemoration  of  liis  generosity,  tlie  town,  by  a  sj)ecia!  vole, 
conferred  his  nami;  upon  tiic  Ilall  ;  and  as  a  further  testimony 
of  respect,  it  was  voted  that  Mr.  Faneuil's  fidl-lengtli  portrait  be 
drawn  at  the  expense  of  the  town  and  placed  in  the  Ilall.  Tiiis, 
with  oiher  portraits,  can  be  seen  by  visiters.  This  gentleman 
d'ed  on  the  3d  of  March,  17  13,  and  the  first  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Boston  held  in  Faneuil  llall  was  on  the  -Ith  of  the 
same  month,  to  hear  tlie  funeral  oration  of  the  donor. —  The  Ex- 
chau'^e,  a  new  and  splendid  building  fronting  on  State-st.,  was 
completed  in  the  full  of  1842.  It  is  70  ft.  high  and  250  ft.  deep, 
covering  about  13,000  ft.  of  ground.  The  front  is  built  of  Quincy 
granite,  with  four  pilasters,  each  A^>  feet  high,  and  weighing  oo 
tons  each.  The  roof  is  of  wrought-iron,  and  covered  with  g;il- 
vanized  sheet-iron  ;  and  all  the  principal  staircases  arc  fire-proof, 
being  constructed  of  stone  and  iron.  The  front  is  occuijied  bv 
banks,  insurance  and  other  ollices,  and  the  rear  is  an  hotel ;  on 
the  lower  floor  are  bathing-rooms,  and  at  the  top  is  a  telegraph 
station.  Tiie  centre  of  the  basement  story  is  occupied  by  the 
Post-ofilce.  The  gr«'at  central  hall,  a  magnificent  room,  is  58  by 
80  ft.,  having  18  columns  20  ft.  in  length,  in  imitation  of  Sienna 
marble,  with  Corinthian  c;ipitals,  and  a  sky-light  of  colored  glass. 
finished  in  the  most  ornannMital  manner.  This  room  is  used  for 
the  merchants'  exchange,  and  subscribers'  reading-room.     The 


r.asTox. 


36 


nitect  of 
ostoii. — 
^ radio  ol 
1,  uud  is 
rs  of  tlic 
;lKit  stir- 
tlio  state 
oqucncc. 
ii;ruishcd 
llbr,  ill  a 
\  at  that 
7  to  3 GO. 
I  in  171-2. 
fions  and 
nt  rooms, 
cia!  vole, 
:cstiinony 
ortrait  bo 
1.     This, 
ciitlonian 
r  tiie  in- 
Ih  of  the 
The  Ex- 
;^-st.,  was 
ft.  deep, 
f  Qnincy 
(riiiajX  oo 
kvith  gal- 
re-proof, 
upied  by 
old  ;  on 
elt'nrraph 
1  by  the 
is  58  by 
If  Sienna 
led  glass. 
used  for 
In.    The 


I 


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entire  cost  of  the  building,  exchisivc  of  land,  was  ,*$17."),0U0. — 
The  Court-Hoitsr,  a  fmc  building  in  Court-square,  fronting  on 
Court-st.,  is  built  of  (^iiiney  granite.  Tiie  corner-stone  was  laid 
in  Sept.,  Is33.  The  interior  contains  four  court-rooms,  50  ft.  by 
■10,  and  large  and  commodious  olRces  for  all  the  rrspectivo  de- 
partments.— The  CHij  If'ill  is  near  the  Court-IIouse,  and  front- 
ing on  School-st.,  with  an  oj)en  yard  in  front. — The  Mussachu- 
srt!,-^  Ho/ipital  is  built  of  granite,  and  occupies  an  area  of  four 
acres  on  Charles  river,  between  Allen  and  Jiridgo  sts.  It  has 
recently  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  wings. — The  Massa- 
chusctls  Medical  College,  formerly  in  Mason-st.,  is  now  removed 
to  the  foot  of  Bridge-st.,  near  the  ^lassachusetts  IIosj)ital.  A 
large  brick  edifice  has  recently  been  erected  for  it. — Harvard 
Vniversihj,  located  in  Cambridge,  was  founded  in  1()3(),  and  takes 
its  name  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  left  it  a  legacy  of 
£1~\)  17s.  :2d.  sterling.  Its  funds  at  the  present  time  exceed  half 
a  million  of  dollars.  The  annual  commencement  is  on  the  la^t 
^Vednesday  in  August. — The  Afhcna'um,  situated  in  Beacon-st., 
has  a  library  of  about  45,000  volumes,  together  with  a  ricdi  cab- 
inet of  medals,  coins,  &c.  Besides  an  extensive  reading-room, 
furnished  with  all  the  best  American  and  Eiu'opean  periodicals 
and  newspapers,  it  has  also  a  fine  collection  of  paintings  and  stat- 
uary. It  is  open  to  subscribers,  and  to  friends  that  may  be  intro- 
duced, from  9  A.  yi.  until  dark. — The  Lowell  Insliluie  was 
founded  by  John  Lowell,  Jr.,  Esq.,  for  the  support  of  regular 
courses  of  popular  and  scientific  lectures.  The  sum  beciueathed 
for  this  purpose  amounts  to  about  .*3"250,000.  By  his  will,  he  pro- 
vides for  the  maintenance  and  support  of  j)ublic  lectures  on  natural 
and  revealed  religion  ;  physics  and  cheniistry.  wilh  their  applica- 
tion to  the  arts  ;  and  on  geology,  botany,  and  other  useful  sub- 
jects. These  lectures  arc  all  free.  The  season  for  delivering 
them  is  from  October  to  April,  during  which  period  four  or  five 
courses  (of  twelve  lectures  each)  are  usually  delivered.  Mr. 
Lowell  died  at  Bombay,  in  March,  183f),  in  the  37th  year  of  his 
age. — T\\(^  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Somerville,  occu- 
pies a  fine  situation  on  rising  ground,  and  has  15  acres  of  land 
attached  to  it.  The  grounds  arc  well  laid  out,  and  every  provi- 
sion is  made  to  beguile  the  patients  into  forgetfulncss  of  their 


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36 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION'. 


1 


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melancholy  situation. —  The  Institution  for  tfie  Blind, 'n\  South 
Boston,  is  erected  on  elevated  ground,  and  commands  a  splendid 
view  of  the  city,  harbor,  and  surroiindir.;T  country.  An  interest- 
ing exhibition  of  the  pupils  takes  place  at  the  Institute  on  the 
first  Saturday  of  every  month.  Strangers  can  obtain  admission 
at  any  time  by  upi>lyiiig  fer  an  ordtK  Omnibuses  from  Boston 
leuvo  every  15  minutes. — Tlie  Jlousrs  of  Industry,  Correction, 
and  Reformation^  are  in  South  Boston,  near  the  brow  of  Dor- 
cliester  Heights,  and  occjipy  about  00  acres  of  ground. — Fancuil 
Hull  Market,  completed  in  1827,  at  a  cost,  exclusive  of  land,  of 
,^150,000,  is  built  entirely  of  granite,  and  is  536  ft.  long  and  50 
wide,  with  a  porti'^o,  at  each  end,  of  four  pillars  23  ft.  high.  In 
the  centre  of  the  building  is  a  dome  of  fine  proportions. — The 
Misonir,  Temple  is  situated  on  Tremont-st.,  opposite  to  the  Com- 
mon.— The  Mclodon  .^  en  Washington,  near  Bedford  st. — The 
Tremont  Temple,  formerly  the  Tremont  Theatre,  is  on  Tremont, 
near  School  st. — Anviry  Hill,  corner  of  Washington  and  West 
sts. ;  Concert  Hall,  corner  of  Court  and  Hanover  sts.  ;  Congress 
Hall,  01.  the  corner  of  Congres.'=,  and  Milk  sis. ;  Pantheon  Hall, 
on  Washington-st,  above  Boylston  Market ;  Washington  Hall, 
on  Washington,  near  Bromfield  st. ;  Covenant  Hall,  on  Wash- 
ington-st., near  Boyh^ton  Maiket  ;  and  Winthrop  Hall,  in  Tre- 
mont Row,  are  occupied  as  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges.  The  Free 
Masons  meet  at  the  INIasonic  Temple  in  Tremont-st. 

Banks. — These  are  as  follows:  Atlantic,  South  Kilby-st. ;  At- 
las, GO  State-st. ;  Bcston,  48  State -st.  ;  Boylston,  corner  of 
Washington  and  Boylston  sfs. ;  City,  61  State-st.;  Columbian, 
34  State-st.  ;  Exchange,  28  State-st. ;  Eagle,  49  State-st. ; 
Freeman's,  28  Sea-st.  ;  Globe,  22  State-st.  ;  Granite,  61  State- 
st.  ;  Hamilton,  66  State-st. ;  Market,  1  Merchants'  Exchange ; 
Merchants^  28  State-st.  ;  Massachusetts,  66  State-st. ;  Mechan- 
ics', South  Boston  ;  New  England,  67  Stato-st.  ;  North,  2  Mer- 
chants' Ex. ;  Shawmui,  39  State-st. ;  Shoe  and  Leather  Deal- 
ers\  65  State-st.;  State,  40  State-st.;  Suffolk,  60  State-st.; 
Traders',  91  State-st.  ;  Tremont,  41  State-st.  ;  Unio}$,AQ  State- 
et. ;  Washington,  75  State-st. 

Hotels. — The  Tremont  House,  en  Tremont  and  Beacon  sis., 
was  opened  in  October,  1829.     It  is  a  granite  building,  contain- 


1^ 


r.osTox. 


37 


iiig  180  rooms,  tind  cost,  without  the  Ittiul,  .^(kS.OOO.  Hoard  .$!>.()0 
p'^r  day. — Tlio  Anirrlrnn  Iluiisc,  in  IIinovcr-st„  is  one  of  the 
best  houses  in  IJoston,  und  is  providi-d  with  every  couveuieiice  to 
render  it  a  nio.4  ujjrrecablc  "  slo|)pini>;-j)l:ic(3."  IJoard,  by  the  day, 
}$:}.00. — The  United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Lincoln  unri  Heacli 
sts.,  and  opposite  the  Worcester  Ruih'oad  dejiot,  is  u  fine  establish- 
ment. Wintrs  liavo  recently  been  added  to  this  buiidinjf,  which 
make  it,  in  point  of  size,  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  otiier  of  its 
kind  in  the  country.  Board  1^:2.00  perday. — The  Adams  House, 
a  new  and  beautiful  hotel,  is  located  in  Washintf(on-st.,  near  its 
junction  with  Bedford-st.  It  is  furnished  throu^ijhout  in  a  superb 
style,  and  the  comfort  of  visiters  is  particularly  attended  to.  Board 
J^iJ.OO  per  day. — Rererc  House,  an  iiotel  recently  opened,  has  a 
handsoino  situation  on  Bowdoin  Square.  Board  i$:2.()0  per  day. 
— The  Marlhon/  Hotel,  in  W'^ashinirton-st.,  is  a  strict  temper- 
ance house,  and  a  po})ular  establisliment.  Board  ,*^"-2.()0  per  day. 
— The  Alhion,  in  Tremont  Row,  is  a  jrood  house,  conducted  on 
the  European  plan. — Among  other  good  hotels  in  Boston,  are  the 
following:  Bromjleld  House,  Bromfield-st.,  near  Washington- 
st. ;  Commercial  Coffee-House,  Milk-st. ;  City  Hotel,  Brattle-st. ; 
Eastern  Exchange  Hotel,  op])osito  Eastern  Railroad  depot ;  Ex- 
change C)ffee- House,  corner  of  Congress-sq.  and  Devonshiro-st. ; 
Eastern  Railroad  House,  115  Commercial-st.  ;  Franklin  House, 
44  Merchants'  Row ;  Hanover  House,  50  Ilanover-st.  ;  Mer- 
chants'' Exchange  Hotel,  SiiiiQ-st.  ;  Pemhcrton  House,  lloward- 
st.  The  price  of  board,  at  the  above  houses,  varies  from  Ij^l.OO 
to  $1.50  per  day. 

Theatres,  and  other  Places  of  Amusement. — The  Howard 
AthencEum,  in  Howard-st.,  occupies  the  site  of  the  "  Millerite 
Tabernacle,"  which,  after  being  converted  into  a  theatre,  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  present  building,  considered  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  cost  upwards  of  J^100,000. 
— The  Boston  Theatre,  until  recently  the  "  Odeon,"  stands  on 
the  corner  of  Federal  and  Franklin  sts. — The  National  Theatre, 
at  the  junction  of  Portland  and  Traverse  sts.,  was  built  in  1831. 
It  was  first  opened  for  equestrian  performances,  but  is  now  used 
for  theatrical  representations. — The  Adclphi,  recently  opened  in 
Court-st.,  is  devoted  to  Burlesque   and  Vaudevilles. — The  new 


38 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


it' 

1^' 


7.  ■ 


Boston  Museum  is  Kituatod  oj)positc  Treinont  Row,  near  Court- 
ht  BcKidf.'S  the  curiosities  of  tlie  Museum,  it  ofTers  attractions  iu 
the  way  of  tlieatrical  perforinaiices,  generally  very  entertaining. 
Price  of  admission,  25  cents. — At  the  Missionunj  House,  in  Pein- 
l)erton-s(inare,  is  a  Museum,  collected  and  forwarded  by  mission- 
aries in  various  parts  of  tlie  world.  Open  daily  :  admission  free. 
— The  Nnfural  History  Rooms,  in  Tremont-st.,  adjoining  the 
Boston  Museum,  are  worthy  of  a  visit.     Admission  free. 

Placks  worth  VisiTiNc — The  Bunker  Hill  Monuuient  is  in 
Charlestown.  The  top  of  this  structure  commands  a  magnifi- 
cent view,  embracing  a  wide  extent  of  land  and  water  scenery. 
The  journey  to  the  top  is  somewhat  tedious,  it  being  necessary 
to  mount  nearly  300  steps  ;  yet  liiis  is  forgotten  in  tiie  charming 
scene  and  delightfid  air  that  await  the  arrival  of  the  visiter. — 
Near  at  hand  is  the  United  States  Nary  Yard,  containing, 
among  other  things,  a  ropewalk,  tlie  longest  in  the  country.  Tlie 
machinery  lu're  is  of  tlue  most  perfect  kind. — The  State  House. 
— Faneuil  Hall. — The  State  Prison,  located  in  Charlestown. 
Fee  ,'i5  cents. — The  Blind  A.'^yluni  and  the  Houses  of  Industry 
and  Reformation,  both  in  South  Boston.  Omnibuses  leave  tiie 
city  every  15  minutes.  F(tre  {]\  cents. — The  Custom-House,  at 
the  foot  of  State-st. — Mount  Auhurn  Cemetery  is  about  a  mile 
from  Harvard  University.  It  is  an  enchanting  spot — a  magnifi- 
cent resting-place  for  the  dead.  The  cemetery  is  reached  by 
taking  the  cars  at  Charlestown,  which  leave  tiie  depot  several 
times  daily.  (For  the  pages  on  which  the  above  places  are  de- 
scribed, see  Index.) — Mr.  Cushing's  Garden,  a  place  of  great 
beauty,  is  a  short  distance  beyond  Mount  Auburn,  in  Watertown. 
Tickets  may  be  obtained  gratis  on  application  at  the  Horticul- 
tural store  in  School-st. — Fresh  Pond,  another  charming  place 
of  resort,  is  about  four  miles  from  Boston,  and  half  a  mile  from 
Mount  x\uburn  ;  it  is  reached  by  the  railroad  cars,  which  leave 
Charlestown  many  times  during  the  day.  Fare  1:2^  cents. — The 
other  fine  sheets  of  water  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  visiters,  are  Horn,  Spot,  Spy,  and  Mystic  Ponds. 

Watering  Pipages  i\  the  Vicinity  of  Boston. — Nahant,  a 
delightful  watering-place,  is  situated  about  12  miles  from  Boston, 
by  water,  and  14  miles  by  land.     During  the  summer  season,  a 


ROSTOV. 


39 


8t»^anil)0iit  plios  daily.  Fare  25  cents.  This  is  a  most  agroeiible 
excursion,  atlordiiijaii  opimrtimlty,  in  passinjj  tliroiifjh  the  harbor, 
for  sfointr  some  of  the  many  heaiitiliil  islaiuls  with  which  it  is 
studded.  Nahaiit  may  also  be  rer  <"d  by  taking  the  Eiustern 
Kiillroud  cars  as  far  as  Lynn,  and  thence  walkiufr  or  ridini^  a  dis- 
tance of  three  miles,  aloiifr  th*-  hard  sandy  beach,  in  full  view  of 
the  open  sea  ;  or  by  omnibuses,  which  intersect  the  railroad  cars 
at  Lynn  several  times  daily. 

Tlie  peninsida  is  divided  into  Groat  and  Itittle  Nahant,  and 
Bass  Neck.  The  former  is  the  larjjest  division,  containinij  300 
acres,  a  part  of  which  is  under  cultivation,  many  liandsome 
dwellings,  and  a  sj)ac:ous  hotel,  with  a  piaz/aou  each  floor.  From 
this  place  the  visiter  has  a  boundless  seacoast  view. 

On  the  8.  side  of  Great  Nahant  is  the  dark  cave  or  grotto  called 
tlie  Swallow's  Cave,  10  feet  wide,  five  feet  high,  and  70  long,  m- 
creasing  in  a  short  distance  to  It  feet  in  breadth  and  IS  or  20  in 
height.  On  the  north  shore  of  the  peninsula  is  a  chasm  20  or  .'JO 
feet  in  depth,  called  the  Spontinir  Horn,  into  which,  at  about 
half  tide,  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence  and  noise,  forcing 
a  jet  of  water  through  an  aperture  in  the  rock  to  a  considerable 
height  in  the  air. 

liarge  numbers  resort  to  Nahant,  during  the  sultrj'^  heats  of 
summer,  to  enjoy  the  refreshing  sea  breeze.  Visiters  mayamu.se 
themselves  at  this  delightful  place,  by  fishing,  tlie  grounds  for 
which  are  excellent  ;  by  bathing,  either  in  cold  or  warm  water  ; 
with  riding,  «S^.c.,  &c. 

Philip's  Beach,  a  short  distance  n.  e.  of  Nahant,  is  another 
beautiful  beach,  and  a  noted  resort  for  persons  in  search  of  pleas- 
ure or  health. 

Nanfasket  Beach,  12  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  the  e. 
side  of  the  peninsula  of  Nantasket,  which  forms  the  s.  e.  side  of 
Boston  harbor,  and  comprises  the  town  of  Hull.  The  beach, 
which  is  remarkable  for  its  great  beauty,  is  four  miles  in  length, 
and  celebrated  for  its  fine  shell-fish,  sea-fowl,  and  good  bathing. 

Chelsea  Beach,  about  three  miles  in  length,  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Chelsea,  and  is  another  fine  place  of  resort.  A  ride  along 
this  beach  in  a  warm  day  is  deliglitful.  It  is  about  five  miles  from 
Boston,  and  may  be  reached  by  crossing  the  ferry  to  East  Boston. 


1     ' 


!•' 


40 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  rOMPANTON. 


The  rates  of  fare  in  the  city  ofTiosfnii,  to  he  taken  hff  or  paid  to  the 
owner  or  driver  of  any  licenned  carriage,  are  as  follows: 

For  carrying  a  passenger  from  one  place  to  another,  within  the  city 
proper,  25  cents. 

For  children  between  tlirec  and  twelve  years  of  age,  if  more  than 
one,  or  if  accornpHiiied  by  an  adull.  half  price  only  is  charged  for  each 
child  ;  and  for  cliildrcn  iimlertliree  years  of  age,  wiien  accoiinianied  by 
their  parents,  or  any  adult,  no  (rharge  is  made.  Every  driver  or  owner 
of  any  licensed  carriag(%  is  obliged  to  carry  with  each  passenger  one 
trunk,  and  a  valise,  saddle  bag,  carpet-bag,  portmanteau,  box,  bundle, 
basket,  or  oilier  article  us(;d  in  travelling,  if  lie  be  reipiested  so  to  do, 
without  charge  or  compensation  therefor  ;  but  for  every  trunk  or  other 
sucli  article  as  above  named,  more  than  two,  he  is  entitled  to  demand 
and  receive  the  sum  of  five  cents. 

DISTANCES  I\  BOSTON   I'UO.M  Till'-    KXCIl  AN(;  R   IN  STATE -ST  RERT. 

To  the  Providence  Depot,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  ;  the  Worcester 
"•nd  Old  Colony  Depots,  two-tliiids  of  a  mile  ;  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Depot,  one-third  of  a  mile  ;  the  Lowell  Depot,  two-thirds  of  a  mile  ; 
the  Eastern  Depot,  half  a  mile;  IJuiiker  Hill  iMonument  and  Navy 
Yard,  \\  mile;  Roxbury,  2]  miles;  Chelsea,  two  miles;  Cambridge 
Bridge,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  ;  Harvard  University,  2h  miles  ;  Mount 
Auburn,  4A  miles;  Fresh  Pond,  five  miles  ;  East  Boston,  l^  mile;  Mt. 
Washington  and  Dorchester  Heights,  S.  Boston,  two  miles ;  House  of 
Reformation,  S.  B.,  2;f  miles. 

Steamboat  Convevances  fhom  Boston. — Duriiifj  the  season 
of  navigation  steainbouts  leave  Boston  for  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and 
also  for  Portland,  Mo.  The  fares  are  nsuuUy  low,  as  the  boats 
run  in  opposition  to  the  railroad. 

For  Bath,  Gardiner,  and.  llullowell. — St^'aniers  leave  Boston 
for  the  above  places,  from  the  end  of  T  wharf,  every  Tuesday 
and  Friday,  returninor  on  alternate  days.  Stages  will  be  found  in 
readiness  at  Hallowell  and  Gardiner,  on  the  arrival  of  the  boat,  to 
take  passengers  to  Waterville,  Farmington,  Readfield,  Win- 
throp,  &LC.  The  stage  route  from  the  above  places  to  the  e.  of 
the  Kennebec,  and  to  Quebec,  Can.,  will  be  found  both  pleasant 
and  expeditious. 

For  Bangor. — A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Hanover-st. 
every  Tuesday  and  Friday,  in  the  afternoon,  for  Bangor.  Usual 
fare  $3.00.  At  Belfast  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey 
passengers  to  Castine,  Deer  Isle,  Sedgwick,  Bluehill,  and  Ells- 
worth. 


jover-st. 
Usual 
convey 
d  Ells- 


hV 


I 


t-k 


¥  .■ 


h: 


EASTERN  RAfLROAD. 


41 


For  Edftfport,  Mr.,  and  St.  Johnfi,  N.  B. — A  steamboat  leaves 
E;istrrii  Steurnbout  Wharf  for  the  above  places  twice  a  week,  re- 
turniiijr  on  alternate  days.    Usual  fare  to  Eastport  {^6.00  ;  to  St. 

Johns  ^W.OO. 

Note.— For  the  routes  diverging  from  Boston,  see  railroads  under 
their  respective  heads. 


EASTERN  RAILROAD, 
Skaboakd,  or  Lower  Uolte.     (See  Map  No.  4.) 

There  are  two  routes  from  Boston  to  Portland,  Me. ;  the  East- 
ern or  seaboard  route  from  Eiist  Boston,  105  miles  in  length,  and 
the  Boston  and  Main^•,  or  inland,  or  upper  route,  whicli  connects 
with  the  Eastern  at  South  Berwick,  Me.  The  distance  by  the 
latter  route  is  109  miles.  They  are  both  well-manajjed  roads, 
and  the  cars  and  conveniences  upon  them  not  inferior  to  thase 
uj)on  the  best  roads  in  the  country. 

The  Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Salem  was  opened  in 
1838;  to  Portsmouth,  N.  U.,  in  1840;  and  to  Portland,  Me.,  in 
1842.  The  cost  of  the  road  to  Portsmouth,  54  miles,  includinfj  a 
double  track  to  Salem,  with  locoujotives,  cars,  &C.,  was  .*$2,500,000. 
The  Portsmouth,  Saco,  and  Portland  Railroad,  51  miles,  cost 
$1,200,000. 

From  Boston  to  Portland  via  Salem,  Newburyport,  and 
Portsmouth. — In  order  to  take  the  ears  from  Baston,  which 
leave  several  times  daily,  to  any  place  on  this  route,  passengers 
must  purchase  their  tickets  at  the  depot  on  Eastern  Avenue, 
Commercial-st.,  and  cross  the  ferry  to  East  Boston,  where  is  the 
connnencement  of  the  railroad. 

The  first  8topj)ing-place  on  this  route  is  at  Lynn  Hotel,  one 
mile  from  the  town  of  Lynn.  Persons  wishing  to  stop  at  this 
great  shoe-mart,  will  leave  the  cars  at  the  second  stopping-place, 
nine  miles  from  Boston.     Fare  25  cents. 

Salem,  which  contains  a  population  of  about  17,000,  is  situated 
on  a  peninsula,  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  and  20  miles  from 
Cape  Ann.     It  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the  East 


•'■>4l_ 


^* 


"»<Aji*«.-'5«»,t%.t  -t . 


42 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


.  .  I 


r-n 


rh 


India  trade,  but  has  declined  in  commercial  importance,  most  of 
its  KJiipping  having  been  removed  to  Boston,  aitlionj^li  continuing 
to  be  owned  in  Salem.  Ci)eKtnut-i?t.,  one  of  the  handsomest 
thorouglifares  in  the  country,  has  rows  of  elm-lrees  on  either  side, 
and  contains  many  splendid  mansions.  Tho  Naumkeag  Steam 
Cotton  Factory,  employing  upwards  of  500  hands,  and  the  largest 
of  its  kind  in  tlie  U.  States,  is  located  here.  The  Museum  of  tho 
East  India  Marine.  Socicly  is  well  worlh  a  visit,  for  which  tickets 
of  admission  can  be  procured  gratis,  on  appliccxticn.  It  is  remark- 
able for  tho  variety  and  extent  of  its  natural  and  artificial  curiosi- 
ties, collected  from  every  part  of  the  world.  Fare  from  Boston 
40  cents.  The  Eastern  I^iilroad  passes  through  a  tunnel  built 
under  Essex  and  Washington  sts.,  and  is  thence  carried  over  a 
bridge  of  considerable  length  to  IJeverly. 

Beverly,  two  miles  nortli  of  Salem,  and  10  from  Boston,  is  con- 
nected with  the  former  place  by  a  bridge  across  the  North  River; 
the  bridge,  which  was  built  in  1788,  Is  1,500  ft.  in  length.  The 
inhabitants  are  very  generally  engaged  in  tho  fisheries.  Pop. 
about  5,000.     Fare  45  cents. 

Wenham  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  20  miles  n.  by  e.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  about  2,000.  Wenham  Pond,  a  beautiful  s  leet  of  water, 
about  a  mile  square,  allords  abundance  of  excellent  fish,  and  is 
much  visited  by  persons  fond  of  angling.  It  is  ali>o  noted  for  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  its  ice,  a  large  amount  of  v/hich  is  yearly 
exported.     Fare  50  cents. 

Ipswich  contains  about  3,000  inhabitants.  The  country  aromid 
is  well  cultivated  and  beautifully  variegated.     Fare  70  cents. 

Rowley  is  an  agricultural  town  much  resorted  to  by  families 
seeking  a  healthy  sunnncr  location.  Distance  from  Boston  29 
miles.     Fare  80  cents. 

NKWBURYroaT,  Mass.,  lies  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  dn  the  s.  bank 
of  tho  Merrimack  Uiver,  near  its  union  with  the  Atlantic.  It  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  New  ]']ngland.  In 
consequence  of  a  sand-bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  its  foreign 
conmierce  has  greatly  declined.  The  celebrated  G^^orgo  White- 
field  died  in  this  town  in  Sept.,  1770.  Pop.  about  10,000.  Fare 
from  Boston  ^1.00. 

Salisburi  Beach,  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and  salubrity,  is  much 


one 
AuK 


■)■■! 


EASTERN  RAILROAD. 


43 


iroiuid 

Is. 
imilies 

oil  29 

.  bank 
It  is 
la 

breign 
Vli'te- 
Fav 


m 


uch 


visited  during  the  warm  season.     Il  is  from  four  to  five  miles  dis- 
tant from  Ne\vl)uryport. 

Seahrook  is  noted  for  its  wliale-bout  huildinjx,  which  is  carried 
to  a  great  extent.  The  inliabitaiits  are  mostly  meehanics  and 
seamen.     Poj).  about  2,000.     Fare  from  Boston  ^lAH. 

Hampton  Falls  was  originally  a  part  of  Hampton,  from  whic'i 
it  was  separated  and  incorporated  in  1712.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.     Poj).  about  900. 

liampiJtn  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  Atlantic  coast.  From 
elevations  in  the  vicinity  there  are  fine  virvvs  of  the  otrcan,  tlie 
I>le  of  Shoals,  and  of  the  sea-coast  from  Cape  Ann  to  Furts- 
iiiouth.  Fare  from  Boston  $;I..''2.  II:uni)ton  Beach  has  become 
;i  favorite  place  of  resort  for  parties  of  pleasure,  invalids,  and  thos»' 
seeking  an  invigorating  air.  (irrat  lltiar's  Head,  in  this  town,  is 
uu  abrupt  eminence  extending  into  (he  sea,  and  dividing  the 
beaches  on  either  side.  There  is  here  an  iiotel  for  the  acconmio- 
<l;ition  of  visiters.  The  fishing  a  short  distance  from  the  shore  is 
very  good. 

The  Isle  Of  ■>  h  is  distant  alwut  nine  miles  from  Hampton 
and  from  Port:  u.outh.  These  shoals  are  seven  ia  number.  Hog 
Island,  the  largest,  contains  .'^50  acres,  mostly  rocky  and  barren. 
f!s  greatest  elevation  is  T).')  feet  above  higli-water  maik.  Upon 
tliis  island  is  an  hotel,  recently  erected.  These  rocky  isles  are  a 
p't'asant  rt^ort  for  water  parties,  and  the  bracing  air,  wliile  re- 
froshing  to  the  sedentary,  cana(;t  be  otherwise  tlian  stilutary  to 
invalids. — Ri/r.  Beach  is  another  noted  watcring-plaee  on  this 
coa-t,  much  fre  jueuted  bj""  persons  from  the  neigldjoring  towns. 

Po  ITS  MOUTH,  N.  H..  the  principal  town  in  the  state,  and  the 
only  seaport,  is  built  on  the  fi.  side  of  Piscataqna  river.  It  is  in 
X.Lat.  43^  4'  54",  W.  Long.  70==  45'.  Pop.  about  12,000.  Its 
situation  is  a  fine  on",  being  on  a  j)eninsida  near  the  moutli  of 
the  river.  It  is  connected  by  bridges  with  Kiltery  in  Maine,  and 
Newcastle  on  Grand  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  'Phe  har- 
bor is  safe  and  deep,  and  is  never  frozen,  its  strong  tides  prevent- 
ing the  formation  of  ice.  There  is  here  a  U.  States  Navy  Yard, 
one  of  the  safest  and  most  convenient  on  the  coast.  Tne  North 
America,  the  first  Hne-of-batt!e-ship  launched  in  this  hemisphere, 
was  built  here  during  tlic  Uevoiulioii.     Portsmouth  is  well  sup- 


M 


■  I. 


'1^ 


V 


u  J 


'( 


44 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


plied  with  excelltMit  wutcr  broii<rht  from  a  fountain  three  miles 
distant,  and  conducted  into  all  the  principal  streets.  Fare  from 
Boston,  ^ISiO. 

South  Berwick  is  situated  at  the  point  where  the  Eastern  Rail- 
road is  intorsoeted  by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  and  is  66 
niilps  distant  from  Boston  by  the  foriner  route,  and  7.3  by  the  latter. 

Saco,  situated  on  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  New  England,  is 
a  port  of  entry,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  From  the  mouth  of 
the  river  a  fine  beach  extends  five  miles,  called  Old  Orchard 
Beach      Pop.  about  6,000.     Fare  $2.90. 


Vmw  OF    PORTLAN-p. 

Portland  is  105  miles  from  Bostou,  58  s.  w.  from  Augusta, 
the  capital  of  the  state,  125  from  Bangor,  and  £50  from  Wash- 
ington, and  is  in  N.  Lat.  43°  39'  26",  W.  Lon.  70°  20'  30 ".  It 
is  handsomely  situated  on  a  peninsula,  occupying  the  ridge  and 
side  of  a  high  jwint  of  land,  in  the  s.  w.  extremity  of  Casco  Bay, 
and  on  approaching  it  from  the  ocean  is  seen  to  great  advantage. 
The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Atlantic  coasi,  the  anchor- 
age being  protected  on  every  side  by  land,  whilst  the  water  is 
deep,  and  comtnunication  with  the  ocean  direct  and  convenient. 
It  is  defended  by  forts  Preble  and  Scammel.  On  the  highest 
point  of  the  peninsula  is  an  obser\'atoiy  70  ft.  in  height,  com- 
manding a  fine  view  of  the  city,  harbor,  and  islands  in  the  bay, 
'I'he  misty  forms  of  the  White  Mountains,  GO  miles  distant,  are 


EASTF,I:N  CAK-r.OADS. 


45 


discernible  in  clear  weather.  The  scenery  urouncl  Portland  is 
noted  for  its  extent,  variety?  and  beauty,  and  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  similar  view  in  the  country. 

The  trade  of  Portland  is  larire,  and  is  still  Increasing^.  Fish, 
lumber,  and  produce  generally,  are  the  chief  articles  of  export. 
Its  commerce  with  the  principal  places  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the 
southern  ports,  and  the  West  Indies,  is  very  extensive. 

The  great  railroad  from  Portland  to  Canada  is  in  progress,  and 
also  one  to  Augusta,  (with  a  branch  to  Bath ;)  this  is  to  be  con- 
tinued to  B  aigor,  and  in  time  will  be,  no  doubt,  extended  to  the 
frontier,  and  into  New  Brunswick,  there  meeting  the  "  St.  An- 
drews, Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,''  the  route  of  which 
has  been  surveyed,  and  a  portion  of  which  is  now  being  con- 
structed. When  these  great  thoroughfares  are  completed,  Port- 
land will  rank  as  one  of  the  first  commercial  cities  of  our  fust- 
growing  country. 

There  are  several  well-kept  hotels  in  Poriland,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  American,  in  Congress-st. ;  Elm  Taceru,  Federal- 
st. ;  and  the  United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Congress  and  Fed- 
eral sts.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Portland  {^3.00  ;  usual  time  5^ 
hours.     (For  routes  from  Portland,  see  Index.) 

FaoM  BosTO.v  to  Danvers. — Take  the  cars  at  East  Boston  for 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  Essex  Railroad  to  Danvers,  16  miles  from 
Boston.  Fare  45  cents.  This  road  is  to  intersect  the  Boston  and 
Maine  and  Boston  and  Lowell  railroads  at  Wilmington.  Tan- 
niag,  and  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  boots  and  shoes,  form 
the  chief  trade  of  Danvers. 

From  Boston  to  M.viiblehe.vd. — Take  the  cars  as  above  to 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  branch  road  to  Marblehead,  a  distance  of 
IH  miles.  Fare  46  cents.  The  enterprise  of  the  inhabitants  of 
th!s  rocky  town  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  fishpries,  and  the  amount 
of  its  exports  is  very  considerable.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Fkom  Boston  to  Gloucester. — By  Eastern  Railroad  to  Bev- 
erly, 16  miles ;  thence  by  the  Gloucester  Branch  Railroad  to 
Manchester  and  Gloucester :  total,  34  miles.  Fare  75  cents. 
Gloucester  is  situated  on  Cape  Ann,  the  eastern  extren)ity  of 
Massachusetts,  and  on  the  n.  shore  of  Massachusetty  Bay.  The 
town  is  on  the  southern  side  of  tiie  cape,  and  has  one  of  tiie  finest 


is,ii  fi 


I. 


r-^-xrf.f* 


46 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'i 


.M'i 


.h     I 


harbors  on  tlie  whole  Atlantic  coast.  The  excUisive  trade  of  the 
place  is  maritime.  In  1847,  150  schooners,  with  a  tonnage  of 
10,000  tons,  and  manned  hy  1,500  men,  were  en)ployed  in  the 
co<l,  hahhut,  and  mackerel  fisheries.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  an(i 
ith  foreign  and  domestic  trade  is  quite  extensive.  There  were  1.30 
arrivals  from  foreign  ports  in  18  KJ,  and  the  importations  at  this 
port  were  valued  at  }j$:200,000.  Ahout  17,000  tons  of  shipping 
are  owned  liere.  In  the  town  ire  seven  churches,  a  town  hall, 
stone  hankin<r-house,  and  various  other  public  buildings.  Tlie 
population  of  (iloucester  is  about  (),000,  and  that  on  the  whole  of 
Cape  Ann  about  10,000.  During  the  sunnner  season  Gloucester 
is  a  great  resort  for  those  who  are  desirous  of  enjoying  the  sea- 
breeze  of  the  Atlantic,  and  of  bvthing  in  its  clear  blue  water. 
By  many,  this  place  is  thought  to  equal  Newport,  and  the  situa- 
tion and  location  of  the  two  places  are  somewhat  similar. 

From  Portsmouth  to  Concoud. — This  is  a  new  route,  and  will 
j)robably  be  open  for  travel  during  the  present  year.  The  route 
d^'termined  on  intersects  the  Hoston  and  Maine  Railroad  at  South 
Newmarket,  and  passes  on  through  Epping,  Raymond,  Candia, 
and  Suncook  village,  in  Pembroke,  to  Concord. 


Nif 


BOSTON  AND    MAE^TE    RAILROAD. 
(SeeMap  ^'o.  4.) 

This  road  is  73  miles  long,  and  cost  ^1,887,340.  It  was  open- 
ed from  Wilmington  in  1843.  On  the  1st  of  July,  1845,  it  was 
opened  to  Boston,  which  it  reaches  by  crossing  the  Charles  river 
over  a  viaduct  of  considerable  length,  and  terminates  in  a  com- 
modious depot  at  the  f(Jot  of  Union-st.,  in  Ilaymarket-square.  A 
canal  formerly  occupied  the  space  between  this  depot  and  the 
river,  over  which  t!ie  rails  are  laid.  By  this  arrangement  the 
cars  are  brought  almost  to  the  commercial  centre  of  the  city. 
The  stock  of  this  well-managed  and  prosperous  road  is  among 
the  best  in  the  country.  Cars  leave  Boston  from  the  above- 
named  depot  for  Portland  and  intermediate  places,  daily. 

Boston  to  Portland  via  Havi^iuiill  and  Dover,  (Upper 
Route.) — In  crossing  the  Charles  river,  the  State  Prison,  a  gran- 


m 


open- 
lit  was 
Is  river 

coin- 
re.  A 
lid  the 
lilt  the 
city. 

imoiig 

ibove- 

Ipper 
I  graii- 


EOSTON  AND  MAINE  RAILROAD. 


47 


ite  building  situated  ou  Prison  Point  in  Charlcstown,  is  an  object 
of  attraction.  The  first  sloppinir-place  on  this  route  is  at  Somer- 
rillc,  two  miles  distant  from  Boston.     Fare  8  cents. 

Mnldcuy  five  miles  from  Boston,  is  noted  for  its  dyeing  estab- 
li.shments.  Fare  12  cents. — Sfonefiain,  three  miles  beyond,  has 
a  population  of  about  2,000,  which  is  principally  occupied  in  the 
manufacture  of  shoes.  Fare  18  cents.  In  this  town  is  Spot 
Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  pure  water,  covering  an  area  of  Q^'.i 
acres,  and  which  is  143  ft.  y''  ^  highwaler-mark  in  Boston 
harbor. 

South  Reading  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  place,  where  shoes, 
cidyuict-ware,  and  other  articles,  are  extensively  manufactured. 
Fiirc  25  cents.  A  largo  and  beautiful  pond,  the  source  of  the 
Suugus  river,  is  not  far  distant. 

Read  ng,  12  miles  from  Boston,  is  another  important  boot  and 
shoe  mart.  Fare  30  cents.  Here  the  curs  stop  a  few  minutes 
for  refreshments. 

Wilmington,  17  miles  from  Boston,  is  where  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad  formerly  commenced  :  it  is  united  with  the  Low- 
ell Railroad  at  the  depot,  two  miles  s.  of  the  village.  The  town 
is  celebrated  for  its  growth  of  hops,  large  quantities  of  which  are 
annually  produced.     Fare  40  cents. 

Andover,  a  beautiful  town,  under  excellent  cultivation,  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  literary  and  theological  institutions. 
Fare  60  cents. 

At  North  Andover  is  a  branch  road  leading  to  the  new  city  of 
Lawrence,  which  is  situated  ou  the  Merrimack  at  its  junction 
with  the  Spicket  river.  The  water-power  of  Lawrence  is  very 
great,  and  will  no  doubt  make  it  an  important  manufacturing 
place.  Its  population  is  now  probably  not  less  than  10,000.  A 
railroad  is  in  progress  connecting  Lawrence  with  Manchester, 
N.  II. ;  and  also  another,  which  is  to  unite  it  with  the  great 
manufacturing  town  of  Lowell. 

Bradford  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merrimack  river.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  tlie  making  of  boots  and 
shoes.  A  bridge  750  ft.  long  connects  this  town  with  Haverhill 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Pop.  about  3,000.  Fare  from 
Boston  85  cent?. 


{^r\ 


','♦1 


f- 


u 


48 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Haverhill  is  delightfully  located  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Merrimack,  and  is  no  situated  as  to  command  a  largo  inland 
trade.  Boots  and  shoos,  morocco  leather,  hats,  cabinet-ware, 
and  many  other  articles,  aro  extensively  made  here.  Pop.  about 
5,000.     Fare  from  Boston  85  cents. 

Plaistow,  N.  //.,  is  an  old  town,  having  obtained  its  charter  in 
1741).     Pop.  about  800.     Fare  . 1^1. 00. 

Exeter  is  a  beautiful  town,  49  miles  n.  of  Boston,  14  s.  w.  of 
Portsmouth,  and  40  s.  e.  of  Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state. 
Cotton  goods,  morocco  leather,  paper,  blank  books,  &c.,  are 
manufactured  here.     Pop.  al)out  3,000.     Fare  ,<^1.30. 

Dover,  N.  II.,  one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  Cocheclio  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about 
12  mi!i;s  from  the  ocean.  The  falls  in  this  river,  whose  name 
they  boar,  have  a  sudden  descent  of  32  ft.  Upon  these  falls  have 
been  erected  the  mills  of  the  "  Cocheco  Cotton  Manufacturing 
Company,"  incorporated  in  1820.  This  company  has  a  capital 
of  more  than  a  million  of  dollars  invested,  and  employs  upwards 
of  1 ,000  persons.  The  "  mills"  in  Dover  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 
Fare  from  Boston  ^1.75. 

Somerworth,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  river,  is  a  flourishing  town 
with  an  extensive  water-power.  The  river  is  of  sufficient  depth 
for  vessels  of  250  tons. — Great  Falls  is  a  large  and  extensive 
n)anufacturing  village. — At  South  Berwick  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Ri:  iroad  unites  with  the  Portsmouth  and  Saco  Railroad.  (For  the 
continuation  of  the  route  to  Portland,  see  page  44.) 


BOSTON  AND  LOWElCiL,  AND  NASHUA  AND  CONCORD 

RAILROADS. 

(See  Map  No.  4.) 

The  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  in  June,  1835. 
Its  length  is  20  miles.  It  cost,  including  depots,  engines,  cars, 
&.C.,  ^1,940,418.  The  country  passed  over  is  uneven,  but  the 
average  of  inclination  does  not  vary  over  10  ft.  in  a  mile,  so  well 
is  the  grade  preserved.  It  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best,  and 
most  productive  roads  in  the  country.     A  branch  road  extends  to 


VVc 
1a)\ 
Tlu 

road 

at  a 

R, 

Cf'^rs 

fhcir 

l)y  a 

exfen 

iiji/)or 

Me 

of  niv 

Fare 

}Vo> 
beantil 
water, 
rural  b( 
to  Son 
miles,  i 
to  Wol) 
ff>n,  15 
cents  ; 

L0W£ 

tent  of 
variety  < 
of  Merri 
"'hole  fa 
tity  of  w 
'«  very  r; 
consist  of 
mores,  ar 
'lie  city 
isolated  d 
'laving  ail 
'»?  12,63{ 
fo  $36,44 
and  the  C 


BOSTON  AND  LOWELL  RAILFIOAD. 


49 


IS 


Il835. 

cars, 
it  the 
well 
,  and 
kids  to 


Wobiirn  Centr<»,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  The  Niishnu  and 
lif)\voll  Railroad  was  opened  in  Ort.,  IH.'H.  Its  lenfjtli  is  15  miles. 
The  cost  of  its  constrnction  was  ,$r<()(),0()0.  The  Concord  Rail- 
road, opened  in  Nov.,  ISI.T,  is  .'}.')  miles  lonj^.  It  was  constructed 
at  a  cost  of  }$r^0(),()00. 

Roi.'TR  BRTWici'.N  HosTON,  Lowr.LL,  AND  CoNCOKi). — Passen- 
irrrn  on  this  ronte  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Lowell  Railroad,  at 
their  dejmt  in  Lowell-st.,  near  Charles  river,  which  river  is  (grossed 
by  a  viadnct  to  /v/.s/  Canihri(I<sr.  a  flonrishintj  place,  with  many 
extensive  maniifactori«s,  of  wliicli  the  jrlass  works  are  the  most 
inij)ortant,  J$r)00,()00  worth  of  ;j;Iass  beinjj  annnally  made  here. 

il/pf//c>/v/,  a  beautiful  town,  five  miles  |>om  Boston,  at  t!>e  head 
of  navijjation  on  the  Mystic  river,  is  noted  for  its  ship-building. 
F/irr  IL'i  cents. 

Wohmn  has  a  varied  and  p1tsisin<r  aspect,  and  contains  some 
l)eantiful  farms.  Horn  Pinid  in  this  town  is  a  delightful  sliect  of 
wat<'r,  surrounded  bv  ever;jfreens,  and  is  so  remarkable  for  its 
rural  beauties  as  to  attract  many  visiters  from  a  distance.  Fare 
to  South  Wohurn,  eight  miles,  20  cents,  and  to  Woharn,  10 
miles,  25  cents.  A  branch  railroad  extends  from  South  Woburn 
to  Woburn  Centre,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  Fare  to  WUminiT' 
ton,  15  miles,  35  cents ;  BiUrrica  and  Tewkshuri/,  19  miles,  45 
cents ;  Blllerica  MUlft,  22  miles,  55  cents. 

Lowell,  the  Manchester  of  Aiuerica,  is  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
tent of  its  water-power,  its  rapid  (rrowth,  and  the  i>crfection  and 
variety  of  its  manufactures.  The  c'.ty  is  situate<l  on  the  s.  side 
of  Merrimack  river,  at  its  junction  with  Concord  river.  The 
whole  fall  of  the  Merrimack  at  this  place  is  IJO  ft ,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  water  never  falls  short  of  2,000  cnhic  feet  per  second,  and 
is  very  rarely  so  low  as  that.  The  goods  manufactured  here 
consist  of  broadcloths,  sheetings,  calicoes,  car})ets,  rugs,  cassi- 
niores,  and  many  other  useful  articles.  In  1815  the  site  whero 
the  city  stands  was  a  wilderness,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
isolated  dwellings;  it  has  now  12  numnfacturing  corporations, 
having  an  aggregate  capital  stock  of  {^12,1 10,000,  and  employ- 
ing 12,630  hands,  whose  weekly  wages,  clear  of  board,  amounts 
to  ^36,446.  There  are  two  institutions  for  Savings — the  Lowell 
and  the  City — where  their  operatives  depasited  during  the  year 


^ 


»::f«« 


W^ 


h 


«o 


RAILR()\D  AND  STEAMIIOAT  CUMFANION. 


ending  April  MO,  1847,  Jj^x.'jCjnor) ;  throu  HuukH,  liaviiifr  an  ag- 
gregate capital  of  }$?!)()(),()()(• ;  and  u  Mutual  Insurance  Company, 
wliif'  has  been  highly  successfnl  in  its  operations.  The  perHons 
employed  in  the  neveral  manufacturing  eHtahlishments  have  ac- 
cess to  a  library  of  7,000  volumes,  belonging  to  the  city.  An 
hospital  has  also  been  established  for  the  sick  and  disabled.  The 
various  factories  produce  weekly  an  aggregate  of  1, 920,900  yards 
of  cotton  and  27,S!n  of  woollen  fabrics,  in  which  (>83,000  pounds 
of  the  raw  material  are  consiuned.  The  present  popidation  of 
Lowell  is3.'J,000.  In  18128  it  was  only  3,3'J±  Fare  from  Bos- 
tort  to  Lowell,  2G  miles,  G')  cents — time,  one  hour.  Fare  tu 
Middles'eXf  28  miles,  70  cents ;  (o  Chelmsford,  30  miles,  75 
cents  ;  Tijngshuro\  31  miles,  80  cents  ;  and  to  Little's,  37  miles, 
90  cents. 

Nasuua,  41  miles  from  Boston,  is  the  centre  of  a  considerable 
trade,  and  the  seat  of  important  manufactures.  The  volume  of 
water  atForded  by  the  Nashua  river,  at  tho  driest  season  of  the 
year,  is  180  cubic  feet  per  second.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Nnshrille  is  separated  from  Nashua  by  the  Nashua  river:  they 
are,  however,  conne-cled  by  a  bridge  It  is  the  terminus  of  the 
road  from  Lowell,  which  joins  the  Concord  about  a  mile  distant. 
The  Nashua  and  Worcester  iiailroad,  42  miles  in  length,  will  also 
liave  its  terminus  here.     Poj).  3,000.     Fare  from  Boston  $1.00. 

Litchfield,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  is  a  good  agricul- 
tural town.  In  the  township  are  two  ferries,  Thornton's  and 
Reed's.  Pop.  about  fiOO.  Fare  to  Thornton's  Ferry  $1.10,  and 
to  Reed's  Ferry  $1.20. 

Manchester  is  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  59  miles  from 
Boston :  it  received  a  city  charter  in  1846.  The  river  here  affords 
immense  water-power,  and  manufacturing  is  extensively  carried 
on.  The  growth  of  Manchester  has  been  so  rapid,  that  it  now 
almost  rivals  Lowell.  The  population  of  tliis  place,  as  shown  by 
a  recent  census,  is  12,28G — increase  in  one  year,  2,162.  Fare 
$1.40.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  i>om  Manchester  to  Lawrence, 
which,  by  forming  a  connection  with  tho  Salem  and  Lowell 
Railroad,  at  Wilmington,  will  be  united  with  Salem  harbor. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
shire  town  of  the  county  of  Merrimack,  lies  on   both  sides  of 


THE  WIIITK  .MOl'NTAINS. 


51 


ag- 
ny, 

ac- 
An 

The 
•iirds 
iinds 
jn  of 
Bos- 
tire  to 
's,  75 
miles, 

erablp 
line  of 
of  the 

r :  they 
of  the 
dit^tant. 

ill  also 

1. 00. 

rricul- 
[is  and 

0,  and 

^8  from 
affords 
I  carried 
it  now 
[own  by 
Fav. 
^rence, 
Lowell 

jr. 

lire,  and 
1  sides  of 


I' 


Merrimack  river,  and  is  7G  miles  n.  w.  of  Boston.  The  princi- 
pal villaj^e,  and  seat  of  most  of  the  business  of  the  town,  is  on 
the  western  side  of  the  river,  exlendinj;  nearly  two  miles,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  healthy  and  pleasantly  nitnatcd  viliafrcs  in  New 
Kiiijland.  The  Stat«'-IIonse,  constrnct«'('  of  hewn  {granite,  occu- 
pies a  beautiful  site  in  the  centre  of  the  villajje.  It  is  12<)  ft. 
loiii;,  41)  wide,  and  rises  two  stories  above  the  basement.  The 
State  Prison,  a  massive  granite  structure,  is  located  here.  l*o[j. 
alxjut  (),000.     Fare  from  Boston  J5>1-^5.     Time  3^  hours. 

NoTK.— For  continuation  of  rotites  from  Concord,  see  Index  for  North- 
ern Railroad,  and  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad. 


THE    WHITE    MOUNTAINS. 

These  mountains  are  situated  iu  the  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
Coos  county,  and  extend  from  s.  w.  toN.  e.,  about  20  miles.  They 
are,  with  the  exception  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  hijjfhest  in 
the  United  States.  Mount  Washington^  (),:2-43  ft.  above  the  levtl 
of  the  sea,  is  the  most  elevated  peak.  The  others  are  Mount 
Adams,  5,7G7  ft. ;  JelFerson,  5,GG5 ;  Madison,  5,.3S4  ;  Monroe, 
5,298  ;  Franklin,  4,854 ;  and  La  Fayette,  4,723.  The  ascent 
to  the  summits  of  these  mountains,  thouyh  fatijjuing,  is  not  dan- 
gerous, and  the  visiter  is  richly  rewarded  for  his  exertion.  In 
passing  from  the  Notch  to  the  highest  sunmiit,  he  crosses  the 
tops  of  mounts  La  Fayette,  Franklin,  and  Monroe.  Li  accom- 
plishing this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross  several  ra- 
vines. These  chasms  are  filled  up  with  trees,  exactly  even  with 
the  n^.ountain,  on  either  side,  their  branches  interlocking  with 
each  other  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  difHcult  to  pass  through 
them,  and  they  are  so  stiff  and  thick  as  almost  to  support  a  per- 
son's weight. 

Mount  La  Fayette  is  easily  ascended  ;  its  top,  to  the  extent  of 
five  or  six  acres,  is  smooth,  and  gradually  slopes  away  from  its 
centre.  The  prospect  from  this  summit  is  beautiful.  To  the 
north  the  eye  is  dazzled  with  the  splendor  of  Blount  Washington. 
On  descending  this  mountain,  a  small  pond  of  water  is  found  at 
its  base  ;  from  which   the   ascent   is  gradual  to   the  summit  of 


♦|i 


M 


MM* 


I  .1 


1 1  it 


■«l 


62 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAMBOA  t'   COMPANION. 


:(*'*^{'-^ 


^1^7^ 


TnB  Wii.LUT  HooBB,  Whits  Mountains 

Mount  Franklin.  Aftor  crossing  this  mountain,  you  pass  over 
the  east  pinnacle  of  Mount  Monroe,  and  soon  find  yourself  on  a 
plain  of  some  extent  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington.  Here  is 
a  fine  resting-place,  on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
of  an  oval  form,  covering  about  three-fourths  of  an  acre.  Di- 
rectly before  you  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Washington  rises  with 
majestic  grandeur,  elevated  about  1,500  feet  above  the  plain,  and 
presenting  a  variety  of  colors  and  forms.  The  view  from  this 
point  is  grand  and  picturesque.  Innumerable  mountains,  lakes, 
ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  villages  meet  the  eye,  and  in  the  dis- 
tance may  be  seen  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  stretching  along 
the  dim  horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen  the  lofty  summits  of  Ad- 
ams and  Jefferson  ;  and  to  the  east,  a  little  detached  from  the 
range,  stands  Mount  Madison.  During  two-thirds  of  the  year, 
the  summits  of  these  mountains  are  covered  with  snow  and  ice, 
giving  them  a  bright  and  dazzling  appearance. 

The  followinjr  excellent  account  of  the  "  Ascent  of  Mount  Wash- 
ington,"  we  extract  from  a  description  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  C.  Abbot. 

"  After  passing  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  the  traveller  en- 
ters upon  a  plain,  through  which  meanders  the  Ammonoosuc  river  as  it 


THF.  WIHTK  >1i>1:NTAINS. 


63 


over 

on  a 

[ero  is 

ater, 

Di- 

with 
1,  and 
[i  this 
[lakes, 
|e  dis- 
I  along 

f  Ad- 
Ini  the 

year, 

id  ice, 

Lvash- 
l\bbot. 

ller  en- 
;r  as  it 


hastens  onward  to  utiili'  its  watiTs  with  tlie  llixols  of  the  C'oniirclicut.. 
As  you  ii(l«'  along  this  pleasant  rouil,  the  valley,  open  in  the  west,  is 
frmi,'e(l  on  the  north  and  tlir  soiilli  l)y  IhkIi  hills,  wiiile  hcliiiid  you  ris« 
the  niajestu'  sKininits  of  Ihc  riioniitaui  raiiue  yon  have  just  passed.  For 
four  miles  you  ruUi  aloiiK  niu'rli  of  th(!  way  under  the  shade  of  over- 
liauuiiiK  trees,  ni(>etin^  Willi  no  house,  and  no  si^ns  of  human  life,  ex* 
oept  the  road  over  which  you  are  trav<dliii«.  A  turn  in  the  road  suddenly 
opens  to  you  a  heauliful  scene.  In  the  nil  1st  of  a  smooth  and  vrrdant 
meadow,  appears  the  spaeious  hottd  of  .Mr.  Kahyan.  Tlu;  iiiaKiututle 
of  this  establishment,  and  the  nic».'  table  whicdi  he  spreads,  seem  to 
make  his  house  the  fashionable  place;  of  resort,  though  it  is  far  less  f.v 
vorably  situated,  in  respecl  to  si-cnery.  than  the  house  of  Thomas  ("raw- 
ford,  at  the  Notch.  As  you  sit  under  the  pia/za  at  Fubyan's,  you  see  a 
raiii^c;  of  ImkIi  hills,  covered  with  forest,  runnint,'  alont,'  the  border  of  the 
valley  upon  the  iiortli  anil  the  south,  the  spurs  or  abutments  of  the  White 
.Mountains,  v\  hudi,  at  the  distani:e  of  about  ten  miles,  re^r  t  eir  majes- 
t.u'  summits  into  the  cdouds. 

"  The  next  morniiij,'  after  our  arrival  at  Fabyan's,  we  prepareij  to  as- 
cend .Mount  \Vasliiii;,'toii.     The  scene  of  ilejiarture  is  a  very  intere.stiim 
one.     Immediately  nitt'.v  breakfast  the  horses  were  found,  iili  saddlea, 
standing  by  the  side  of  the  piazza,  and  the  genllemen  and  ladies,  in  a 
great  variety  of  costume,  were  selecting  their  steeds  for  the   mountain 
ride.  Our  party  consisted  of  thirteen— threi*  l.ulies,  nine  gentlemen,  a.  J 
u  guide,  with  a  knapsack  containing  provisions  for  our  picnic:  ui)on  t  le 
summit.    All  the  company  in  the  house  were  asseml)led  to  witness  luo 
departure.    The  whole  scene  was  one  of  unusual  animation  and  hilar- 
ity.   Soon  all  were  mounted,  and  starting  otf  at  a  brisk  trot,  we  roile 
along  the  road  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.   Then  striking  into  a  little  bri- 
dle patii,  just  wide  enough  for  t)ne  horse,  and  entirely  overarclied  wiUi 
trees,  we  trotted  along  in  single  tile,  now  uscen  ling  ami  again  desceiul- 
1111,';  now  riding  alora  the  banks  of  a  rushing  mountain  strciam.  and 
again  fording  the  torrent  with  the  water  nearly  to  the  saddle-girths— 
occasionally  emerging  into  some  little  oi)ening  where  inoiinlain  torrent.s 
had  swept  away  the  trees,  and  immediately  again  plunging  into  ttie 
gloom  of  the  eternal  forest.    The  road,  generally  follow  ing  the  mean- 
dering banks  of  the  Ammonoosue  river,  here  a  foaming  i.i<'i,ntaiii  tor- 
rent, was  smooth  and  easy  for  the  feet  of  the  horses,  so  ;I.  a  our  long 
cavalcade,  one  behind  the  other,  proceeded  very  briskly  on  it.s  way, 
eidivening  the  passing  hours  with  conversation  and  joke.s  and  fragments 
of  song.     A  ride  of  six  miles  over  this  delightful  valley  road,  brought 
us  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington  ;  and  now  we  commenced  the  ar- 
duous ascent.     The  path  is  as  steep  as  a  horse  can  climb,  and  winds 
wildly  about  among  rocks  and  stumps  and  prostrate  trees,  ar-d  over 
ledges  and  crags  where  one  would  Uardl}  think  that  a  horse's  foot  could 
possibly  stand.    The  horses  toil,  panting  up  the  steep  sides  of  the  moun- 
tains, stopping,  as  I  observed  by  my  watch,  every  two  minutes  to  breathe 
-As  I  rode  in  the  rear  of  the  party,  it  was  truly  a  picturesque  sight  to 


♦«? 


;■•••  jf*y;4 


'  JfJUl-yiUiStiie^.  ■ 


54 


RAIMKJAD  AND  STKAMROAT  COMPANION. 


!  ♦ 


watch  llir  long  prnc<'s>ioii  windiiiR  its  way  uiiioiif,'  the  crags  above  my 
head.  We  oHen  jmsseil  siniiigs  of  eivsliil  wuter  gu^Iiing  from  the 
rocks,  iiiiil  at  o.ie  in  particular,  about  a  tlunt  of  tlie  way  up  the  luonii- 
taiii,  (;a:lo  1  th(.'  '  Moss  Spring,'  and  where  there  chanced  to  be  a  levcd 
spot  of  p('rha|)s  two  rods  s(piare  llie  whole  party  dismounted  foi  leu 
minutes  to  re(r(!sh  the  liorses,  and  to  rctfresh  tliemseives  with  water  as 
purr  as  mortal  man  can  (h'ink. 

•*  We  were  soon  again  on  our  way,  an  1  tlie  forest  trees,  wliich  had 
towc!*,'  1  so  ioftiiy  above  our  lusuls,  ra|»i<lly  liwindlevl  in  size  till  tticy 
becaiiK;  but  one  or  two  feet  in  height,  and  spread  their  gnarled  and 
scraggy  blanches  ov(,'r  the  ground.  We  soon  rose  above  this  stuiite  I 
vegetation,  and  the  horses  climbed  from  rock  to  rock  (jver  the  bald  face 
of  tli(!  inounlain,  and  tiiere  was  reveaied  below  us  a  wild  and  solitary 
woiid  of  sombre  foriists,  and  mounta  n  ranges  furrowed  liy  avalan.dics, 
and  pcalxj  nsmu  on  every  shUn  and  torrents  now  vi>il)le  by  a  silvery 
foam  leaping  down  .soi'k>  rocky  betl,  and  again  only  by  a  long  hue  m 
the  foiesl.  showing  the  path  it  had  cut  through  the  trees.  'I'hr  |)r«'cip;- 
tous  ascent  now  became  at  times  ra;her  fear.ul,  and  one  could  not  but 
sliu  Itler  a.s  lie  looked  down  into  the  gloomy  gulfs  bidow  him,  at  tlie 
thought  of  the  consetpience  of  oiu;  misslep  by  his  hor>e.  When  we  ha  I 
arrived  willun  about  lialf  a  mile  of  the  summit  of  the  mouid.am  we  came 
to  a  d  !ap;d  ited  stone;  hut.  wiihoiit  door  or  roof;  and  here  we  left  the 
horses,  thougii  adventurous  |)ersonsdo  sometimes  keep  U[)on  their  backs, 
and  climb  over  these  precnpitous  and  crumbling  masses  of  pranite,  to 


the  vt  ry  top  o 


f  the 


mountain.     We,  however,  fouii'l  the  la->t  half  mile 


asardui>usan  undertaking  as  we  were  willing  toadvenluie  even  onf.>ot. 
Climl<;i;g  slowly  in  Indian  file  among  the  huge  bloi;ks  of  stone  v\hi-h 
are  pile  1  to.L'etlier  in  all  im-igina!)l«!  confusion,  we  soon  stood  \iyn\  I  be 
summ.t.  Tliere  is  something  awful  in  the  aspect  of  the  dark,  itriished, 
storm  worn  crags,  whudi  C(j;npose  the  brow  of  this  mountain  moniio-li. 
JS'o  I  lie  IS  seen  here,  no  sounds  are  heard  but  the  rush  of  the  slormand 
tlie  roar  of  the  thmidtn*.  A  sccMie  of  wil  Iness  and  desolation  is  spread 
a:oiiiid  wlnidi  IS  indes(!ribab!e,  but  wdiudi  ar«)uses  in  the  soul  the  liiuli- 
esl  fMiiotions  of  sublimity.  An  ocean  of  mou.ilains  is  outspread  m  eve'  y 
d  .eel ion.  Dark  and  bloomy  gulfs,  thousands  of  feet  in  depth,  are opea- 
e  1  befvue  you.  In  the  almost  boundless  e.Ki>anse  ot'dreariiicss  and  des- 
o  alion,  hardly  a  vestige  of  human  liabila'.ioii  can  be  seen.  The  soui  is 
(.ppr(!ssetl  witli  a  sense  of  loneliness,  solitude,  and  omnipotent  power. 
it  IS  the  mount  of  meditation.  It  is  the  allar  for  spiritual  sacrifice  ai.d 
piayei.  Tlu!  majesty  of  (ioil  and  the  insigiuticaiii'e  of  man  stand  in 
such  strong  contrast,  that  tlie  meditative  saul  is  overwhelmed  willi 
^.Tatitude  and  adoration. 

•'  We  spent  an  lu)ur  ui)on  the  summit.  It  was  the  middle  of  July.  At 
a  short  distance  from  us  were-  svvn  several  acres  of  snow.  S, .reading 
oiir  refreshments  upon  a  llat  rock  we  pa;  took  of  our  repast,  and  at  four 
o'clock  we  were  greeted  by  our  friends  at  I'abyan's,  as  we  disiuouiileu 
at  liis  door. 


Tlir.  WHITE  MOUNTAIN'S. 


55 


II, y.    At 
\:\\  tour 


«'  Tlie  (iue!?li3n  is  often  asked,  Is  it  wise  for  ladies  to  undertake  the 
ascent  ?  My  advice  is  tins  :  if  a  lady  is  in  feeble  health,  or  of  very  nerv- 
ous temperament,  slie  will  fuid  iier.-elf  far  more  comfortable  to  remam 
111  her  rocking-chair  at  Fabyan's.  But  if  a  lady  is  in  ordinary  lieallh, 
and  has  the  least  love  of  adventure,  or  the  least  susceptibility  to  emo- 
tions of  tiie  sublime,  let  her  by  no  means  forego  the  pleasure  of  the 
enterprise.  Every  hour  will  be  frauj,dit  with  luxury,  and  the  remem- 
brance will  be  a  source  of  joy  while  life  shall  last." 

T/ie  Nofcii  of  t/ie  \Vhi(e  Moiiiitain)^  is  a  V(  ry  narrow  defile, 
fxteiulinj^  for  wo  miie.s  between  hufro  clifls,  aj>pareiitly  rout  asun- 
dir  by  some  vast  couvu!.-ioii  of  nature.  The  entrance  of  the 
chasm  on  the  east  side,  is  formed  by  two  rocks  standintr  perpeii- 
(li(;iilarly,  about  i20  feet  from  each  oilier.  The  road  from  Port- 
land to  Ijancaster  on  the  Connecticut  river  passes  throii;!rIi  this 
notch,  foilowiiiij  the  course  of  the  iiead  stream  of  the  Saco  river. 
A  short  distance  from  the  commencement  of  the  chasm  is  a  beau- 
tiful cascade,  iNSiiiu;r  from  a  mountain  on  the  r';j;ht,  and  passing 
over  a  series  of  rocks  almost  perpendicular,  with  a  course  so  little 
broken  as  to  preserve  the  api)earance  of  a  uniform  current.  This 
stream,  one  of  the  most  beautilul  in  the  world,  falls  over  a  stu- 
pendoi!s  precipice,  formin;jr  the  Silver  Cusr.ade.  About  a  mile 
distant  from  the  Notch  is  the  Flume,  a  stn'am  of  water  fallinpf 
over  three  precipices  from  a  height  of  2.')0  ft.  It  falls  over  the 
first  tw(j  in  a  single  stream,  and  over  the  lust  in  tiiree  ;  these  are 
again  united  at  the  bottom  in  a  natural  basin  formed  in  the  rocks. 
'I'he  Profile  M nuifdin  is  about  three  miles  s.  from  Mount  La 
Fayette,  and  rises  to  the  height  of  ab:)Ut  1,000  ft.  It  is  near  the 
road  leading  frotn  Fraiicnn'ta,  by  the  foot  of  the  Haystack 
Mountain  to  Plymouth  and  Concord.  The  bare  rock  on  which 
the  |)rorilt!  is  delineated,  is  granite  ;  from  its  long  exposure  to  the 
atmosi)here,  it  is,  however,  of  a  dark  retidish  brown.  A  side- 
view  of  this  projecting  rock,  near  the  ()eak  of  the  mountain  in  a 
nortlierii  direction,  exliibits  the  [u-ofile  of  the  human  face,  in 
which  every  lim>  and  feature  is  distinctly  marked,  liut  after 
passing  the  mountain  to  the  south  the  likeness  is  immediately 
lost.  The  Willey  H-mxe  stands  in  the  Notch,  on  the  westerly 
side  of  the  road,  a  short  d.stance  from  the  bliitr,  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  about  t2,000  feet.  This  was  formerly  occupied  by  Cap- 
tain Willey,  \vl  ),  with  his  wif«',  live  children,  and  two  men,  was 


» 


M»f><M«iii><.^dA&&t<Jt,.V., 


y: 


);- 


iH' 


'  K 


'f  !  '( 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMrANION. 


destroyed  on  the  28th  of  Aug.  1^26,  by  an   avalanche  or  slide 
from  the  mountain. 

"  Nearly  in  range  of  tiie  house,  a  slide  from  the  extreme  point  of  the 
westerly  hill  came  down  in  a  deep  mass  to  vvillun  about  live  rods  of  the 
dwelling,  where  its  course  appears  to  have  been  checked  by  a  large 
block  of  granite,  which  backed  the  rolhng  mass  for  a  njoment  until  it 
separated  into  two  streams,  one  of  which  rushed  down  to  the  north  end 
of  the  house,  crushing  the  barn,  and  spreading  itself  over  the  meadow  ; 
the  other  passing  down  on  the  south  side,  and  swallowing  up  the  un- 
fortunate beings,  who  probably  attemjHed  to  fly  to  a  shelter,  which,  it  is 
said,  had  been  erected  a  few  rods  distant.  This  shelter  was  completely 
overwhelmed.  Hocks  weighing  from  10  to  50  tons  being  scattered  in 
every  direction  about  the  place,  rendered  escape  impossible.  The  house 
remained  untouched,  though  large  stones  and  trunks  of  trees  made 
fearful  iipproaches  to  its  walls  ;  and  the  moving  mass,  wb'ch  separated 
behind  the  building,  again  united  in  its  front  I  The  hou.^e  alone,  the 
only  spot  untouched  by  the  crumbling  and  consuming  power  of  the 
storm,  could  have  been  their  refuge  from  the  horrible  ui)roar  around." 

A  larj^o  three-storied  hotel,  painted  white,  now  occupies  the 
site  of  the  Willey  House,  yet  this  curiosity  has  been  preserved 
and  forms  part  of  the  estubUshnient.  In  the  summer  of  1846, 
when  digfrjng  the  foundation  for  this  hotel,  the  bones  of  one  of 
the  children  of  Captain  Willey  were  discovered. 


ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 
(See  Map  No.  5.) 

Portland  Route. — As  there  arc  various  routes  from  Boston  to 
the  Wliite  Mountains,  the  traveller  has  his  choice  of  them, 
whether  for  business  or  pleasure  :  we  shall  now  proceed  to  direct 
him  by  the  wiy  of  Portland. 

The  cars  leave  Boston  for  Portland  in  the  morning  and  after- 
noon, and  an  express  train  loaves  in  the  evening;  by  the  latter 
ho  will  reach  Portland  at  lU  o'clock,  p.  m.,  in  time  for  u  night's 
rest,  and  the  next  morning  can  take  the  stage  for  the  mountains. 
If  disposed  to  tarry  a  few  hours  in  Portland,  ho  can  take  the  cars 
in  Boston,  after  breakfast,  and  arrive  at  Portland  in  time  for  din- 
ner. The  White  Mountain  stages  leave  the  American  House, 
and  General  Stage-office,  Portland,  every  day  during  the  sum- 
mer season  (except  Sundays)  at  7  o'clock,  a.  m.     After  breakfast 


>. 


i 


ston  to 
them, 
direct 

after- 
latter 
liiight'd 
lutaiiis. 
|je  cars 
)r  din- 
[  louse, 
smn- 
feakfast 


"•-It  y 


..jtHF  nmi> 


'i-  I 


U 


<a 


>N  ^  -'  J/,» 


f-l 


4 


■"  -.It  ^., 


fK    t 


U 


ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAIN'S. 


57 


he  takes  the  slaire  on  his  way  to  the  niountuiiis,  and  passing 
through  Gorhaui  5  niili's,  Stondish  1\,  Baldwin  \[),Uirnm  21), 
lirownjidd  33,  Fryehtinf  43,  reaches  Conway,  distant  57  njiks 
Iroin  Portland,  and  tlie  centre  of  ull  tlie  eastern  roiit»^s,  where  he 
will  fnid  excellent  accommodations  for  the  night.  The  next  day 
he  will  have  an  opportunity  of  visiting  the  Crawford  House,  and 
the  morning  after  may  prepare  for  the  ascent  of  the  Wh'to 
.Mountains      The  distance  from  Boston  hy  this  route  is  175  miles. 

Dover  Route. — Another  agreeahle  route  from  Boston  to  the 
White  Mountains,  is  hy  the  way  of  Dover,  N.  II.  This  latlrr 
place  is  reached  hy  taking  the  cars  of  the  IJ'jston  and  Maine 
Railroad,  and  is  CG  miles  distant.  Here  we  ake  the  stage  and 
|)roceed  to  Allan,  at  the  s.  i:.  extremity  of  Winn  piseogee  1  ke,  28 
miles  ;  thence  hy  steand)oat,  up  the  lake  to  C'enlre  Harhor,  20 
miles  ;  hy  stage  to  C'onway,  a  further  distance  of  ahout  .'3(1  miles  ; 
and  thence  to  the  White  Mountains  as  hefore :  making  the  dis- 
tance from  Boston,  hy  this  route,  ahout  178  miles. 

Concord  Route. — We  take  the  cars  at  the  Lowell  Depot,  in 
Boston,  passing  through  the  busy  towns  of  Ijowell,  Nashua,  and 
Manchester,  to  Concord,  the  capital  of  N.  H.,  7'>  miles.  On  the 
arrival  of  the  first  train  from  Boston,  at  11^  o'clock,  a.m.,  tho 
.s7r/ge  is  in  readiness  to  convey  us  to  Conway,  70  miles  distant, 
passing  through  the  Shaker  village  in  Canterbury,  12  miles,  or 
hy  Sanbornton  Bridge,  IG  miles  ;  from  Concord  to  Meredith 
Bridge  we  pass  on  through  Meredith  Village  to  Centre  Harhor, 
four  miles,  at  the  n.  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Winniplseojjee.  At 
this|)laco  wo  have  an  extensive  view  of  the  lake,  whicli  is  one  of 
great  beauty  and  attraction.  From  Centre  Harbor  to  Moulton- 
borongh  is  5  miles,  to  Sandwich  2,  to  Tamworth  12,  to  1"]  ilon 
G.  to  Conway  8,  to  Bartlett  10,  to  the  entrance  of  the  Notch 
12  ;  and  from  thence  it  is  12  miles  to  the  Crawford  Ilous", 
which  is  about  9  miles  from  the  summit  of  Mount  Wushiniiton. 
The  distance  from  Boston  iiy  this  route  is  180  miles. 

The  Connecticut  Riccr  Route. — Tlie  White  Mountains  ara 
also  reached  by  the  way  of  the  New  Haven,  Hartford,  end 
Springfield  Railroad  ;  and  by  the  C'onnecticut  River  Raiboad, 
from  Springfield  to  Greeutield  ;  thence  by  stage  t^o  Brattle  joro, 
Windsor,   Hanover,  and    Haverhill,   to   Littleton,  towns  on  the 


■■■■_ikfS 


Jffi'T 


r^i'i 


T 


58 


RAILROAD  AND  STKAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


•■  \ 


Connccliciit  river  ;  thrnco  in  a  s,  k.  direction  to  Betlilehem. 
From  lif'tlilelu'rn  to  the  Crawford  House  it  is  18  miles.  The 
distance  from  New  York  city  hy  this  route  is  ahout  3xJ6  miles. 

lioute  up  the  Ifiidsmi  Rirrr  and  across  the  State  of  Vcnnont 
tit  the  White  Mijtmtains. — 'I'here  is  another  route  from  Nj'W 
York,  hy  the  way  of  Alhany  and  the  Chumphiin  canal,  to  White- 
hall ;  from  thence  hy  st(  aiiiho:it  to  Hurlintrton,  Vt.,  70  mihs. 
From  this  heautiful  town  I  he  Green  Ilills  are  crossed  to  Mont- 
pelier,  the  capital  of  the  state,  40  milfs,  situated  in  a  delifrhtfu! 
valley.  From  Mont|»eli<  r  wo  cross  to  Littleton,  N.  H.,  40  miles  ; 
and  from  Littleton  ihroufrh  Bethlehem  to  the  Crawford  House  is 
uhout  18  miles  ;  from  theiiec  to  the  ascent  of  the  White  Momi- 
tains,  as  hefore  descrihed.  By  this  route  the  distance  .  ibout 
38f)  miles. 


1   •'    ■ 


WINNIPISEO&EE  L>VKE,  N.  IL,  is  20  miles  in  length  from  \.w. 
to  s.  K.,  and  from  1  to  10  miles  wide.  This  lake,  the  form  of 
which  is  irregular,  is  of  great  depth,  and  is  elevated  ahout  500  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its  waters  are  very  pure,  and 
when  taken  from  a  sufficient  depth  to  give  them  a  proper  tem- 
perature, are  perfectly  sweet  and  palatable.  It  has  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands,  and  like  those  in  Lake  George,  and  in  Casco  Bay, 
they  are  here  declared  to  be  3()5,  report  assigning,  as  usual,  one 
for  every  day  in  the  year.  Most  of  these  islands,  which  are  of 
all  sizes  and  forms,  are  very  beautiful  ;  some  are  cultivated  as 
farms.  The  aj)pearance  of  this  lake  from  the  mountains  sur- 
rounding it,  is  enchanting.  It  contains  a  great  variety  of  the 
finest  fish.  During  the  sunnner  season  steamboats,  sloops,  and 
smaller  vessels  ply  on  its  waters. 

RouTKS  TO  Winnii'isi:o(;kk  Lake,  (see  Map  No.  5.) — This 
lake  can  be  readily  visited,  and  at  trifling  cost,  by  taking  the 
cars  of  the  Northern  Railroad  at  Concord,  N.  II.,  to  Franklin  : 
thence  by  stage  to  tlie  lake  :  or  by  the  route  of  the  Boston, 
Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad.*  leaving  Concord  and  passing 


*  This  road  is  now  being  constructed  as  far  as  Meredith  Bridge,  27 
miles  from  Concord  :  it  will  probably  be  opened  that  distance  during  the 
summer. 


ROUTES  FROM  I'OUTLAND. 


59 


'liom. 
The 

08. 

rniniit 

N.-NV 

V\u{o- 
inilcs. 
Mout- 

miles  ; 
ouse  is 

M'JMl- 

.bout 


in  N.w. 

orni  oi 
500  ft. 
e,  and 
r  tem- 
t  niun- 
o  Buy, 

liul,  one 
lire  of 
ited  as 
lis  sur- 
of  th»' 
ps,  and 

)— This 
ling  the 
lankhn  : 
iBoston. 
passinj: 


ridge,  27 
iring  the 


on  to  Sanl)ornton  Hridjjo,  18  miles,  and  to  Mrredith  Bridge,  9 
miles  further.  Staiji's  will  convey  passcnfjjers  thence  to  Meredith 
Village,  Centre  Harbor,  and  places  in  the  vicinity.  There  is  a 
route,  also,  from  Dover  to  Alton,  by  stage,  58  miles  ;  thence  by 
steamboat  on  the  lake  to  Centre  Harbor.  By  this  route  an  op- 
portiniity  is  afPirded  tlie  tourist  of  beholding  the  fine  groups  of 
islands,  th»>  surrounding  shores,  and  the  grand  outline  of  tlie 
peaks  of  the  White  Mountains,  which  to  the  lover  of  the  pic- 
turesque pres(Mits  a  scene  of  grrat  beauty.  For  the  routes  from 
llttston  to  Concord,  and  also  from  Iiu>tton  to  Dover,  see  pp.  IIJ,  ID. 

lied  Monntain,  about  1,()0()  feet  high,  a  remarkably  beautiful 
eminence,  is  situated  on  the  N.  w.  of  the  above  lake.  The  ascent 
to  the  summit,  although  steep  and  arduous,  can  be  ell'ecled,  for  a 
portion  of  the  distance,  either  in  a  carriage  or  on  horseback. 
From  the  s.  e.  there  is  a  fine  panoramic  view  of  the  lake  and  ad- 
jacent country.  On  the  s.  ascends  Mount  Major,  a  ridge  of  a 
holiier  aspect  and  loftier  height.  On  the  n.  e.  the  great  Osi.ipec 
raises  its  chain  of  elevations,  with  a  bold  sublimity,  and  looking 
down  in  conscious  pride  upon  ti.e  regions  below. 

Sqnam  Lake  lies  w.  from  Red  Mountain  ;  and  two  miles  n.  w. 
from  Winnipiseogee  lake  is  aiuitlier  splendid  sheet  of  water.  •  It 
IS  about  six  miles  in  length,  and  in  its  widest  part  not  less  than 
tliree  miles  in  breadth,  and,  like  its  neighbor,  is  studded  with  a 
succession  of  romantic  islands.  This  lake  abounds  in  trout  of 
the  finest  kind,  weighing  from  3  to  1^2  pounds. 

ROUTES  FROM  PORTLAND,  (See  Map  No.  5.)--During  tlie 
sea.son  of  navigation,  steamboats  make  regular  trips  between 
Portland  and  Boston,  and  in  connection  with  the  cars  from  the 
latter  place,  to  the  towns  on  the  Kennebec  river  ;  also  to  Bel- 
fast, Bangor,  Thomaston,  Camden,  Bucksjxirt,  and  Frankfort. 
For  route n  from  Portland  to  the  White  M tantalns,  see  page  5(). 

A  railroad  is  in  progress  vi  construction  fiom  Portland  to  Au- 
gusta via  Brunswick,  with  a  branch  to  Bath,  under  the  name  of 
•'  The  Kennebec,  Bath,  and  Portland  Railroad."'  Portions  of  it 
are  considerably  advanced,  and  will  probably  be  opened  for  travel 
during  the  present  year. 

Stage  Route  kiigm  Poutland  to  Qlebec. — From  Portland 


B  •       T^f-'Vf^  -IW^*'"!)! 


60 


RAII-nOAD  AND  SIT,  AIM  BOAT  COMPANION. 


to  North  Yii,  mouth,  12  miles  ;  Fn'pport,  18  ;  Brunswick,  27  ; 
Bowdoinham,  \^)  \  (iardiurr,  ^A  ;  HnllowrU,C)Ci ',  Auii[ustu,C)0  ; 
Sidney,  70  ;  Wutrniillr,  I't  ;  Nornd^ruioch,  91  ;  Solon,  101  ; 
Mmcow,  111;  Kciiucher  Hirer,  I'll  ;  M'uiunirt,  1K9;  Quebec, 
275. 


s 


Wu 


r  •! 


ATLANTIC     AND    ST.   LAWRENCE    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  ."i.; 

Roi'TK  I'uoM  l*o:iTi.ANi),  NOHTii. — Tliis  important  thorou^hfaro 
IH  to  connect  tlie  nuvi^fihle  waters  of  Portland  harbor  with  the 
great  commercial  capital  of  C-anada.  Its  route  will  pas.s  tlironfrji 
a  fertile  ami  prodnclivc  country,  {generally  nnder  fine  cultivation, 
the  streams  in  its  viciu'iy  al)onndin<r  in  watti  privileges  of  the 
lir.'^t  impttrtanee.  From  Portland  it  passes  onward  to  the  valley 
of  IJoyal's  river,  on  its  way  to  Lewiston,  Xi  miles:  this  part  of 
tlie  road  will  he  open  for  travel  on  the  4th  of  .Fnly,  It'-H  ;  and 
the  Androacogirin  and  Kcnnrhec  Railroad,  nnitmj^  with  it  at 
this  place,  will  he  opened  some  time  in  the  fall  of  tlie  present 
year,  from  Du  Falls,  it  follows  np  the  valley  of  the  Little  An- 
dro,sco(rjrin.  It  strikes  and  crosses  that  river  at  Mechanic  Falls, 
4'.i  miles  from  Portland,  :it  which  place  the  Burkfield  Brunch 
Riidrond  will  connect  with  it.  Pursuing  its  course  upward,  it 
passes  in  the  vicinity  of  the  "  Mills"'  on  its  way  to  Paris  Cape, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Norway  and  Paris,  drawing  in  upon  it 
the  travel  and  business  of  that  rich  and  poj)u!ous  region.  Still 
following  up  the  valley  of  the  Little  Androscoggin,  {)assing  on 
the  way  two  important  falls,  it  reaches  Bryant's  Pond,  the  source 
of  that  river.  This  point  is  15  miles  from  Rumford  Falls,  on  the 
Great  Androscoggin,  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  available  wa- 
ter-powers in  the  state.  Passing  hence  in!o  the  valley  of  Alder 
stream,  the  route  strikes  the  (Jreat  Androscoggin,  near  Bethel,  a 
distance  of  75  miles  from  Portland.  Crossing  that  stream,  it  fol- 
lows up  its  picturesque  and  romantic  valley,  bordered  by  the  high- 
est mountains  in  New  England,  till,  in  its  course  of  about  20  mile; 
from  Bethel,  it  reaches  Gorham  in  New  Hampshire,  distant  from 
the  base  of  Mount  Washington  five  miles  only.     From  this  point 


I 


45 


,27: 

,  00  ; 
101  ; 
lebcCt 


itii  tlu' 
irongl* 
v;itioii, 
of  tho 
valley 
part  of 
8  ;  and 
h  it  at 
j)rescut 
e  An- 
i  Falls, 
hanclt 
ard,  it 
Cape, 
ipon  it 
Still 
Isini^  on 
source 
on  the 
|)lo  vva- 
Alder 
khfl,  a 
1,  it  fol- 
hifrh- 
|U  milc^ 
it  from 
Is  point 


ATLANTIC  AND  ST.  LAW'RKNCE    RAILROAD. 


61 


that  celehratfd  inoiiiitain  may  \w  aj)pn)anht(l  and  »«sconded  with 
more  ease,  in  a  shorter  distance,  and  less  time,  than  from  any 
other  uccessihic  quarter  in  tho  vicinity  of  tho  White  Illlls.  This 
point  also  is  only  live  miles  distant  from  Berlin  Falls,  the  (rrcatost 
waterfall  in  New  Fitifrland,  where  tho  waters  of  tho  (Jreat  An- 
droscnirrrin,  lar;4er  in  volume  than  the  waters  of  the  Conu'^eticiit, 
descend  nearly  rJIM)  feet  in  u  distance  of  ahoiit  two  miles.  From 
the  valley  of  tlu;  Androscoirtrin  the  road  passes  into  the  valley  of 
the  C'ounecticut,  reachinir  the  hanks  of  that  river  in  the  reiriou 
of  Lancaster,  N.  II.  Followiiifj  np  this  rich  and  hiirhly  pro- 
diu'tivo  valley  ahout  ,'J.")  miles,  the  road  reaches  the  parallel  of 
A'P  N.  Lat.,  and  connects  with  tho  «S7.  Laiorcticc  ami  Atlantic 
Railroitd  at  the  houndary  hetween  the  U.  States  and  Canada. 

Lcwislnn  is  a  flourishin<_j  manufacturiu'^  villa<j^e,  containinjr 
about  2,(M)()  inhabitants,  situated  upon  tho  Androscoj^jrjn,  midway 
between  Portland  and  Aii;justa,  \\\\o\\  tho  upper  slajjo  route. 
Tlio  waterfall  here  is  one  of  exceedin<r  beauty  ;  tho  entire  volume 
of  tho  Androscoggin  is  precipitat«Hl  some  ."lO  feet  over  a  broken 
ledj^fe,  formin}^  in  their  fall  a  splendid  specimen  of  natural  scene- 
ry. The  river,  iimnediately  btdow  tho  fall,  subsides  into  almost 
a  uniform  tranquillity,  and  moves  slowly  and  jrracefully  alonij  its 
course,  in  stranjro  though  pleasinnr  contrast  with  its  wild  and  tur- 
bid ap})e  "ance  at  and  above  tho  cataract.  These  falls,  and 
about  700  acres  of  land  adjoininjj,  have  been  lately  i)urcbased  by 
a  company  of  wealthy  capitalists,  principally  from  Boston,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  there  a  new  manufacturing  rity,  tho  fa- 
cilities for  which  are  said  to  b-  unsurpassed.  There  are  here,  as 
111  most  New  England  villages,  several  religi'ius  societies,  with 
schools,  a  well-endowed  academy,  and  a  flouri>hing  public  libra- 
ry.    It  supports  also  four  temperance  liotels. 

Lewiston  is  about  to  be  connected  with  Portland  liarlmr,  by  a 
niiliuad  on  one  side,  with  the  eastern  part  of  .Maine  and  the  Ken- 
nebec on  tho  otiier,  and  with  the  fertile  west  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Montreal  road  now  building.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
tliis  place  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  largest  inland  towns  in  tiie 
state. 

Augusta,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Maine,  and  shire  town  of 
Kennebec  county,  is  60  miles  n.  e.  of  Portland,  and  1G5  from 


r,2 


rAII-nOAl)  ANIt  ST  r.  A  >!!;(»  AT  (  'l\FIAM(»N. 


'1' 


Hoston,  und  is  sitiiiitrd  at  th«'  hotu\  of  sloop  ii.ivifjation,  43  nil'  >• 
from  tlu'  Koa.  It  lifs  on  Ixuli  suic.x  of  K»im«'l)r(!  river,  a  hridw  ' 
.WO  fret  loiiu  iiintiiifj  tin'  two  portions.  Tho  town  ris«.'.s  hy  an 
rasy  ascrnt  from  the  river  to  u  level  siirfueo  ;  it  is  well  laid  out, 
neatly  bnilt,  and  contains  many  liiindsome  (iwelJin^-honses. 
Some  of  the  streets  are  decorated  with  trees,  planted  on  either 
side,  forminf^  a  very  delight  fid  nhade.  A  short  distance  above 
the  villajro  a  dam  has  heen  constrncted  across  the  Kennebec,  at 
a  cost  of  )j^30(),()()(),  forminjr  a  very  extensive  water-power. — The 
Slate  House,  built  of  white  granite,  is  a  spacious  and  ele(rant 
structure,  located  upon  a  beautiful  eminence  half  a  mile  south  of 
the  villafje.  In  front  is  an  extensive  common,  planted  with  trees, 
forn)in}j  a  delifrhtful  promenade. — The  Vnited  Slates  Arsrnul, 
constructed  chiefly  of  stone,  and  presenting  a  very  fine  appear- 
ance, is  upon  the  e.  bank  of  the  river. — The  Stale  Insane  Hus- 
pital  is  a  sj)lendid  jrranite  edifice,  occupyin]nr  a  plat  of  70  acrey, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Its  situation  for  beauty  of  scenery  is 
unsurpassed.  Amonji^  the  Hotels  hero,  may  bo  named  the  Man- 
sion House  and  the  Augusta  House  ;  there  arc  other  well-kept 
houses,  but  these  are  the  principal. 

A  railroad  is  in  projrress,  connecting  Aujjusta  with  Portland, 
and  also  with  the  "  Falls"  at  Lewiston.  The  latter  is  called 
the  "  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad."  During  the  sea- 
son of  navigation,  steamhoats  run  between  this  place  and  Boston, 
touching  at  Ilallowell,  Gardiner,  and  Bath,  important  towns  on 
the  Kennebec  river.  Stages  leave  for  Portland,  Bangor,  Bel- 
fast, Thomaston,  and  places  in  the  vicinity. 

Banggii  (see  Map  2H)  lies  G6  miles  e.  n.  e.  from  Augusta,  \'2(') 
N.  E.  by  e.  from  Portland,  llG  due  n.  from  Eastport,  and  2.'U  .\.  e. 
from  Boston,  Mass.  It  is  situated  on  the  \v.  side  of  Penobscot 
river,  30  miles  n.  by  e.  from  Belfast  Bay,  and  about  60  miles  from 
the  ocean.  The  site  of  the  city  is  pleasant,  commanding  fine 
views  of  the  river  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  buildings  are 
constructed  in  a  neat  and  tasteful  nitiuner,  while  some  apjiroach 
a  stylo  of  superior  elegance.  Ship-building  is  extensively  car- 
ried on,  but  trade  in  lumber  is  the  principal  occupation.  This 
place  is  one  of  the  greatest  lumber  depots  in  America.  Poj). 
about  10,000.     Conveyances  from  the  city  to  places  in  the  vicin- 


Kat. 

celebra 
Bangor 

certaine 

<iay  it 


ATLANTIC  AM)  ST.  LAW  ilKNCl-:    11AILI:UAD. 


63 


nu 
ut, 

h.T 
OVP 

■,  at 

rhe 
[rant 
\\  of 
rci's, 

CIKlli 

peiir- 
llox- 

lery  is 

Uan- 

ll-k.pt 

rtlund, 
called 
e  8CU- 
Joston, 
^\\9,  on 
Bel- 
la, l-3<5 

in  N.K. 

liobscot 
j8  from 
ing  fine 
lugs  are 
)j)roach 
|ly  car- 
This 
Vop. 
vicin- 


ity, and  also  to  tliosp  at  a  (listancc,  an-  nniMfrmis  and  coniforia- 
blo  Dnrinij  tlio  hinisom  of  navi;rat;on,  wliirlj  continues  for  ahont 
t\vo-tliir<ls  of  the  year,  Htvainhoots  run  ht-twtM'n  Hanj^orand  I'orl- 
land,  and  also  Boston. 

A  railroad,  l"-2  miles  in  |«'n<,Mli,  is  in  opf-rat'on  to  Old  Titwn,  \\ 
villatre  situated  upon  an  island  in  tlic  I'moUscot  river.  It  was 
o[><Mi'-d  in  l^')l),  and  eost  ij^.').')l),llllll.  A  railroad  (-tunnuuiicalion 
will  li*'  oprncd,  before  lonj;,  Ix'twrrn  IJan^ror  and  Watrrvilie,  on 
tli;i  Krnni'bec  :  ono  is  now  in  process  of  construcflon  from  tl»»* 
lalti'r  place  to  I'ortland  via  Anirnsta  and  Ilrunswick,  and  an- 
other to  Lewislon,  on  the  An<lrosr(i;^'^nn,  there  uniting  with  the 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  road. 

D:irinp  the  sprinp  of  IHIT,  a  snceossful  experiment  was  niaile  of  nav- 
iKatinp  tlie  dipper  waters  of  the  I'eiiotKsoot  by  steam.  Tlie  boat  ran  tlie 
wlidU?  season,  witli  tlie  exception  of  a  few  weeks  during  the  drought 
of  summer,  between  Old  Town  and  I'lscatacpiis  Falls.  The  no!)le  I'e- 
nobs(;ot  here,  itt  two  pitches  rushes  over  a  fall  of  16  feet.  The  boat 
was  put  upon  her  course,  and  these  falls  were  successfully  encomitered, 
aiifl  the  ascent  of  the  (piick  and  rapul  water  from  the  mouth  of  the  I'ls- 
catacjuis  to  the  heail  of  the  falls,  a  distance  of  two  mili's,  was  made  in 
2(1  minutes,  or  at  the  rate  of  six  miles  an  hour.  .\11  the  difliculties  of 
the  navigation  were  overcome,  and  the  boat  arrived  at  .Mattawamkeag 
Point  at  an  early  hour,  and  made  fast  to  the  Military  Hndge.  The  next 
morning,  after  taking  on  board  a  cpiaiitity  of  freight,  she  started  for  the 
head  waters  of  the  Penobscot,  and  after  successfully  encountering  the 
wild  and  rapid  waters  of  .Mataseunk  Ri[is,  .Salmon  Stream  Falls,  and 
Joe  Merry's  Rips,  arrived  at  Nicketon,  a  distance  of  14  miles,  in  two 
hours  and  a  quarter.  Having  discharged  her  freight,  she  left  for  Old 
Town  at  a  quarter  past  10,  where  she  arrived  at  a  (piarter  before  five 
p.  M.,  in  time  for  the  evening  train  of  cars  to  IJangor.  Her  downward 
trip  was  performed  in  six  and  a  half  hours,  including  stoppages:  lier 
running  time  down  was  just  4  hours  and  58  minutes.  The  whole  dis- 
tance from  Nicketon  is  tij  miles  ;  she  made  a  fraction  over  13  miles  per 
hour.  This  expedition  has  determined  the  proprietors  to  put  a  boat 
upon  the  river,  the  present  spring,  above  Piscata(iuis  l-'alls,  and  to  estab- 
lish a  line  of  steamboat  communication  between  Old  Town  and  Matta- 
wamkeag  Point. 

Kat.\iidin  Mou.nt.\in  is  the  j|rreate.st  elevation,  and  the  most 
celebrated  iu  the  state  of  Maine.  It  lies  80  miles  n.  n.  w.  from 
Bangor,  and  120  n.  n.  e.  from  Aujfusta  ;  its  height  has  been  as- 
certained to  bo  5,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  a  clear 
day  it  may  be  seen  from  Bangor.     It  is  steep  and  rugged,  and 


l-'fii,^ 


V 


'mm 


■'!?* 


i^n 


i  '  * 


RAII.nOAI)  AM)  STKAMI'.OAT  CO.AirANION. 


stands  ill  almost  solitary  {j^raiidcur.     Visiters  lo  its  buinmit  have 
pronounced  tiie  Kceuery  unrivalled  in  suhliniity. 

Moobn  IIk'i»  Lakk,  Me.,  lies  1.')  miles  n.  from  tlie  town  of 
iNIonson,  from  wlii.di  plane  sta^^es  leave  for  Hans^or,  GO  miles.  A 
steamboat  usually  plies  up  and  down  the  lak*',  for  the  purj)ose  of 
transpoilini^  passenj^ers.  Its  form  ;k  irrofridar,  its  lenj^tli  about 
4')  miles,  and  its  breadlli  in  tlio  widest  part  about  1'2  miles.  It 
contains  a  number  of  islands,  which  are  fertile,  similar  to  the 
coimtry  surroundinji'  the  lake,  except  in  some  places  where  the 
banks  are  steep  and  elevated.  A  little  above  the  centre  of  the 
hike  is  a  nan-(nv  pass,  nf  ratljer  less  t'ura  a  mile  across.  Here, 
on  the  w.  si(ie,  is  .Mount  Keneo,  an  elevation  of  about  GOO  feet, 
projectjifT  over  the  water.  Frou)  tiiis  liei;;iit  is  presi-nted  a  pic- 
turesque view  of  tiir'  lake,  its  islands,  aiid  a  boundless  wilderness. 
Tiie  waters  of  tiiis  lake  are  deep,  a!id  abound  in  trout  of  the 
finest  de.u'ription. 

FuoM  rouTi.AM)  TO  F/Asri'onT. — To  Ihun-:wirk-,  27  miles  ; 
Ihtili,  .*M  ;  Wiscan.set,  -Hi  ;  Wtildohitrotnjrfi,  G7  ;  Warren,  7G  ; 
T/iomanton,  ^0;  Camden,  01;  Uelfasi,  100;  (the  Penobscot  is 
now  crossed)  to  Casfinr,  118  ;  EllntDnrth,  11:2  ;  Franklin,  152  ; 
Steuhrn,  177;  Columbia,  IbO  ;  Machias,  201;  Eastport,  23 i 
miles  from  Portland. 

Travellers  procecdiiifr  by  tlio  latter  route  to  the  eastern  front/T 
of  'ho  state,  on  leavinfj  Portland,  will  pass  round  to  the  l)<'ad  of 
Casco  Baj'',  throni^h  North  VarnHnith  and  Free])ort,  tj  Brnns- 
trirk,  on  tlic  Androsco<x<jin,  which  is  the  seat  of  Rowduin  Col- 
lege. It  is  situated  on  the  navijj^able  waters  of  the  above  jarf^e 
and  beautifid  river,  which  extends  140  miles  into  the  heart  of  u 
fertile  country.  The  falls  at  this  place  furnish  such  a  suj)ply  of 
water-power  that  it  cannot  fail  becoming  a  large  niunufacturing 
town. 

Bath  is  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  IG  ii.iles  from  the  ocean  ; 
its  principal  trade  is  shij)-bnilding,  for  which  it  is  admirably 
located.  It  has  regular  lines  of  steamboats  to  Portland  and 
Boston. 

Wiscnsset  is  one  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  state  :  its  harbor 
is  excellent. 

Waldoborough,  Warren,  and  T/iomaston,  contain  quarries  of 


^^■^^s^vu:k  and  n-ova  scot.a. 


— —  65 

marblo  ami  linicstdjie  •  from  fl      i  ' ' 

'"■'•'"re  u„n„ully  ox,;,r,e<,.     I    ■'","".,'"'""'  '"''*■"'  '""""'"'<■'  of 
»"■  u  l^niWin,  occ„,,vi„g  ,  ,,„   ";'?"  ""■-"'of  ,|,e  S,u,.Pr„. 

aiml,  and  ,is,..  25  f,.,.     ,„    ^  ^V  "'•     "'"  '"le  1,....  is  v.rv 
•f --■     I"  l7'Ji>,  Ka,s,p„a  CO    ai, edit"  ,'",""■""  "'"'  "■<' 

■-•".-  ,arri»o„.  There  i  ^211: '"'-''""'''•  """  "  "'"'-'i 
i'l'-  to  Bo.„o„  via  Portland  A  :,'  """"""'"O"'-"  <>"",  ,l,i» 
i^u«,port  and  S,  j„|,„,  ^^   „  "^     ^  rt™„,cr  also  runs  b,.„v,„,, 

".  f .ily  c„„„„n,.,.ea.io     by "t'e  "Z  f'      ^'''  *'-^""-     '''"'■-  '» 
Ula.«,  ut  .he  head  of  „a2.  i '  ^    "",  "'"  **'•  ''™i«  river  ,„ 
'"■"ediate  places  on  bouC'of    ,""'™'  '"""'"'^  »'  '"»  "'- 
"•golarly  between    Eastport     Pe    ,'"  """■     *'"0-boa,s  plv 
British  islands  adjoinint'     '       """'"'"''  "'"'    ^">""='   and  ,' ,» 


"  fiae   appearance.     The  ,L 'H  "^  '^'™'  "■"  >™""-  Presents 
"■°"".  of  the  St.  Johns  r  v7:     Zv'"       °"'  ''•"""■     ^t  .he 
'oeks,  extending  across  the  r  ve     i?  '  "'"T  ''"'■     ^  reef  of 
^''""gh  ,0  admit  vessels  of Tki    ,      ""'  "'  '"«'■''•'"-  '^'■'•p 
»'<"•.  a«d  penetrate  30  „,i|e    h    ,f        '  ^'<''""''oats,  &o.,  to  pass 

--en.  to  be  e.nbra.ed    o;,'  e  uhr.ir'; '  ""  '^  '"^  "^ '- 
""eak  or  ripple  be^nns  at  the  W,"      !  '•^''"-  '»  f"".  a  .hgh. 


I; 


I- J. 


1i>i-^i' 

'^>»:i;l 


»'J>   ■:■ 


!  <  «,' 


•''    « 


RAILROAD  AND  STEA3IB0AT  COMPANION. 


falls,  until  tho  entire  windin}^  rooky  chiisni  is  exposed  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  in  width,  throufrh  which  the  nii;:^hty  torrent  of  the  great 
Sf.  Johns  river  pours  in  all  its  force  for  several  hours,  until  the 
rise  of  the  next  tide,  when  for  a  similar  period  vessels  ascend  as 
heforo. 

A  sleamhoat  runs  between  St.  John  and  Portland,  touching  at 
E;islj)<)rt.  Fare  J^G.OO.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  St. 
John  and  Frederickton,  (tho  seat  of  government  of  New  Bruns- 
wick,) DO  miles,  leaving  each  j)Iace  every  morning  and  evening, 
(ouching  at  intermediate  places  on  tho  river.  Steamers  run  from 
Fre(leri(;kton  up  the  St.  Johns  river  to  Woodstock,  (iO  miles  ;  they 
also  make  occasional  trips  as  far  up  as  the  Great  Falls,  a  distance 
of  \'M)  miles  above  Frederickton.  Above  the  falls,  a  steamer  runs 
(when  the  depth  of  water  permits)  to  Little  Falls,  4(J  miles,  which 
are  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Madawuska  river. 

Stages  leave  Frederickton  daily,  for  places  in  the  vicinitj",  and 
also  for  Canada,  a  distance  of  300  miles.  Stages  also  leave  twice 
a  week  for  Mirauiichi,  Chatham,  and  intermediate  places  ;  and  for 
Liverpool,  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  there  forming  a  commu- 
nication with  Prince  Edward's  Island.  A  steamer  leaves  St. 
John,  once  a  week,  for  Windsur,  Nova  Scotia,  and  touciiing  at 
places  on  tho  Bay  of  Fundy.  From  Windsor  stages  leave  daily 
for  Halifax,  45  mile;?.  Steamers  also  cross  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
from  St.  John  to  Annapolis  ;  whence  stages  leave  for  most  of  the 
principal  places  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  for  Halifax,  125  miles  distant. 

FiiKDEiiicKroN,  the  seat  of  government  of  New  Brunswick, 
stands  upon  a  Hat  sandy  tont*uo  of  land,  formed  by  a  bend  of  the 
St.  Johns  river  ;  the  i)lain  is  three  miles  in  length,  varying  in 
breadth  from  a  narrow  strip  to  half  a  mile  ;  the  river  here  is 
about  1,000  yards  across,  winding  past  in  front,  with  an  amphi- 
theatre of  richly  wooded  hills  for  its  background. 

"  The  view  both  up  and  down  the  valley  is  most  interesting,— to  the 
north  an  uncleared  range  of  highlands,  with  detached  cones  and  broken 
liilLs  thrown  out  in  bold  relief  upon  the  landscape.  Villas  enclosed  ni 
the  woods,  and  farms  upon  the  clearings,  are  the  chief  objects  it  pre- 
sents ;  wliile  to  the  south  the  river  is  seen  winding,  like  a  silver  cord, 
through  the  dark  woodlands,  until  it  disappears  among  the  islands  in 
the  distance.'' 

Frederickton  is  a  long  and  rather  straggling  place,  laid  out 


»g  1.1 

^ere  is 
liinphi- 

Ko  the 
jrokcn 

losed  in 
it  pr'!- 

jr  cord, 
inds  in 

lid  out 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


€7 


regularly  in  qnadran^rlos,  with  wido  luui  airy  streets;  the  princi- 
pal of  them  are  a  mile  in  lenj^th,  and  run  parullci  with  the  river. 
The  puhlic  hiiildiii<^s,  with  the  excejjtion  of  the  (roverninent  house 
and  the  college,  hoth  massive  stone  edifices,  jiave  little  to  recom- 
mend them.     Its  population  is  ahout  4,r)()0. 

St.  Andrews,  in  the  British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  is 
situated  on  a  peninsula,  formed  hy  the  St.  Croix  river  and  an  arm 
of  PassanuKjuoddy  Bay.  Its  local  advantages  for  commerce  are 
very  great,  possessing  a  harhor,  which,  for  safety  and  extent,  is 
equal  to  any  on  the  coast.  This  is  the  starting-point  of  "  The 
St.  Andrews,  Wood.^l^lek,  and  Que})ec  Ivailroiid,"  a  route  which 
is  to  unite  the  Bay  ol  Fimdy  with  the  St.  Lawrence.  Tiiis  line, 
which  extends  a  d. stance  of  nearly  300  miles,  has  Ixmh  mostly 
surveyed,  and  that  portion  of  it  extending  from  St.  Andrews  to 
Woodstock,  a  distance  of  alxjut  bO  mihs,  is  now  under  contract, 
and  will  j)rol)ahIy  he  completed  during  the  year  \^V.).  A  caj)ital 
of  ^SOD.OOO  has  heen  suhscrihed,  aiul  a  portion  of  it  j)aid  in,  the 
remainder  to  he  called  in  hy  instalments  during  the  progress  of 
tltc  work.  The  government  has  granted  free  all  the  laud  and 
materials  re(piired,  whore  the  road  passes  through  the  puhlic  lands, 
and  a  further  grant  of  20,000  acres ;  and  a  guaranty  of  five  i)er 
cent,  upon  one-half  of  the  stock,  for  ten  years. 

The  government  engineers  are  now  engaged  in  exjiloring  and 
surveying  a  railroad  route  extending  from  Halifax,  through  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  to  C'anad.i,  uniting  with  "  The  St. 
Andrews,  Woodstock,  and  Quehec  Railroad,"  at  (ir(»ut  F.til^j  on 
the  St.  Johns  river. 

II.\LiF.\x. — This  city,  the  capital  of  the  })rovince,  i;  situated 
on  Chehucto  Bay,  on  the  s.  k.  coast  of  Nova  Scoti;'.  in  N.  Lat. 
44°  3G',  and  W.  Long.  G.3°  28'.  Its  population,  exclusive  of  the 
army  and  navy,  is  ahout  25,000.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  ahout  2')0  ft.  high,  rising  from  one  of  the  finest 
harhors  on  the  continent.  The  streets  are  generally  hroad,  and 
for  the  most  part  macadamized.  Viewed  from  the  water,  or  from 
the  opj)osito  shore,  the  city  is  prepossessing  and  animated.  In 
front,  the  town  is  lined  with  wharves,  which,  from  the  number 
of  vessels  constantly  loading  and  discharging,  always  exhibit  a 
spectacle  of  great  commercial  activity.     "  Warehouses  rise  over 


T 

i*'" 

iy. 

^1. 

W-  i 

rW^K 

*'-^. 
^  ■■*»? 


v!;:.l 


m 


,'l'  tit, 


.  I 


1 


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-  •*^tB<W>'lWftjW-'>^" 


*      1 


68 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


r     ■  *■  I 


the  wharves,  or  tower  uh)ft  in  dilFereiit  parts  of  the  town,  and 
dwelling-houses  and  piihlic  hnildings  rear  their  heads  over  each 
other,  as  they  stretch  along  and  up  the  sides  of  the  hill.  The 
spires  of  the  different  churches,  the  huildlng  ahovo  the  town,  in 
which  the  town-clock  is  fixed,  a  rotunda-built  church,  the  signal- 
posts  on  Citadel-Hill,  the  different  batteries,  the  variety  of  style 
in  which  the  houses  are  built,  sonie  of  which  are  painted  white, 
some  blue,  and  some  red  ;  rows  of  trees  showing  themselves  in 
different  parts  of  the  town  ;  the  "ships  moored  opposite  the  dock- 
yard, with  the  establishments  and  tall  shears  of  the  latter  ;  the 
merchant  vessels  under  sail,  at  anchor,  or  along  the  wharves  ; 
the  wooded  and  rocky  scenery  of  the  background,  with  the 
islands,  and  the  small  town  of  Dartmouth  on  the  e.  shore, — 
are  all  objects  which  strike  most  forcibly  on  the  view  of  the  be- 
holder." 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  chief  is  a  handsome  edifice  of 
stone,  called  the  Province  Building,  140  ft.  long  by  70  broad, 
and  ornamented  with  a  colonnade  of  the  Ionic  order.  It  com- 
prises chambers  for  tl'.e  council  and  legislative  assembly,  the  su- 
preme court,  various  government  offices,  and  the  public  library  of 
the  city. — The  Government  House,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
town,  is  a  solid,  but  gloomy-looking  structure,  near  which  is  the 
residence  of  the  military  commandant. — 'I'lie  Admiral's  residence, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  town,  is  a  plain  building  of  stone. — The 
Dockyard,  which  covers  14  acres,  and  forms  the  chief  depot  of 
naval  stores  in  the  British  North  American  colonies,  is  reported 
to  be  the  finest  in  the  world,  if  the  works  of  a  similar  kind  in 
England  be  excepted.  The  n.  and  s.  barracks  are  capable  of 
accommodating  three  regiments. — There  is  also  a  Military  Hos- 
pital, erected  by  the  late  Duke  of  Kent. — Dalhousie  College  is 
a  handsome  edifice  of  freestone. — The  Church  of  England  and 
the  Presbyterians  have  each  churches ;  and  there  are  besides 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  several  chapels  belonging  to 
different  religious  denominations. — There  are  two  private  bank- 
ing companies  in  the  town,  and  a  chamber  of  commerce,  com- 
posed of  15  members. — It  is  said  that  the  hotels  and  boiirding- 
houses  are  very  indiff*erent.  The  inhabitants  of  Halifax  ore  in- 
telligent and  social,  and  travellers  have  remarked  that  the  tone 


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41 


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cost  of  u 

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Uniting  wit 

onheFit( 


FiTciinuru;  railroad. 


69 


of  Kocicty  is  there  more  decidedly  English  than  in  most  of  the 
other  colonial  cities. 

The  harhor  opposite  (he  town  is  more  than  a  mile  wide,  and 
has,  at  medium  tidcvS,  a  depth  of  12  fathoms.  Ahoiit  a  mile  ahove 
the  upper  end  of  the  town  it  narrows  to  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  and 
then  ex])ands  into  Bedford  Hasin,  which  has  a  surface  of  10  scj. 
iniks,  and  is  completely  land-locked.  On  an  isliaid  (j|)posite  the 
town  are  some  slrouiji;,  m!)unted  hatteries.  Tho  harbor  is  also 
defended  by  some  other  minor  fortifications. 

Halifax,  ever  since  its  settlement  in  17  U).  has  been  the  seat 
i)f  a  piolituble  fishery,  its  trade,  which  is  in  a  very  prosperous 
cond.tion,  is  j)rincipally  with  the  \V.  Indies  and  other  liriti  h  col- 
onies, with  the  U.  States,  and  the  mother  country.  It  is  nl  o  the 
(■liit'f  rendezvous  and  naval  depot  for  the  British  navy  on  tho 
North  American  station.  The  Hritish  {j^overnineiit  havinjj  made 
Halifax  one  of  tho  stoppiufr-jilaces  of  the  C'unard  line  of  steam- 
ers, in  their  trips  either  way  across  the  Atlantic,  has  added  jLjreat- 
!y  to  its  importance  as  a  maritime  city,  as  well  as  advanced  its 
commercial  prosperity. 


FITOHBURG-    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  6.) 

The  new  depot  of  the  above  railroad  is  situated  in  Boston,  on 
the  corner  of  Causeway  and  Haverhill  sts.  It  is  .'Jll)  ft.  lont^,  9G 
wide,  and  two  stories  hij:i;h,  and  built  of  Fitchburtr  jrranite,  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  1^70, 000,  without  the  land:  it  is,  at  tho  pres- 
ent time,  the  handsontest  d?  j);)t  in  tlie  United  States. 

Th's  road  was  opened  for  travel  from  C'barlestown  to  P^itch- 
burg,  in  ^Nlarch,  18  15,  and  extends  a  distance  of  50  miles.  Its 
cost,  includinfj  bridge  over  Charles  river,  and  depot  in  Boston, 
with  ground.  Sec,  was  about  ,^'3,115,100.  The  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road is  one  of  the  best  roads  in  the  country  ;  the  business,  both 
in  freight  and  passengers,  is  yearly  increasing,  and  will  be  great- 
ly augmented  by  the  completion  of  the  roads  leading  from  it,  and 
unitinor  with  those  destined  to  reach  Montreal.  Tho  construction 
of  the  Fitchburg  road  has  been  the  means  of  developing  the  re 


r 


t 


•:.  V' 


:i 


1 7 


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70 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMDOAT  COMPANION. 


Botircps  of  the  towns  through  wlkich  it  pu.sHPs,  to  a  Vtiy  grcul 
extent. 

UotlTF    BKTUKKN  BoBTON    AND  FlTCMIUIU;. —  ('/inilftitOlPn,    til" 

first  place  rraclu'd  after  cros><iii;(  tlm  viiidiu't  ovmt  ('l)ail»>«  riv^r, 
is  built  ou  a  i»''uin.sul!i  formed  l»y  the  Charh's  and  MvMtic  rivers, 
and  i.s  eonnected  with  Huston  hy  twopuhlic  hridj^fs  — hy  on'  with 
ClitilHea  an'  Mahlen,  over  the  Mjstic — and  witli  ('aMihri(Ji.'e,  \)\ 
u  })ridj:;o  over  Charles  river.  It  contains  many  handsome  private 
dwelUnjjs.     Top.  ahoiit  1<,00U.       The    Hunker  Hill   Mtumnn    i 

is  in  this  city,  the  site  ol    which 
^  ^-     ?i    -•  is  Gil*  feet  uhovo  the   level  of  the 

sea.  It  is  a  plain  granite  shatt 
^>-20  ft.  ill  hei}rl,t,:Jl  wpiare  at  the 
base,  and  15  at  the  lop.  The 
corner-stot:'-  was  laid  June  17th, 
lb:25,  on  the  50th  anniversary  ot 
the  battle,  by  the  Marquis  La 
Fayette,  and  the  work  was  com- 
pleted June  17th,  184:2.  From 
the  top,  which  is  a  chamber  11 
ft.  in  diameter  with  four  win- 
dows, the  visiter  has  one  of  the 
finest  j>anoramic  views  in  the 
country.  —  The  United  States 
NnvyYtnd  was  established  about 
the  sear  1798.    It  contains  about 


■•-'--jr=—  '--^ 


60  acres,  and  is  cneloscd  by  a  hijrh  wall  built  of  stone  i»i  a  sub- 
stantial manner.  It  has  four  Vargo  shiphouses,  where  vessels  of 
vrar  of  tlie  first  cla.ss  are  built,  houses  for  the  officers,  and  many 
other  buildinjTs.  The  Ropcii'nlk,  which  is  700  feet  in  lenjjrth,  '\i 
indeed  a  curio.sity,  and  should  not  be  overlooked  by  visiters.  It 
is  Pv  loujr,  low  buildinj;,  entirely  firo-prouf,  bein<r  built  of  granite, 
and  covered  with  slate.  The  machine ry  hero  is  of  the  most 
elaborate  and  ingenious  description.  The  Dry  Duck,  at  the  up- 
per end  of  the  yard,  is  a  stujjendous  work,  and  worthy  the  ad- 
miration of  all  lovers  of  great  ar<  liteetural  skill  :  it  is  unrivalled 
by  any  other  work  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  is  built  of  hewu 
granite,  and  is  341  feet  long,  80  wide,  and  30  deep,  and  cost 


;l* 


riTCHBUUf;  RAILROAD. 


71 


le  ad- 
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hewu 
Id  cost 


,Ci(i7(l,()^^.  It  wjis  completed  in  .lime,  l^.'J.'l,  and  tlif*  first  vessel 
it  received  was  the  frijriite  ('oniftitulinn. — C'liurlestovvu  ooiituiuH 
also  the  State  Prisnn,  whieli  was  lumnh-d  in  iSOd.  \  isitcrs  are 
admitted  within  thei  walls  hy  payin^j  u  let'  of  125  centH. 

Wt'st  ('(tnihridire  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  contaiiiinfj  nnrner- 
ouH  country-seats  and  well-cultivated  larms.  Spy  l*ond  aiid  u 
part  of  Fresh  I'ond  lio  in  this  town  ;  they  both  ahonnd  with  tlsh, 
and  are  popular  jtlices  of  resort  in  the  siJinm<r  season.  They 
;iIso  furnish  lar;^e  r|u:intilies  of  ice,  much  of  which  is  exported. 
Fare  to  tW.v/  {\niihiid<jp,  1.')  cents. 

Wdlthnm,  10  miles  from  IJrtston,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiftd 
towns  in  its  vicinity.  From  Prospect  Hill,  whi<'h  i.s  elevated 
nearly  oOO  feet  above  the  level  of  ;ae  8»>a,  iher-  -  a  fine  view  <.f 
the  surroundin<£  country,  with  iJostou  and  its  no^  harbor  in  the 
(1  stance,      raif  '2'i  cents. 

Wrston,  formerly  a  jiiirt  of  Watertown,  from  wli  ch  it  was 
taken  in  ITl.'J,  is  u  well-cultivated  town  13  miles  fro/ii  Boston. 
Fine  .'Ul  cents  ;  to  Linniln   Id  cents. 

Cournrd  is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  s;ime  name,  *JU  nnlea 
from  IJoston.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  first  effect- 
ual resistance  was  made,  aiul  tho  first  Uritish  blood  shed,  in  tho 
Revolutionary  war.  On  the  l!)lh  of  April,  177.'),  a  party  of 
Uritish  troops  was  ordered  by  Cien.  (ia^e  to  j)roceed  to  this  place 
to  destroy  some  military  stores,  wliicji  had  been  deposited  hero 
by  the  province.  The  troops  were  met  at  the  north  bridj^e  by 
the  people  of  Concord  and  the  iieijrhborin;^  towns,  and  forcibly 
repulsed.  A  handsome  granite  monument,  erected  in  1M.'}(),  com- 
memorates the  lieioic  and  patriotic  achievement.  Fop.  about 
2,()U0.     Fmc  :)()  cents. 

Acton,  till  173'),  formed  a  part  of  Concord.  Najrojr  Fond,  in 
this  town,  is  much  visited.  Fare  to  South  Acton,  2o  miles,  <!j 
cents  ;  to  West  Acton,  27  miles,  Go  cents  ;  and  to  Littleton,  32 
miles,  80  cents. 

Harvard  is  becoming  important  for  its  manufacture  of  paper. 
An  industrious  community  of  Shakers,  who  own  a  considerable 
tract  of  land  about  three  miles  from  its  centre,  reside  in  this  town, 
and  supply  its  market  with  a  variety  of  articles.  There  are  here 
some  fine  fish-ponds.     Fare  90  cents. 


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Photographic 

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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  H580 

(716)  872-4503 


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72 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  fOMPAMO'C. 


I  ^ 


Grolun,  37  milf's,  is  ono  of  tlie  fiiK-st  lowii.s  hi  Middlesex  conn- 
y,  and  has  fjrcal  local  beauty.  Its  schools  (for  wiiich  it  is  fa- 
mous) are  admirahly  conducted.  Fare  1)0  cents:  to  Shirlfi/,  40 
miles,  J|i;l.()(l;  Luiipuhitrgf  43  miles,  ,*jj)].lO;  Lr.oniinster,  45 
miles,  J^l.l'). 

Fitchhnrg,  50  miles,  since  the  completion  of  the  railroad,  has 
increased  both  in  poi)ulation  and  importance.  It  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  Nashua  river,  which  allurds  an  extensiv(3  and  constant 
water-power.  The  manufactures  of  the  town  consist  of  cotton 
and  woollen  fjoods,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  ])a])er,  and  a  variety 
of  other  articles.  Pop.  about  4,000.  Fure.  ;^1.:25:  Vfitinl  time 
from  liosfori  :2i  Jtours. — Fur  coutinaatioii  of  routes  from  Fitch- 
hurg,  see  Index. 


i! 


LEXINGTON  AND  WEST  CAMBRIDGE  RAILROAD,  (See 
Map  No.  6.) — This  road,  seven  miles  in  len;^th,  was  oj)ened  for 
travel  in  Sept.  184G,  and  cost  about  ^-00,000.  It  is  a  branch  of 
the  Fitchhuri^  Railroad. 

Fkom  Boston  to  Lkxingtox. — Over  the  Fitchburg  Railroad, 
5  miles,  and  throuL^h  West  Cambridire  to  licxinj^ton,  11  miles 
from  Boston.  Fare  ^23  cents.  Lrxi.iigtnn  will  ever  bo  a  mem- 
orable j)Iace  :  it  was  here  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the  causo 
of  American  Indejxnidencc,  19th  of  April,  1775.  On  the  village 
green,  near  the  church,  and  on  the  site  of  the  battle,  a  monu- 
ment is  erected,  with  an  inscription  commoinorating  the  event. 


WATERTOWN  BRANOII  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  6.)— 
This  road,  a  branch  of  the  Fitchburg,  was  opened  for  travel  in 
June,  1847  ;  it  is  three  miles  in  length,  and  cost  J^112,000.  Car.s 
leave  C/tarlcs'tomn  several  times  daily  for  the  places  on  this  route, 
passing  over  the  Fitchburg  road  to  Frfsh  Pond,  five  miles,  a  de- 
lightful sheet  of  water,  and  a  great  resort  during  the  summer 
season.  Boating  and  fishinjj  are  t!io  chief  amusements.  Fai'e 
12i  cents. 

Mount  Auhurn  Crnirfcri/  is  half  a  mile  from  Fresh  Pond,  and 
a  mile  from  Harvard  University  :  it  is  a  lovely  place  for  the  re- 
pose of  the  "  mighty  dead,"  and  one  of  the  sj)ots  most  worthy  of 
the  tourist's  observation  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.     It  contains 


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Cars 
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Fare 

,  and 
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htains 


BOSTON  AND  WOKCESTEll  KAILROAU. 


73 


about  100  acres  of  land,  and  is  laid  out  with  gravelled  walks,  and 
embollished  with  all  the  varieties  of  trees,  shrubbery,  and  flowers. 
There  are  numerous  monuments,  many  of  which  are  of  exquisite 
workmanship.  The  labyrinthine  walks  are  named  after  various 
trees  and  flowers,  thus :  Woodbine,  Poplar,  Violet,  Narcissus, 
Ivy,  liily,  Moss,  &c.,  &c.  This  cemetery  was  dedicat'^d  in  Sept. 
Ir^.'U,  and  the  first  person  interred  hi^re  was  Mrs.  Hannah  Adams, 
(inc  of  the  earliest  female  writers  of  New  Enidand.  Visiters  are 
tiaed  1$-.'),  if  they  disturb  or  take  any  thini^  away  from  the  cem- 
etery. The  frrounds  are  kept  well  regulated,  and  in  the  best 
fondition,  and  every  attention  is  paid  to  preserve  order  and  de- 
corum. 

Watertoirn,  ei<rht  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  Charles  river, 
which  is  navigable  to  the  viiiatre  for  vessels  of  liirht  drauixht.  In 
tlio  town  are  several  manr.factories,  with  paper  and  cotton  mills, 
prnit  works,  &-c.  The  United  States  Arsenal  is  on  the  n.  bank 
of  the  river,  a  short  distance  below  the  villarro  ;  it  contains  a  lari^e 
iiniount  of  munitions  of  war,  and  covers  about  40  acres  of  ground. 
.¥r.  Cushing^a  heantiftil  gtirdcn  is  in  this  town,  two  and  a  half 
miles  w.  from  Harvard  University,  and  six  and  a  half  from  ]Mount 
Auburn.  It  comprises  about  ()0  acres  of  choice  land,  so  elevated 
in  its  situation  as  to  command  a  view  of  the  fine  scenery  which 
surrounds  it.  Strangers  desirous  of  seeing  this  delightful  spot 
can  do  so  by  obtaining  an  order  from  the  President  of  the  Horti- 
eultural  Society,  School-st.  This  place  can  bo  visited  at  the  same 
time  with  Fresh  Pond  and  Mount  Aul)urii,  beini;  on  the  souio 
route,  and  only  a  short  distance  apart. 


BOSTON    AND    WORCESTER   RAILROAD. 

This  road  was  commenced  in  1831,  and  opened  for  travel  in 
1^35  ;  it  is  44  miles  in  length,  and  according  to  tho  company's 
•iist  annual  report,  ending  Dec.  .'31st,  1847,  the  cost  of  the  road 
to  the  present  time  has  been  ^3,7()7,939,  and  of  engines  and  cars 
8345,670,  making  tho  total  cost  of  road  and  e({uipment  ^4,113,609. 
The  transportation,  both  in  freight  and  travel,  on  the  road  has 
greatly  increased  during  the  last  year,  much  beyond  that  of  any 


-mM 


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■Siaitaejiu^tm^.. 


74 


BAILIIOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  CO.MrANION. 


^^ 


former  year;  arninj^enients  have  accordiiifrly  been  made  for  the 
erection  of  additional  frei;rht-honses,  within  the  city  of  Bostoi; 
and  also  for  the  enlarfrenient  of  the  passenjrer  depot  buildinj^. 
Tracks  are  to  be  set  off'  for  departinj^  trains,  with  rooms  for  pa.<- 
8en<^er8,  distinct  from  those  which  are  appropriated  for  trains  on 
tlieir  irrival. 

Tiie  branch  roads,  unitinfj  with  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  are  : 
— the  Brookliiie,  Britrhton,  Newton  Lower  Falls,  Natick,  and 
Saxonville  ;  the  Milford  branch  from  Sonth  Framinfjtoii  depot  to 
Milford  ;  and  the  Millbiiry  branch  from  (irafton  to  Millbury.  A 
rfliife  for  a  branch  from  llolliston  to  Med  way  has  been  surveyed, 
and  found  favorable. 

Fiu)M  Boston  to  Wokci;ster,  (see  INIitp  No.  G.) — Passengers 
leave  for  places  on  this  route  from  the  depot,  Lincoln-st.,  corner 
o(  [Jeach-st,  opposite  tiie  United  States  Hotel. 

Bri^r/iton,  the  first  stopping-place  on  this  route,  five  miles  from 
Boston,  is  a  pleasant  town  on  the  s.  side  of  Charles  river.  It  is 
noted  for  its  cattle  market,  the  largest  in  New  England.  IMon- 
day  i.-i  the  market-day,  when  buyers  and  sellers  congregate  in 
largo  numbers,  to  traffic  in  live-stock.  This  town  has  become 
tlie  residence  of  many  persons  of  wealth  and  taste,  who  occuj)y 
beautiful  country-seats,  with  splendid  gardens  attached.  Wiu- 
ship's  garden  is  famed  for  its  nursery  of  fine  fruit-trees  and  shrub- 
bery, and  for  its  grand  display  of  fruits  and  flowers  of  every 
variety.  It  is  free  to  visiters.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Brighton. 
17  cents. 

Newton  is  both  an  agricultural  and  a  manufacturing  town. 
Its  borders  are  washed  by  Charles  river  for  several  miles.  There 
are  two  sets  of  falls  on  that  river  in  this  town,  two  miles  apart, 
called  the  Upper  and  Lonier  Falls,  on  which  are  extensive 
paper-mills,  and  other  manufacturing  establishments.  There  is 
here  a  Theological  Seminary,  established  in  1825.  Newton 
Corner,  or  Angler's  Corner,  and  West  Newton,  villages  in  this* 
town,  are  growing  places.  A  branch  railroad  running  along  the 
west  bank  of  Charles  river,  connects  Lower  Falls  with  the  Wor- 
cester Railroad.  Fare  to  Newton  Corner,  7  miles,  20  cents,  and 
to  West  Newton,  9  miles,  25  cents. 

Needham  is  now  quite  a  manufacturing  town,  having  several 


the 

or. 

ing. 

i  on 

are  : 

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eral 


BOSTON  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


75 


paper-mills,  a  chocolato-niill,  a  coach  and  car  n^.anufactory,  and 
manufactories  of  shot-s,  hats,  &c.  It  has  also  (luarries  of  stone, 
which  are  hecoming  yearly  more  valuable.  Fure  to  East  Need- 
ham,  13  miles,  35  cents  ;  in  West  Needham,  15  miles,  45  cents. 

Natirk,  17  miles,  called  by  the  Indians  "the  place  of  hills," 
is  watered  in  part  by  Charles  river  :  it  contains  several  delightful 
ponds,  well  stored  with  fish.  The  soutlicrn  part  of  Lnnf;  Pond 
is  in  this  town,  and  is  seen  from  the  cars  while  j)assing.  The  first 
Indian  Chureii  in  New  England  was  «'stahlished  hero  in  16(50, 
under  the  direction  of  the  a|)ostle  Klliot.  Poj).  1,500.  Fare  45 
cents.  The  Saxoiifille  Branch  Railroad,  four  miles  in  length, 
e,\tends  from  Natick  to  Saxonvilie,  and  is  a  branch  of  tho  Wor- 
cester Railroad.     Fare  10  cents  ;  from  IJoston  55  cents. 

Fruni'mghnm,  21  mi'es  from  Boston,  lias  the  Sudbury  river 
passing  through  its  centre.  Its  fishing,  fowling,  and  other  sports, 
make  it  an  agreeable  placo  of  resort.  Saxonvilie,  in  tho  north- 
eastern section  of  the  town,  is  wliere  the  chief  water-power  lies. 
From  Long  Pond  in  Framingham,  the  city  of  Boston  is  to  he 
supplied  with  excellent  water.  Pop  of  the  town  about  3,250. 
Fare  55  cents. 

Hopkintun,  24  miles  from  Boston,  is  rapidly  increasing  in  poj)- 
ulation  and  wealth.  The  Mineral  Spring  in  this  town  is  much 
resorted  to.  [Persons  de  irons  of  visiting  this  celebrated  place, 
should  leave  the  cars  at  WeHihuro'' ,  eight  mile.5  west  from  Hop- 
kinton,  and  three  and  a  half  northwest  of  the  Springs.]  It  is 
situated  near  Wiiitehall  Pond,  a  popular  fishing-place,  with  the 
otlraction  also  of  a  fine  hotel,  at  which  visiters  for  health  or  pleas- 
ure meet  with  most  agreeable  entertainment.  The  waters  of  the 
Mineral  Spring  contain  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonate  of  lime  and 
iron.  Fare  to  Hopkinton,  65  cents  ;  to  Soulhhoro\  28  miles, 
80  cents;  and  to  Westhoro'',  32  miles  from  Boston,  90  cents. 

Grafton,  38  miles.  The  Blackstono  river  and  other  streams 
give  this  town  a  constant  and  valuable  waier-power.  After  leav- 
ing Grafton,  the  Millhury  Branch  Railroad  pa.sses  through  the 
N.  corner  of  the  town  of  Millbnry,  wlience  a  branch  road  ex- 
tends to  the  village,  on  Blackstone  river. 

Worcester,  capital  of  the  county  of  tho  same  name,  is  a  large 
and  flourishing  town,  situated  in  the  "  heart  of  the  common- 


^;|y. 


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'■#1  !; :  T  ■*  i* 


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;U!*£S*ii«1usw»„  . 


76 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


(■? 


m 


wealth,"  and  is  the  centre  of  a  j^rcat  inland  trade.  It  is  distant 
44  miles  from  Boston,  45  from  Providence,  54  from  Springfield, 
42  from  Nashua,  N.  II.,  59  from  Norwich,  79  from  Hartford,  15G 
from  Albany,  and  194  from  New  York  via  Norwich.  Pop.  in 
Dec.  1847,  was  15,043,  bcinfr  a  gain  since  1810  of  7,497.  Wor- 
cester is  the  centre  of  an  important  railroad  communication,  which 
makes  it  one  of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  country,  and 
contributes  much  to  its  growth  and  prosperity.  It  has  railroads 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  e.  to  Boston  ;  on  the  w.  to  Springfield 
and  Albany  ;  in  a  s.  e.  direction  to  Providence,  R.  I. ;  on  the  s. 
to  Norwich  and  Allyn's  Point,  Conn., — from  t!ie  latter  of  which 
l)laces  there  is  communication  by  steamboat  with  New  York :  it 
is  also  connected,  in  a  n.  e.  direction,  with  Nashua,  N.  H.  The 
Blackstoue  Canal  extends  from  Worcester  to  Providence,  on  both 
sides  of  tlie  Blackstone  river,  45  miles.  The  village,  pleasantly 
situated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  hills  of  slight  acclivity,  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  New  England.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
water,  brought  through  an  aqueduct  from  the  neighboring  hills. 
Main-street,  the  most  important,  is  broad  and  handsome,  shaded 
with  trees,  and  more  than  a  mile  long,  containing  many  fine 
buildings  botli  public  and  private. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society  at  this  pi  .ce  was  founded 
in  1812,  by  the  late  Isaiah  Thonuis,  LL.  D.,  the  father  of  print- 
ing in  New  England.  The  Hall  of  this  society,  erected  in  1820, 
has  a  central  building  4G  ft.  long  and  3G  wide,  with  a  neat  Doric 
portico,  and  two  wings  28  ft.  long  and  21  wide.  The  Society 
has  a  library  of  12,000  vols.,  a  large  and  valuable  cabinet  of  an- 
tiquities, and  many  interesting  specimens  of  early  printing. — The 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,  established  here  in  1832,  consists  of  a 
centre  building  76  ft.  long,  40  wide,  and  four  stories  higli,  with 
two  wings,  each  96  ft.  long,  36  wide,  and  three  stories  high.  At 
each  end  of  the  wings  are  two  other  buildings  134  ft.  long  and 
34  wide,  forming,  with  the  main  building,  three  sides  of  a  spacious 
square,  all  built  of  brick.  The  interior  arrangements  are  admi- 
rably suited  to  the  accommodation  of  the  different  classes  of  pa- 
tients, and  on  the  whole  it  is  one  of  the  best  institutions  in  the 
country.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Worcester  ^1.25 :  usual  time 
about  2  hours.     From  Worcester  a  railroad  is  in  progress  of  con- 


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I 


WESTERN  RAILROAD. 


rt 


stniction  to  the  town  of  Marro,  u  distuuco  of  'JO  miles.  (For  Prov- 
idenco  and  Worcester  liailroad,  see  Index)  There  iu  also  ouo 
unitin};f  Worcp«ter  with  Na.shnu,  N.  II. 

Warhuseft  Moiintnin,  IG  miles  .\.  .\.  w.  from  Worcester,  rises 
'J,(MH  fe«'t  ubove  the  ocean:  it  is  ascended  l>y  an  easy  path, 
and  is  now  much  visited  diirinjr  the  pleasant  months  of  siunmer. 
The  view  from  this  monntain  is  wide  and  extensive,  while  the 
atmosphere  is  in  a  high  degree  exhiluratinj^. 


NASHUA   AND   WORCESTER    RAILROAD. 
(See  iMaps  No.s.  0  and  9.) 

This  route  extends  from  Worcester,  Mass.,  to  Nashua,  N.  H., 
40  miles.  The  opening  of  this  line  will  form  a  direct  inland  com- 
mnnicatiou  from  Long  Island  iSonnd  to  the  Merrimack  river,  and 
there  uniting  with  an  important  chain  of  railroads  that  will  ere 
long  extend  from  Boston  to  Lake  Champlain.  On  its  route  it 
intersects  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  and  by  the  branch,  now  build- 
inir,  (1848,)  from  the  Nashua  and  Worcester  to  Fitchburg,  will 
open  a  direct  intercourse  with  the  Chesliire,  Rutland,  Vermont, 
and  Massachusetts  railroads,  and  also  with  the  roads  pervading 
the  valley  of  the  Connecticut.  It  will  likewise  form,  in  the  year 
1649,  one  of  the  inland  routes  from  New  York  to  Canada. 


WESTERN    RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  7  and  8.) 

This  road  connects  with  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad 
at  Worcester,  and  is  118  miles  long  ;  and  the  Albany  and  West 
Stockbridge  Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Western  at  the  State 
Line,  is  38  miles.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  from  Boston  to 
Albany  is  200  miles. 

The  merchandise  dcjx)t  of  this  railroad  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
in  the  country,  being  120  ft.  wide,  and  460  long,  occupying  an 
area  of  55,200  square  feet,  or  nearly  two  acres  of  land.  The 
roof,  which  is  120  ft.  span,  rests  wholly  on  the  walls,  without  any 


rt\*r 


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'H*'. 


78 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAM IIOAT  COMPANION. 


U 


other  support.  'Vhr  walls,  huilt  of  brick,  iiro  18  ft.  hijih,  mid  20 
ImcIm'h  tliick,  and  where  tlu"  rafters  rest  upon  them  the  ihicknesw 
Ih  doubled.  The  entire  spaen  within  these  walls  is  ono  iinniense 
room,  unbroken  even  by  a  single  pillar,  and  is  usually  filled  with 
piles  of  merchandise.  Tlwi  cars  from  Albany  on  the  oust  track 
delivir  tlieir  frei^rbt — c(»nsistin<r  chiefly  of  the  produce  and  pro- 
visions of  Western  New  York,  and  the  varied  manufactures  of 
Worcester,  Sjirin^lleld,  and  the  towns  adjacent  to  the  road — on 
an  amj>l'  platform  furni.shed  with  scales,  on  a  level  with  the  ear.-'. 
The  cars  on  the  w<st  trard;  for  Albany,  and  the  interniediato 
places,  arc  at  the  same  time  receiving  ^rrf)cerics,  dye-stulls,  woo!, 
cotton,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles,  in  incredible  qiianfities. 

This  railroad  was  cliartere*!  in  Alarch,  18').*J,  and  opened  iVir 
travel  from  Worcester  to  Spring iicld  in  \^'.VJ,  and  as  fur  as  A!- 
l)aiiy  on  the  Hudson,  in  184:2.  The  cost  of  this  road  (ITjC  miles) 
lias  been  }ij>S,|,S.'),7t^S.  Its  crross  receipts  between  Worcester  and 
Albany,  in  1847,  were  ^^{^ili^^^ilW,  an  incivase  of  }j^:j8(),9 1^.11 
over  18  l().  It  is  built  in  the  mast  sidvstantial  manner,  and  Ik 
considered  a  model  u'ork  of  its  kind.  The  enjrineevinjr  diflicul- 
tics  upon  it  were  very  ^roat,  in  consequence  of  the  elevated  and 
rugf^-ed  sections  of  (tountry  through  which  it  passes  to  reach  tlio 
western  boundary  of  Massachusetts.  Bt^tween  Worcester  and 
Sponcer,  u  distance  of  12  miles,  it  (;ix)sscs  u  chain  of  hills  eleva- 
ted O.IO  ft.  above  tidewater  in  IJoston  harbor.  After  leaving 
.*>pringneld,  it  ascends  by  the  valley  of  Westtield  river,  crossing 
and  recrossing  that  stream  and  its  branches  27  times,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rocky  and  unfavorable  nature  of  this  part  of  the 
state.  In  the  township  of  Washington  it  crosses  a  sunmnt  1,180 
leet.  and  20  miles  further  another  918  foet  above  tidewater,  with 
grades  80  feet  to  the  mile. 

"  That  section  of  the  Western  Railroad  which  traverses  the  wild  hills 
of  Berkshire  is  a  work  of  immense  labor,  and  a  wonderful  achieve- 
ment, of  art. 

"  After  leaving  the  wide  meadows  of  the  Connecticut,  basking  in 
fheir  ricii  inheritance  of  alluvial  soil  and  ur.impeded  sunshine,  you  wni'- 
iln-owf^h  the  niirnnv  valleysof  the  Westtield  river,  with  masses  of  moun- 
tains before  you,  and  woodland  heights  crovvdmg  in  upon  you,  so  that 
at  every  puff  of  the  engine  the  passage  visibly  contracts.  The  AlpinC' 
character  of  the  river  strikes  you.  The  huge  sloaes  in  its  wide  chan- 
nel, which  have  been  torn  up  and  rolled  dov/ii  by  the  sweepmg  lorreulii 


Albany 
'^ic  line  s 


X  '■ 


llHt 


WESTERN  RAILROAD. 


79 


MISC- 

I  with 

hills 
Lie ve- 
ins ii' 

Inouu- 
|o  th:il» 

Ichun- 


of  spring  and  :uitiirnn,  lie  biired  and  whiltMung  In  llio  siininicr's  sun 
Vou  cross  and  recross  it,  as  m  its  dcviaUous  il  leavt's  space,  on  one 
side  or  tlie  other,  for  ;>,  pra(!tieable  road. 

"At  '  Chester  Faetories'  yon  t'CLnn  your  aseent  of  80  feet  in  a  rrnle 
fi;r  11?  miles  !  TtK!  stream  l.ctut'cn  you  and  tlie  precipitous  hillside, 
cramped  into  its  rocky  t)c  I,  is  tli(>  I'ontoosne,  one  of  th»'  tnl>uturies  of 
the  Wcstliekl  rivcT.  As  you  trace  this  stream  to  its  mountain  home,  it 
dashes  along  beside  you  with  the  recklessness  of  childhood,  it  leaps 
down  pr((upic(>s,  runs  forth  lamdiiiii,'  in  the  dimpling'  sunslune,  and  then, 
»hy  as  tlie  mountain  nymjih,  it  ihid^cs  ixdiiml  a  knotty  copse  i,i  fver- 
izreens.  lu  approaciiiiiu  the  '  summit  IcncI,' you  travel  hrulRes  built  a 
luindrt'vl  feet  alio v{!  oiliiu*  mountain  streams,  leann;^  alon^  their  drcp- 
wiirn  beds  ;  and  at  the  '  d<'ep  cut' your  passage  is  luiwn  through  solid 
-ocks,  whoso  niighty  walls  iVowii  over  you. 

"  .Mountain  scenery  clianses  with  every  changing  season— v\e  might 
almost  say  wiiii  every  cliaiit:e  of  atmosphere.  In  tlic  sprint',  while  th<; 
skirts  of  winter  sull  hung  over  this  high  coltj  region,  and  the  trees  seem 
afraid  to  put  out  tliiir  buds,  the  Pontoosnc  break.s  forth  from  its  icy 
bars,  and  leaps  and  ruslies  on  as  if  with  consciuus  joy  for  its  recovered 
liberty. 

"  in  stiiiuner,  as  there  is  little  on  tliesc  savage  hills  of  what  is  pecu- 
liar to  summer,  flowers  and  fruilfulness,  it  is  a  hajipy  chance  to  make 
tins  pass  when  piles  of  clouds  hide  the  hot  sun,  and  the  rain  is  pouring 
(lovMi  in  slau'ts,  when  every  little  dropping  rill  ttiat  has  dried  away  in 
the  summer'.s  heat,  is  sucUienly  swelled  into  a  waterfall,  and  over  the 
bank  and  down  the  clilfs  they  come  pouring  and  lea[)ing. 

"  In  autumn,  the  beeches  and  maples  on  tlie  lull  sales  are  glowing 
with  a  metallic  brightness,  .softened  and  set  olf  most  exquisitely  by  the 
evergreen  of  the  towering  pines,  the  massive  cones  of  the  Norway  frrs, 
and  the  griiceful,  plumy  hemlocks  that  intersj)er.>«#'  ihem. 

"  In  winter,  the  art  that  sends  you  swiftly  and  securely  through  these 
Jtern  solitudes,  is  most  gratefully  felt.  The  trees  bend  creakiiiu;  before 
the  howling  blast,  the  snow  is  driving  and  drifting,— here  it  is  piled  on 
cither  side  in  solid  walls  above  your  ear,  and  there  the  hideous  roots  of 
the  upturned  stuai[)S  are  bare. 

"  On  you  glide,  by  the  aid  of  the  most  recent  discoveries  and  inge- 
nious contrivances  of  art,  through  a  country  w  hose  face  is  still  marked 
with  the  savage  grandeur  of  its  primeval  condition." 

The  iniportunco  of  tliis  road  to  Bo.stou,  and  that  section  of  iho 
country  through  which  its  route  lies,  is  demonstrated  by  the  in- 
creasing amount  of  business  yearly  transacted  upon  it,  both  in 
passengers  and  freiglit.  It  is  said  that  such  is  the  regularity  and 
])recision  with  which  the  locomotives  and  trains  from  Boston  to 
Albany  perform  the  distance  of  200  miles,  that  the  farmers  oti 
the  line  set  their  clocks  by  them. 


80 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


THE  PITTSFIELD  AND  NORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD 
leaves  the  Western  Railroad  at  Plttslield,  and  extends  to  North 
Adams, '20  miles:  it  was  opened  in  Oct.  lb4G,  and  cost  about 
$450,000.     Fare  GO  cents. 

RouTH  FROM  IJosTON  TO  Alfiwy,  (see  Maps  Nos.  G,  7,  and  8.) 
— Trains  leave  Boston,  from  the  Worceiiter  depot,  Beaih-st.,  op- 
posite the  United  States  Hotel,  thrre  times  daily  for  Albany, 
Sundays  excepted.  Those  jeavinj^  in  the  morning  reach  Spring- 
field in  time  to  dine,  and  stoj)  half  an  hour  ;  those  leaving  Boston 
in  the  afternoon  stop  overnight  at  Springfield,  and  leave  next 
morning  for  Albany,  arriving  there  about  noon.  Usual  time  be- 
tween  Biistoti  and  AUuinij,  10  hours.  Fare  .^.l.OO.  The  trains 
for  Troy  leave  Greenbush  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains  from  Boston. 
Stages  and  other  conveyances  will  bo  found  at  most  of  the  depots 
on  the  route,  to  convey  passengers  to  the  various  hotels  and  places 
in  the  vicinity.  {For  the  route  from  Boston  to  Worcester,  see 
Index.) 

The  stopping-places  between  Worcester  and  Springfield,  (see 
Map  No.  7,)  with  fares  and  distances  from  Boston,  &c.,  are  as 
follow  :  Clappvillr,  53  miles,  ,'^1.50  ;  Charlton  Depot,"*  57,  $IM; 
Spencer,  G2,  $1.70;  E.  Brookfield,  G4,  $1.75;  S.  Brookjield, 
G7,  $1.95;  West  Brookfield,  G9,  $1.9G;  Warren,  73,  $1^.05; 
rainier  Depot,  83,  $2.25  ;  N.  Wilbrahani,  89,  $2.55 ;  Wilhra- 
ham,  92,  $2.G5. — W^o  now  arrive  at 

Spkingfikld,  the  most  important  of  the  towns  on  this  route, 
lying  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  98  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, 102  from  Albany,  18  from  Northampton,  36  from  Green- 
field, 26  from  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  142  from  the  city  of  N.  York. 
It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  and  river  trade,  its  natural  as 
well  as  artificial  advantages  rendering  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant commercial  depots  on  Connecticut  river.  It  has  railroads 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  e.  to  Boston,  on  the  w.  to  Albany,  N.Y., 
on  the  N.  to  Greenfield,  (this  road  is  being  extended  to  Bellows 
Falls,  N.  H.,)  on  the  s.  to  Hartford  and  New  Haven  ;  and  the 
New  York  and  New  Haven  road  (now  building)  will  connect  it 

*  From  Charlton  Depot  extends  the  Southbridge  Branch  Railroad  to 
Southbridge,  10  miles.  This  short  branch  is  to  be  finislied  and  opened 
for  travel  some  iime  during  the  summer  of  1848. 


■M'% 


PITTSFIELD   4ND  NORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD. 


81 


)adto 


with  the  great  commercial  depot  o^  the  Union.  The  house  i  here 
are  well  made  and  uniformly  huilt  of  hrick,  and  the  appearance 
of  the  town  is  lively  and  cheerful.  Main-st.,  the  principal,  is 
about  two  miles  and  a  half  long,  and  runs  i)arallel  with  the  river 
The  chief  part  of  the  business  of  Springfield  is  transacted  in  thia 
street.     Pop.  about  17,000. 

Cars  leave  Springfield  for  Hartford  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains 
from  Boston  ;  and  for  Greenfield  three  times  daily.  During  the 
season  of  navigation,  steamboats  j)ly  between  this  place  and  Hart- 
ford, and  other  towns  on  the  river. 

The  United  States  Armor]/,  at  this  place,  is  the  most  exten- 
sive in  the  country.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  village.  The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick, 
are  arranged  around  a  square  of  about  20  acres,  presenting  a 
iiandsome  appearance.  A  cupola  on  one  of  thern  atlbrds  a  de- 
lightful view  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country.  There  are 
about  300  men  employed  in  the  Arsenal.  About  15,000  nuiskets 
are  annually  made  here,  and  150,000  are  stored  in  the  buildings 
connected  with  this  establishment.  There  are  several  well-kept 
hotels  in  Springfield,  that  offer  excellent  acconmiodations  at  a 
reasonable  rate.     Fare  from  Boston,  ,*j§2.75 :  time  about  5  hours. 

West  Springfield,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  100  miles  from 
Boston,  and  two  miles  from  Springfield,  is  connected  with  the 
latter  place  by  a  bridge  over  the  Connecticut,  four  ferries,  and 
also  by  the  Western  Railroad,  which  passes  through  it.  It  is 
equidistant  from  Boston  and  Albany.     Fare  ,'j^2.85. 

Westfcld,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  is  a  delightful  town, 
with  great  natural  beauties.  It  is  108  miles  from  Boston,  lying 
in  a  valley  about  four  miles  in  diameter,  and  surrounded  by  hills 
of  considerable  lieight.  The  Hampshire  and  Hampden  Canal 
passes  through  it.  Fare  ^2.95.  Russell,  IIC  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, 1^3.05;  Chster  Village,  119,  $3.15;  Chester  Factory, 
12G,  $3.35  ;  N.  Becket,  135,  $3M  ;  Washington  Sumtnit,  138, 
$3.70  ;  Hinsdale,  143,  $3.85  ;  Dalton,  14G,  $3.90. 

PiTTSFiELD,  151  miles  from  Boston,  is  a  large  manufacturing 
and  agricultural  town,  elevated  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  is  151  miles  w.  from  Boston,  and  49  e.  from  Albany.  The 
village  is   beautifully  situated,   and   contains    many  handsome 

6 


■ii' 


. -'H 


82 


RAILROAD  ANO  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Pi 


dwellings.  In  this  village  there  is  still  standing  one  of  the  origi- 
nal forest  trees — a  large  elm,  120  feet  high,  and  90  feet  to  the 
lowest  limb — an  interesting  relic  of  the  primitive  woods,  and 
justly  esteemed  a  curiosity  by  persons  visiting  this  place.  Pitts- 
field  contains  a  medical  institution,  and  a  seminary  of  learning. 
The  town  received  its  present  name  in  17G1,  in  honor  of  William 
Pitt,  (Eurl  of  Chatham,)  the  celebrated  British  statesman.  Fare 
from  Boston,  |$4.0(). 

Shaker  Villagr,  15G  miles  from  Boston,  Fare  J^4.20  ;  Rich- 
mond, 1 59,  J^ 4.35. — The  Slate  Line,  1 G2  miles  from  Boston  and  3S 
from  Albany,  is  the  point  from  whence  diverges  the  Housatonic 
Railroad,  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Lsland  Sound,  9b 
miles,  and  also  that  of  the  Hadson  and  Berkshire  Railroad  to 
Hudson,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  33  miles. — Canaan,  167 
njiies  from  Boston,  ^4.60  ;  E.  Chatham,  172,  ^4  70  ;  Chatham 
Four  Corners,  177,  $490  ;  Kinderhook,  184,  ,^4.95  ;  Schodac, 
192,  $5.00, — arrive  at  Greenl)ush,a.i)d  cross  the  ferry  to  Albany, 
200  miles  from  Boston.     Fare  $5.00. 


'.*' 


CONNEOTIOUT   RIVER    RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  8.) 

This  road  extends  from  Springfield,  Mass.,  to  Greenfield,  3(> 
miles:  it  is  being  continued  to  Brattleboro',  N.  II.,  and  from 
tiience  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  meet  the  railroads  from 
Boston  on  their  routes  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  West.  The 
road  from  Springfield  to  Northampton,  a  distance  of  17  miles, 
was  opened  in  1845,  and  from  thence  to  Greenfield,  19  miles,  in 
1846.     This  road  cost  $1,010,542. 

Route  from  Springfield  to  Northampton  and  Greenfield. 
— To  Cabot  Junction  is  four  miles.  Here  is  situated  Cabotville, 
a  large  manufacturing  village  on  the  Chickopee  river.  There 
are  three  cotton  manufacturing  establishments,  with  a  capital  of 
$1,700,000  giving  employment  to  upwards  of  1,500  operatives. 
The  Ames  Company  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
swords,  brass  cannon,  bells,  machinery,  and  cutlery. — Chickopee 
Falls,  another  important  manufacturing  village,  is  united  with 


r«( 


d,  3(i 

from 

from 

Tlie 

miles, 

les,  in 


CONNECTICUT  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


83 


Cabotville  by  the  Chlckopee  Branch  Railroad,  two  miles  long. 
There  is  a  ciittou  manufacturing  company  established  here  with 
a  capital  of  ^700,000,  giving  employment  to  about  800  operatives. 
There  are  also  extensive  manufactories  of  pape.',  iron  castings, 
fire-arms,  machinery,  &c. — Willimansetl,  7  miles,  Fare  20  cents  ; 
Smithes  Ferry,  13  miles,  37^  cents. 

NoRTnAMrTox,  17  miles  from  Springfield,  is  delightfully  situ- 
ated on  the  w.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  on  rising  ground,  about 
a  mile  from  the  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  large  tracts  of  fertile 
meadow  land.  It  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  travellers,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  in  New  England.  Agricul- 
tural and  manufacturing  pursuits  are  the  chief  employments  of 
the  people.  For  some  years  past  it  has  prosecuted  with  spirit  and 
success  the  rearing  of  the  silkworm,  and  large  quantities  of  sew- 
ing silk  are  annually  produced.     Pop.  about  4,000.     Fare  50  cts. 

Mount  Tom  is  in  the  town  of  Northampton,  on  the  w.  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  and  Mount  Holyoke  on  the  e.  or  opposite  side  ; 
tiie  former  is  elevated  1,214  feet,  and  the  latter  1,120.  To  visit 
Mount  Holyoko  the  traveller  must  cross  the  ferry,  which  lands 
him  at  the  base  of  this  renowned  elevation,  where,  by  a  rather 
steep  ascent,  he  can  attain  its  very  summit,  upon  which  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  visiters  have  been  erected.  Here  he 
will  be  amply  rewarded  by  a  view  of  the  vast  panorama  of  varied 
beauty  which  lies  spread  at  his  feet,  and  extends  to  the  very 
verge  of  the  horizon.  Immediately  beneath,  the  beautiful  Con- 
necticut winds  through  one  of  the  richest  valleys  of  New  Eng- 
land,— a  valley  checkered  with  fields  and  woods,  hillock  and  dale. 

Passing  Northampton,  we  proceed  to  Hatfield.    Fare  65  cei?'  ■ 
In  this  town  large  quantities  ol  broom-corn  are  grown,  and  bruon 
manufactured  to  a  great  extent  ;  also  vehicles,  boots,  shoes,  &c. 

Whately,  26  miles  from  Springfield.  Fare  75  cents.  It  is 
watered  by  Mill  river  and  West  Brook,  on  which  streams  are  tan- 
neries, manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  of  gimlets,  hannners, 
&-C.  Like  the  above  town,  it  produces  broom-corn  in  abun- 
dance, which  is  manufactured  into  brooms.  A  few  miles  w.  of 
the  Connecticut,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  West  Whately,  is  Mount 
Esher,  which  rises  nearly  1,000  feet  above  the  river,  from  which 
the  prospect  is  very  imposing. 


**t. ,  i!  ^ 


^■  "Si" 


f   i 


. 


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« 


J! 

ti 

:4 


84 


RAILROAD  AND  STEA^IBOAT  C0:\1PAN10!T. 


Bloody  Brook  village  is  noted  as  the  place  where,  in  1675, 
Capt.  Lathrop  and  76  out  of  81  men  under  liis  command  were 
slain  by  the  Indians.  In  1838,  a  monument  was  erected  here 
commemorating  the  event. 

Deerjield  is  a  town  of  considerable  trade.  In  one  year  the 
goods  manufactured  at  this  place  amounted  to  about  J}^250,000. 
Fare  ,*^1.00. — Deerjield  and  Sugarloaf  Mountains  are  in  this 
vicinity.  The  former  rises  700  feet  above  the  plain,  and  the  lat- 
ter, which  is  an  isolated  hill  of  a  conical  form,  rises  600  feet  above 
the  river. 

Greenfield  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  on  the  margin  of 
Green  river,  and  contains  many  handsome  buildings.  The  man- 
ufactures of  the  town  consist  of  a  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 
Faie  from  Springfield,  36  miles,  Jj^l.lO.  (For  continuation  of 
this  route  into  Vermont,  see  Map  No.  9,  and  for  routes  from 
Greenfield,  see  Index.) 

South  Hadlcy  Falls  are  in  the  Connecticut  river,  seven  miles 
N.  from  Cabotville  :  they  extend  a  distance  of  two  miles,  the  en- 
tire fall  from  the  u])per  dam  being  50  feet.  A  canal  is  construct- 
ed around  these  falls,  with  five  locks,  and  a  cut  through  solid  rock 
40  feet  in  depth  and  300  feet  in  length.  There  is  a  dam  across 
the  river  of  1,100  feet,  which  was  constructed  to  overcome  the 
principal  fall  in  the  river  :  it  produces  a  water-power  of  groat  ex- 
tent. The  cataract  rushes  over  a  confused  mass  of  rocks,  pre- 
senting varied  forms  of  beauty  and  wildness.  At  South  Hadley 
village,  three  miles  n.  of  the  falls,  is  situated  the  Mount  Holyoko 
Female  Seminary,  a  school  designed  to  give  a  practical  domestic 
education  with  intelligent  instruction. 

Amherst,  seven  miles  n.  e.  from  Northampton,  is  conspicu- 
ous for  its  elevated,  healthy,  and  commanding  situation,  being^ 
surrounded  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills.  Amherst  College  ranks 
among  the  most  respectable  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  coun- 
try It  is  located  on  high  ground,  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  commanding  a  prospect  of 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  sections  of  the  state.  A  regular  line 
of  stages  leaves  Northampton  for  Amherst  on  the  arrival  of  the 
cars  from  Springfield.  From  Amherst,  we  can  proceed  n.  through 
Sunderland  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Toby,  an  elevation  which  rises 


pre- 

dlcy 

yoko 

neslic 

picu- 
being 
ranks 
coun- 
11  age, 
ect  of 
ar  line 
of  the 
trough 
h  rises 


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in"i 

luiif  /(ilfi'in 
haiiXViirl 

\>il  Ann  "VI      _.. '^       9   ' 


i'lai 


^  I      At 


V     >-^^ 


BUS  '^.  K      ,       ■ 

*_        ffotiGir  j       ^^ 

,^      -     -  ^_  i  ^J^owiiall 

Latufinqhurii  ~^^  ^    i      SH      CO 


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ROUTES 

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FITCH BURC     ^#iii'''''*^   ^. 


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.CREENFIELD&c,V     ^       >        ^  ^ 

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,       yi,!H:\l     „^,    :r,f;.,,    ;e.//.T   l.'-'(.> 


.i-.tsff  J..  C/ (l^i/<«''M-   .'.■  I'll-  i  It-. '■(  .  .>f>it>     jt'lht  !h'-t.-ici  i.'ourt  w'xr. 


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ifiSti    -I  ,r,    A-'-„    y^s.-k 


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NORTHERN    RAILROAD. 


85 


1,000  !'t  above  the  Comiecticut  river:  it  is  composed  of  pud- 
(iiii{5-stone,  and  the  small  stones  within  it,  ofvarions  sizes  and 
of  every  color,  are  round  and  smooth,  as  though  washed  by  the 
ocean.  There  is  a  cavern  on  one  side  of  the  mountain,  which 
is  about  60  feet  deep  and  150  in  length  ;  and  on  the  n.  w.  side, 
in  the  n.  part  of  Sunderland,  are  a  curious  cave  and  fissure. 
From  Sunderland  the  traveller  can  cross  the  bridge  over  the  Con- 
necticut to  VVIiately,  and  theiiCL'  to  Deerfield. 

ROUTES  FROM  CONCORD,  N.  H.,  (See  Map  No.  9.)— From 
tiiis  place  a  chain  of  railroads  leads  in  a  s.  and  s.  e.  direction  to 
Boston,  and  in  a  n.  w.  to  the  Connecticut  river  at  Lebanon  :  an- 
other runs  towards  Winnipiseogee  Lake  in  the  n.,  and  one  on  the 
E.  to  Portsmouth. 


BOSTON,    CONCORD,    AND    MONTREAL   RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  5.) 

This  road  is  to  eiftend  from  Concord,  N.  IL,  to  Plymouth,  on 
Pemigewasset  river,  45  miles ;  thence  to  Haverhill,  on  the  Con- 
necticut, passing  through  one  of  the  best  farming  and  lumber 
regions  of  the  state :  ultimately  it  will  be  connected  with  he 
chain  of  railroads  from  Montreal.  This  work  is  in  a  state  of  for- 
wardness, and  will  bo  completed  during  the  summer  of  1848  to 
Meredith  Bridge,  27  miles  from  Concord.  The  total  cost  of  the 
road  to  Sanbornton  Bridge  is  estimated  at  ^199,403,  and  to 
Meredith  Bridge  at  ^343,703. 


THE   NORTHERN    RAILROAD,    N.  H. 
(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  highly  important  thoroughfare  is  a  continuation  of  the 
route  from  Boston  to  Concord  via  Lowell  and  Nashua,  to  the  vil- 
lage of  Lebanon,  which  is  within  about  five  miles  of  the  Con- 
necticut river ;  the  completion  of  which  to  the  mouth  of  White 
river,  Vt.,  including  the  construction  of  a  truss-bridge,  some  600 
feet  long,  oyer  the  Connecticut,  will  be  effected  in  season  for  the 


'a!     I 


'If 


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Mm 


8G 


i;a:lii()ai)  a'.d  .stla:.:j:(>at  coiMrANioN. 


I  i 


t\ 


opniiiifT  of  tlio  Vrnnoiit  Cnilrul  Killraiid  to  Xorthfidd,  and  per- 
liaps  to  Moiit|t(Ii(r,  by  tlio  -lili  oi'  July,  I.- IS.  'I'lio  latter  road 
(hoc  Map  No.  10;  will  liiiilc  Iho  ( Viniioftticiit  rivt-r  with  Lake 
('lKUiij)laiii,  and  l»y  tlif  fxlciisioii  road  Iroia  I{iirliii;.r|o!i  fr»  tlu> 
St.  liawroiicc,  will  coiuH'ct  wilh  .Montreal.  It  will  al>()  fofjii, 
with  that  of  tho  ( )^r<l<Mis!)iir;f  road,  a  coiiliiiiioiiH  lino  to  the  M'a- 
tcrs  of  tli('  {Treat  lakes.  The  Northern  lia;In»ad,  frt»rn  the  vailry 
of  thcs  Meniniar  to  that  of  the  ('.»nnec!i('iit,  G!)  ni  les,  pasHc- 
over  a  ronijh  and  forhiddini;  conntry,  and  seven'  natural  ((h.-tacles 
have  heen  overruMie  in  its  (•on.'^lnu't'.on.  Mtire  than  .M,.']')  l,t)(MI 
f;ni):(!  yards  of  earth  and  r^7,00()  of  solid  ror-k  have  he(  n  removed, 
and  (j  I, .'/.')  1  p<'rclus  of  hiid're  and  eulverf  ni  isonry  conHtrncted. 
at  a  cost  of  ahoiit  .^rJ, OIK), 1)00.  'i'he  sunnnlt  of  the  road  is  in 
(.)ran}»e,  and  is  ahmit  700  feet  alu.ve  the  Merrimac  and  ^Otl 
above  the  Connecticut.  It  is  overcome  by  a  jrrade  (d"  .'^0  feet, 
whi<th  is  the  hij^diest  on  t!ie  whole  line.  'J'lie  Northern  Railroad 
between  Concord  and  Franklin  wis  opened  Dec.  i2H,  1^<1(J,  and 
to  Lebanon  Nov.  17,  1H17.  'I'hc  whole  ori;:i:inal  caj)ital  stock  of 
this  company  was  Jj^  1,500,000,  with  the  right  to  increase  it  if 
found  necessary. 

RourK  FUO.M  Concord  to  Fj'.anki.in,  (see  Map  No.  9.) — On 
leavinj]^  the  Concord  depot  it  passes  along  nj)on  the  interval  e.  of 
the  village,  and  crossing  Iforse-Shoe  Pond  takes  the  conrso  of 
tho  Merrimac  river,  keejjing  the  w.  bank,  (to  enal)le  it  to  do 
which  the  river  has  been  tnrned  from  its  ancient  bed,)  and  pass- 
ing along  not  far  from  the  West  Parish  in  Concord,  where  a  depot 
is  established  with  the  name  of  West  Concord. 

The  next  stopping-place  is  near  Fishervillr,  a  bustling  little 
village  upon  Contoocook  river.  Here  the  track  crosses  Mrs.  Dus- 
tan's  Island,  made  illustrious  by  the  notable  ex})loit  of  that  lady 
with  the  Indians,  in  March,  1698.  Passing  on,  the  next  dei)ot 
is  at  Boscawen,  a  very  excellent  farming  town  ;  thence  to  North 
Boscawen  and  to  Franklin,  18  miles  from  Concord,  a  place  of 
considerable  importance,  at  tho  head  of  Merrimac  river,  or  at  the 
junction  of  Pemigewassct  and  \Vinni})i.scogee  rivers.  Franklin 
contains  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

This  route  is  on^i  of  considerable  interest  and  picturesque  beau- 
ty: it  passes  through  the  Webster  farm,  an  object  of  curiosity  to 


VERMONT  AND  MAS-iACIIUSF.TTS  UAILnoAD. 


87 


straiif^rrs,  as  boiiijr  ili(>  plac^  wIutc  IIk^  lloii.  l>iiMicl  Welwtfr 
passed  his  youth,  /w//-.'  fioiii  Coiiconl  to  U'.  Conrurd,  10  rrnts  ; 
to  Fis/trrvillfy  120;  to  liascnrrn,  'M)  :  to  U'.  /^^s••v/ »/?<•//,  10;  to 
Franklin,  51);  to  E.  Anditvrr,  70  ;  to  Anion  r,  ^'t  ;  to  W.  An- 
dirvr,  1)5;  to  I)  tnhnry,^lA')  :  to  d'i'if/fin,  s;l..'J.">  ;  to  (\/unun, 
.•^l.ti.')  :  to  I'njirhl,  .'liil.DO;  to  /;.  It'lntimn,  :;^i.nO  ;  to  lr!>nti>n, 
NCj.lt);  to  \V.  Lebanon,  >^-i. '}.'».  Fare  fr  mi  lin.'itun  h>  f.'ir  luttiv 
place,  .$1.00. 

llannrcr,  N.  II.,  is  sitiiatrd  ii,  lew  mil)  s  x.  of  \V.  Ii(l);iiioii,  on 
;tii  cxtciisivo  pliiin,  hull'  a  mile  from  tlu'  C'oimecticiit  river,  aiiJ 
irtU  feet  above  the  level  of  its  waH'is.  Tiie  principal  Ixaisi  s  aro 
er"ctt'(l  around  a  s(|ii;ire  of  1*2  acres  ;  the  remainder  stand  on  dif- 
ferent streets,  Ieadin.r  from  the  ;^''i'een  in  all  directions.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Darttnonili  Cttlh'irr,  fonnded  in  17(!D,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  Indians,  and  niiminl  after  WMllam,  l.arl  of  Dartmouth. 
It  is  an  inslitntion  which  holds  a  very  respectable  rank  for  learn- 
inuf  and  inllnencc,  and  the  ability  of  its  oHujers. — {For  the  con- 
t'luiatlon  of  t/iii  route  t!ironi['i  Vermont,  avn  "  Vermont  Central 
Ivailroad.'') 

Routes  from  Firciiiii;af7. — At  FitchbMrsr,  the  traveller  will  find 
stages  to  convey  him  to  places  in  the  vicinity,  and  also  to  thaso 
at  a  distance,  away  from  the  lino  of  railroads.  Trains  leave 
Fitchbnr*;^  for  Boston  four  times  daily  ;  trains  also  connect  with 
tlie  Vermont  and  iMassachusetts  Railroad,  and  also  with  tho 
(^hci^hire  Railroad,  as  far  as  opened  for  travel. 


VERMONT    AND    MASSACHUSETTS    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  y.) 

This  road  leaves  tho  Fitchbur^  Railroad  at  Fitchburg,  passing 
through  Athol,  Northfield,  &.c.,  to  Rrattleboro',  N.  II.  ;  thenco 
lip  the  Connecticut  river  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  unite 
with  the  chain  of  railroads  throufj^h  Western  Vermont  to  Bur- 
lington, and  also  with  those  following  up  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut. It  is  open  for  travel  to  Athol,  33  miles  from  Fitchburg 
and  83  from  Boston.     An   attempt  lias  been  made  to  obtain  a 


'I.. 


i.  m 


!  t 


^1 

if 


'  »^'?i4i]i.  '\ii 


*^  .tin  H^  a 
..It  It  m  m 


m 


88 


UAiLKOAi)  AM)  .sti:a.>i;»)AT  COMTAMON. 


churt<-r  for  tho  coiistriurtiou  nf  a  railrnad  from  (JrcrMifioId,  Mass., 
to  'I'roy,  N.  Y.  At  (Jn^t'iilidd,  tint  Vermont  and  MassafrliiiKottH 
Ituilroad  would  then  coimcct  Troy  with  Itoston,  making  a  new 
routo  from  tlio  latter  oity  to  the  Hudson  riv»'r. 

From  HosroN  .o  AriioL. — To  /'V/r///;//;-y,  TiO  miles,  J|^l.t2.'), 
(see  this  route  ;)  thence  to  W.  Fitclihurir,  iVJ,  ^\.\ii)  ;  Wesiinin- 
fttrr,  55,  }|^1..'J7;  »S'.  Ashhuriifnun,  (ill,  Jg;!.;')!);  (}<trdner,  (m, 
$l.(;t2;  TenijilHon.li),  $1.75;  liahluunsrilh',  11,  }a{l.75;5^. 
Rt)i/'ilstt)ii,  77,  }j^l.l>5  ;  At/ml,  H'.i  miles  from  Boston,  JjJj'-i.lO. 

Tho  inhahitants  of  At /ml  manufacture  a  j^reat  numher  of  arti- 
cles. Miller's  river,  a  fino  stream,  allbrds  this  place  a  j:freat 
water-power. — Noi  t/ijirld,  consists  of  one  street  u  mile  lonjj:  the 
houses  have  a  neat  and  comfortahle  appearance. 

liiaUlehoro\  Vt.  is  a  v«'ry  pleasant  place,  situated  on  an  ele- 
vated plain  above  the  C'onn(^cticut.  The  vicinity  is  noted  for  its 
jnvifToratinjr  air,  pure  water,  and  fine  moimtain  scenery.  The 
town  is  connected  with  th(i  oj)posito  side  of  tho  river  by  a  hand- 
some covered  bridjje.  There  are  several  factories  and  mills  here, 
which  derive  their  power  from  a  creek,  whoso  water  falls  over  a 
ledjj;e  of  rocks. 

Bellows  Falls  are  a  series  of  rapids  in  the  Connecticut,  ex- 
tendinjr  about  a  mile  alonjr  tho  base  of  a  high  and  precipitous 
hill,  known  as  '*  Fall  Mountain,"  which  skirts  the  river  on  the 
New  Hampshire  side.  At  tho  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  at 
this  place,  tho  visiter  can  stand  directly  over  tho  boiling  Hood  ; 
viewed  from  whence,  the  whole  scene  is  wild  and  exciting  in  the 
extreme.  The  Connecticut  is  here  compressed  into  so  narrow  a 
compass  that  it  seems  as  if  one  could  almost  leap  across  it.  Tho 
water,  which  is  almost  one  dense  mass  of  foam,  rushes  through 
this  chasm  with  such  velocity,  that  in  striking  on  the  rocks  be- 
low, it  is  forced  back  upon  itself  for  a  considerable  distance.  In 
no  place  is  the  fall  perpendicular  to  any  considerable  extent,  but 
in  tho  distance  of  half  a  mile  the  waters  descend  about  50  feet 
A  canal  throe-fourths  of  a  mile  long,  with  locks,  was  constructed 
round  the  falls,  many  years  since,  at  an  expense  of  ^50,000. 


f  IlKSIIfRR  RAIM'.OAn — sn.MVAN  KAILHOAD. 


«0 


CHESHIRE    RAILROAD. 

(8ec  Miip  No.  U.) 

Tliis  miitc  is  also  ill!  rxtftjsioii  of  tlir  Fitclilmrj  roul  :  it  l<  av's 
tlu*  juiu'tifiii  lit  South  .\:<liliiiriilniii,  Mk-i,.    hmI  whrn  coiiiplrffd 

will  puss  t!iroii;rI|  Ivciiir,  N'.  II.,  i»  nrH'iws  l'';j|l>,  at  wl.irli  |)|;u'0 
it  will  coMiit'ct  U'itli  tlii'  Kuli  mmI  road  and  fhf  valley  ot"  Luko 
('liam|»laiii  ;  and  also  wi'li  the  Sullivan  road,  a  l)i'aii/|i  niiit.ii'^ 
tlif  Clif'sliiri'  with  the  \'t  ruiop.i  Crutra!  Kailrriad.  This  n.ad 
will  ii  fcivf  a  ijrt'at  jmrt  of  lh»'  travel  and  husiii»'>s  of  tlir  Kiit- 
l.tiiil,  with  which  and  llif  FitchhuiLl  it  will  form  tin*  shnrlf.-f, 
cheapest,  and  oiH'  of  t!n'  hi'st  railroad  line-<  hetwern  Ko-Inn  and 
I>  irlin'ftou.  If  will  have  an  e(|  lal  chance  of  dnini;-  the  hnsincssi 
oreat'd  |)\-  the  oi»>nin:r  of  the  ( )  rd(Mid>'ir'j;  liailroad,  and  al^o  of 
Montreal.  The  Cheshire  liailroad  is  open  to  Troy,  N.  II.,  10 
miles  from  Iveene,  '21  from  Hellows  i'alls.  and  dnriiiLj  tiw  sum- 
ni'T  of  l""H  will  he  oj)ened  to  K»'ene,  !)"2  iinles  from  Hoston. 

Roi'TK  nio.M  HosToN  'ro  'I'koy  AND  Ki:km;,  N.  II. — Overtho 
Fit(dd)urir  liailroad  to  F:tr/ihiir<j,  ')()  miles,  .*j«; I .'J.') ;  from  theneo 
to  St)ut/i  As' III)  urn /hi  III,  .5>1.')<>:  to  Winr/iciidoii,  J^l.T.')  :  Filz- 
iriljidin,  ij^'J.OU  ;   Trni/,  H"2  miles  from  Hoston,  {jjiri.l.'). 

Keenr,  one  of  the  ])rettiest  places  in  the  stat(\  is  situated  on  u 
Hat  K.  of  the  Ashuolot  river.  It  is  parti(!idarly  cniitled  to  nol;e(3 
for  tlip  extent,  widtii,  and  uniform  level  of  its  Htreets.  Tho 
main  street,  extending;  one  mile  in  a  strai<;ht  line,  is  almost  u 
perfect  level,  and  is  well  ornamented  with  trees.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerahlo  bnsinoss,  there  heinfr  several  mannfactnrinjr  estah- 
lishments  here.  Passeuijers  will  fmd  sfn<sr.  conveyance  at  W'in- 
chendoii  to  Rindgo  and  JaflVey  ;  at  Fitzwilliam,  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  on  arrival  of  the  llrst  train  from  IJos- 
ton,  to  Richmond,  Winchester,  Hinsdale,  and  IJrattleboro'  I'.nd 
oil  opposite  days  from  tho.se  places  to  Fitzwilliam. — ^li  I'roy, 
stages  will  connect  with  all  the  trains,  throui,di  Keene  and  liel- 
lows  Falls,  to  and  from  all  Western  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Canada,  and  Northern  New  York. 

THE  SULLIVAN  RAILROAD,  25  miles  in  length,  connects 
with  the  Cheshire  road  at  Bellows  Falls,  and  unites  it  with  the 


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90 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


i 


Vorrnoiit  Central  Railroad :  it  will  be  the  means  of  throwing  a 
lar^o  amount  of  business  upon  the  former  from  the  northern  parts 
of  Vennont  and  New  Hampshire. 

Routes  from  Greenfield. — Trains  leave  Greenfield  for  North- 
ampton and  Springfield  three  times  daily  ;  at  the  latter  place 
connecting  with  the  trains  for  Boston,  Albany,  Hartford,  and 
New  Haven.  Fare  from  Greenfield  to  Springfield,  $1.10  ;  from 
the  latter  place  to  Boston ,  ,$2.75  ;  to  Albany,  $2.25  ;  to  Hart- 
ford, 75  cents  ;  and  to  New  Haven,  $1.87.  From  New  Haven 
to  New  York  by  steamboat.  Fare  to  New  York  from  Spring- 
field about  $.3.00. 

Stages  leave  Greenfield  daily  on  arrival  of  the  early  trains 
from  Springfield,  for  Brattlehoro\  Burlington,  and  Canada,  and 
by  the  first  train  to  Keene,  N.  H. 

From  Greenfield,  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad  is  being  con- 
tinued to  Brattleboro',  (see  Map  No.  0,)  uniting  with  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  at  the  State  Line.  This  link  will  com- 
plete the  connection  with  the  roads  in  progress  pervading  the 
valley  of  the  Connecticut,  which,  when  finished,  will  open  a 
railroad  communication  between  New  York  city  and  the  extreme 
northern  boundary  of  Vermont,  and  by  other  roads  yet  to  bo 
built,  will  open  the  communication  with  Montreal  and  Quebec. 


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THE  RUTLAND   RAILROAD. 

(See  Maps  Nos.  9  and  10.) 

This  road,  when  completed,  will  extend  from  Bellows  Falls  to 
Burlington,  117  miles  :  it  will  form  a  continuation  of  the  Cheshire 
Railroad  in  New  Hampshire,  and  will  open  a  new  route  and  the 
Bhortest  from  Boston  via  Fitchburg  to  Lake  Champlain  and  Can- 
ada. Starting  from  Bellows  Falls,  it  runs  up  the  valley  of  Wil- 
liams river  ;  it  then  passes  into  the  valley  of  Black  river,  and 
continues  to  the  Green  Mountains ;  upon  passing  Mount  Holly 
gap,  it  runs  into  the  valley  of  Mill  river,  and  the  valley  of  Otter 
creek,  till  t  reaches  the  valley  of  Lake  Champlain.  For  almost 
the  whole  of  its  course,  it  runs  through  valleys  of  rivers  and 
the  valley  of  the  lake,  with  easy  gradual  slopes.     This  road  will 


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RUTLAND  RAILROAD. 


91 


be  finished  and  opened  for  travel  some  time  during  the  year 
1841). 

Chester,  on  the  route  of  the  Rutland  roud,  is  a  thriving  place: 
in  this  town  manufactures  of  various  kinds  are  carried  on.  This 
is  a  great  thoroughfare  for  travellers  from  the  eastern  part  of 
New  England  to  the  Hudson  river  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  via  Manches- 
ter, the  passage  over  the  Green  Mountains  being  one  of  the  best 
in  this  part  of  the  state. — Ludlow  is  mountainous,  but  contains 
good  land  for  the  grazing  of  shcoj)  and  other  cattle.  Woollen 
factories  are  established  here,  and  in  the  town  soi»»o  valuable 
minerals  have  been  discovered. — Mmut  Jlolbj  is  a  pleasant  town, 
situated  on  the  summ  t  of  the  Green  Mountains.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  for  grazjig,  and  here  are  produced  large  quantities 
of  wool,  beef,  butter,  and  cheese. 

Rutland  is  a  very  neat  village,  well  built  and  handsomely 
located  :  it  is  the  centre  of  trade  fur  a  larj^e  section  of  fertile 
country.  Its  agricultural  products  are  large  and  valuable.  The 
town  is  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  its  tributaries,  which  sup- 
ply it  with  good  water-power,  and  upon  which  are  several  man- 
ufacturing establishments.  (For  continuation  of  this  route,  see 
I\Iap  No.  10.)  From  the  Rutland  Railroad  at  this  place,  a  branch 
will  be  built  to  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  via  Castleton. 

Brandon,  on  the  route  of  the  Rutland  Railroad,  is  a  flourishing 
town,  finely  watered  by  Otter  creek,  Mill  river,  and  Spring 
Pond,  on  which  streams  are  good  mill-^ieats.  Minerals  of  fine 
quality  are  found  in  this  town.  There  are  hero  two  curious  cav- 
erns formed  of  limestone,  the  largest  containing  two  apartments, 
each  from  IG  to  20  feet  square.  It  is  entered  by  descending  from 
the  surface  "beat  20  feet. 

Salisbury  is  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  by  Middlebury  and 
Leicester  rivers.  The  latter  affords  a  good  water-power,  which 
propels  a  number  of  valuable  manufacturing  establishments. 

Middlebury  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town  on  Otter  creek  : 
at  the  falls  on  this  stream  are  extensive  manufacturing  establish- 
ments ;  and  large  quantities  of  white  and  variegated  marble,  with 
which  the  town  abounds,  are  sawed  and  polished  for  various  uses, 
and  transported  to  market.  It  is  the  shire  town  of  Addison 
county. 


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92 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION'. 


Vergrnncs  has  a  liim  silvitiou  on  Oiler  cirrk,  seven  iniloij 
from  Luki'  Champlaiii.  'J'lio  crcok  at  tins  placu  i^  .lOO  feet  wide, 
and  at  tlie  falls  is  separated  by  two  islands,  wlix'li  form  three 
distinct  I'alls  of  .'^7  feet.  These  ])ro(hice  a  f^reat  hydraulic  j)o\ver, 
rendered  valuable  hy  bein;;  situated  in  tht^  heart  of  a  fertile  coun- 
try, and  in  the  vicinity  of  tiie  lake,  and  will  be  much  increased 
in  value  by  the  opening  of  the  Rutland  Railroad.  From  Ver- 
jrennes  the  railroad  is  carried  alonjr  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain  to  Rurlinirton,  and  from  thenco  it  will  unite  with 
Montreal.     (For  description  of  liurlinj^ton,  see  Index.) 

PETERBORO'  AND  SHIRLEY  RAILROAD.— This  road,  cx- 
tendinor  from  the  Fitchbur<r  road,  in  Groton,  to  West  Townsend, 
was  opened  in  the  fall  of  18  17,  and  is  V2\  miles  in  lenirth. 

Fkom  Boston  to  VV.  Tow.nskm). — Over  the  Filchburg  Rail- 
road to  (rruton,  37  miles,  Fare  UO  cents;  S(juannacook,  41, 
$1.0.5  ;  Townsend  Harbor,  15,  and  Townsend  Centre,  47,  J^1.20  ; 
W.  Townsend,  41),  }B  1.25.      ■ 

WILTON  RAILROAD.— This  road  has  been  laid  out  by  the 
railroad  commissioners  as  far  as  South  Merrimack,  a  distance 
from  Nashua  of  five  miles.  It  will  bo  continued  to  Wilton  and 
Peterboro',  and  perhaps  ultimately  to  Keene,  there  intersecting 
the  roads  from  Canada. 


THE  VERMONT  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  10.) 

Tiiis  road,  which  is  rapidly  proj^ressing  towards  completion,  is 
properly  un  extension  of  the  Northern  Railroad  from  Concord, 
after  it  has  passed  through  New  Hampshire,  and  across  the  Con- 
necticut at  Lebanon.  Its  route  is  up  the  valley  of  White  river 
to  Bethel,  28  miles,  thence  ascending  by  one  of  its  branches  to 
Roxbury,  a  further  distance  of  IG  miles,  meeting  no  serious  obsta- 
cle to  its  construction,  and  with  no  considerable  ascent  in  its  gr''d'\ 
From  Roxbury  it  has  an  easy  descent  along  the  banks  oi  Dog 
river,  through  Northfield  to  Montpelier,  14  miles,  to  which  places 


CONNECTICUT  AND  I'ASSUMPSIC  RIVERS  RAILROAD. 


93 


it  will  bo  open  for  travel  durinjj  the  summer  of  1848.  From 
Montpelier  it  passcvS  down  the  Winooski  or  Onion  river  to  Bur- 
liiijrton,  45  miles.  The  same  company  are  constructinjr  a  branch 
road  from  the  mouth  of  White  river,  down  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Connecticut,  crossing  this  river  into  New  Hampshire,  a  short  dis- 
tance below  Windsor,  and  by  the  Sullivan  county  company  is 
being  extended  throu|rh  Charleslown,  and  unitiuj^  with  the  Chesh- 
ire road  near  Bellows  P'alls.  From  Burlinjrtoii,  a  railroad  run- 
nin^r  along  the  e.  shore  of  Luke  Champlain,  and  into  Canada, 
will  unite  the  Central  Railroad  with  Montreal. 

Mimtpclier,  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire,  is  situated  very 
near  the  centre  of  the  state.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills  of  consid- 
erable elevation  ;  and  although  it  is  too  low  to  command  an  ex- 
tensive prospect,  it  is  very  pleasant,  and  quite  romantic  in  its 
appearance.  It  is  a  great  thoroughfare  from  all  directions,  and 
commands  a  largo  and  valuable  trade.  (For  Burlington,  see 
Index.) 


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CONNEOTIOUT  AND   PASSUMPSTC   RIVERS    RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  10  ) 

This  new  route  will  extend  from  the  mouth  of  White  river,  in 
Hartford,  Vt.,  opposite  the  town  of  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  following  up 
the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  rivers,  to  the  north 
line  of  the  state  at  Derby. 

The  valley  of  the  above  rivers  n.  of  the  White,  forms  the  nat- 
ural business  centre,  and  the  outlet  of  one  of  the  best  agricultural 
districts  in  New  England,  abounding  also  with  available  water- 
power  to  any  desirable  extent.  Numerous  business  villages,  and 
some  of  considerable  importance,  are  located  upon  the  immediate 
line  of  this  road  within  the  first  75  miles. 

The  construction  of  40  miles  of  the  Connecticut  and  Passump- 
sic Rivers  Railroad,  between  the  mouth  of  White  river  and  the 
village  of  Wells  River,  is  now  rapidly  going  forward,  and  it  is  to 
be  completed  early  in  the  fall  of  1848.  At  the  Canada  line  it 
will  connect  with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Canada  Railroad,  lead- 
ing thence  to  Montreal.  This  road,  which  is  to  extend  from  this 
city  through  the  eastern  townships  to  the  line,  has  been  com- 


i.1    > 


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94 


IIAILIIOAD  AND  STKAMDOAT  COMPANION. 


F^- 


menced  from  Montroal  to  Aotoii,  45  miles,  ami  is  to  be  completed 
ill  1848.  The  con.striictiou  of  the  rcmuiniiij^  distance  to  the  line 
will  he  prosecuted  suhseipi^nlly,  coincident  with  the  work  on  the 
Vermont  side  of  the  line.  The  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Rail- 
road Co.  is  authorized  to  construct  a  branch  from  u  point  below 
Sherbrooke  to  connect  their  railroad  with  the  city  of  Quebec. 
Sherbrooko  is  30  miles  from  the  norlhfrn  terminus  of  the  (Con- 
necticut and  Passumpsi(!  Rivers  Railroad,  and  the  point  fur  the 
intersection  of  tl»e  Quel)ec  branch  is  n(>arly  e(piid;stant  from 
Quebec  and  ^Montreal,  about  80  miles. 

The  completion  of  ll  esc  roads  will  form  almost  a  direct  lino 
of  communication  from  Huston  to  Quebec  and  Montreal,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  lines  in  ihe  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  will 
o|)en  a  new  thoroujjlifary  bitwcen  New  Vork  city  and  the  above 
iujportant  places  in  Canada:  for  a  descr;j)l:on  of  which,  kco 
the  Index. 


■a, 


.i 


OLD    COLONY    RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  12.) 

This  road  was  opened  for  travel  on  the  19th  of  Nov.  1845,  and 
extends  from  the  South  Cove  in  Boston  to  Plymouth,  37  miles. 
It  is  designed  to  extend  it  through  Sandwicli  to  Barnstable  on 
Cape  Cod,  a  further  distance  of  28  miles.  The  cost  of  this  road 
was  ^1,397,058.  The  depot  in  Boston  is  at  the  corner  of  Kneel- 
and  and  South  sts.,  where  tickets  are  procured  before  taking 
seats  in  the  cars.  Stages  and  other  conveyances  are  always  in 
attendance  to  convey  passengers  to  or  from  the  depot,  or  to  any 
part  of  the  city.     Faj'e  25  cents  each  person. 

The  DoKciiESTER  AND  MiLTox  TRAINS  Icavc  Bostou  fivo  tiuics 
daily  :  the  arrangement  is  similar  from  those  places  to  Boston. 

Dorchester,  four  miles  from  Boston,  lies  on  Dorchester  Bay, 
in  Boston  harbor.  It  is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation, — fruits, 
vegetables,  and  flowers  being  raised  here  in  great  abundance. 
This  town,  in  consequence  of  the  facilities  for  reaching  Boston, 
has  become  a  fa^'orite  place  of  residence  for  many  of  its  citizens. 
Fare  12  cents. 


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NfffnmH  Vitluirr,  sitiiatrd  in  llio  town  of  l>or('hostor,  Ih  oh 
tlio  N«'iH)iist't  river,  nr-:ir  its  nioiitli.  It  lius  cousiderublo  Irudo, 
uiul  the  ]H)|)iihition  is  rapidly  iiinrcasiii^. 

Qiiinry,  t>ijjr|it,  miles  tVoiii  Hoston,  is  sitiiatrd  on  Qiiiiiry  Hay, 
ill  IJostoii  harbor.  The  villu^t  ,  which  is  huilt  mi  an  «'|«ivatt'd 
plain,  is  roriiarkahio  for  its  nratin'ss  and  bounty.  The  aneestral 
estate  of  the  Q  lincy  family,  one  of  the  most  beantifnl  residences 
in  New  Enjrland,  is  in  this  town.  In  a  chnrch  in  the  village, 
erected  in  18:28,  at  a  cost  of  >j5 10,001),  is  a  beantifid  monument 
to  the  memory  of  John  Adams  and  his  wile.  'I'liis  town  siipj)lies 
the  "  (^nin(;y  jrranite,"  jioted  for  its  diirabilily  and  beauty.  Im- 
mense quantities  are  annually  (juarried  and  sent  to  various  parts 
of  the  U.  States.  JJy  means  of  u  railroad  from  the  (piarries  to 
Neponset  river,  this  material  is  transported  at  a  small  cost.  Fare 
from  Jioston,  27)  cents. — .V.  lirnintrcc,  lOj)  miles,  30  cents  ;  iS. 
Jirahitrcc,  1 1  i,  '.V.]  coi»ts  ;  S.  W'cipnoiilh,  1."),  10  centjj ;  N.  Ahing- 
toii,  18,  45  cents;  Ahin^lon,  I'Ji,  50  cents;  *S'.  Ahimjlun,  21, 
5.")  cents  ;  N.  H<iiis'oii,  'S.i\,  0.3  cents;  Ilansmi,  2l|,  G5  cents; 
Pli/mptnii,  30,  80  cents  ;  Kin^rsfon,  IV.i,  liO  cents, 

Flyrnuitth,  'M  miles  k.  e.  from  Boston,  is  celebrated  as  bein!r 
the  lundinjT. place  of  the  "  Pdj^rims,"'  who  disend)arke(l  here  on 
the  22d  of  Dec.  1020.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  New  Kn^rhmd. 
Pilgrim  Hall,  the  buddini^  most  wortliy  of  notice,  contains  ;i 
valuablo  painting  representing  the  landiuj^  of  the  Piljjrims  from 
the  "  May  Flower."  It  is  1.3  by  IG  feet,  and  is  valued  at  $3,000. 
The  cabinet  of  the  I'iljrrim  Society  contains  many  valuable  an- 
tiquities. From  BuryinfT  Hill,  in  the  rear  of  the  town,  which  is 
elevated  100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  a  fine  view  of  the 
village,  the  harbor,  and  shipping  beyond,  with  the  coast  for  some 
inilcs  in  extent.  "  Plymouth  Rock,"  a  deeply  interesting  spot  to 
New  Englanders,  is  near  the  termination  of  Leyden-st.  The 
town  contains  about  200  ponds :  the  largest,  called  the  Billing- 
ton  Sea,  is  about  six  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  situated  two 
miles  s.  w.  of  the  village,  and  contains  a  good  supply  of  pickerel 
and  perch.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Fhtmoiith,  5$  1.00:  usual  time 
If  hours.  Stages  convey  passenger.i  from  Plymouth  to  Barn- 
stable, 28  miles,  and  to  other  places  on  Capo  Cod.  Stages  also 
leave  Kingston   for  Duxbujy,  three  miles  distant.      Stages  will 


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96 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


also  be  found  at  most  of  tho  depots  on  the  route  to  carry  to  any 
of  tlie  neighboring  towns  or  villages. 

THE  BRIDGEWATER  BRANCH,  six  and  a  half  miles  in 
length,  connects  with  the  Old  Colony  road  at  S.  Abington,  and 
passes  from  thence  through  North vi lie  and  E.  Bridgewater  to 
Bridiicivatcr,  27^  miles  from  Boston.     Fare  65  cents. 

THE  SOUTH  SHORE  RAILROAD  commences  at  the  Old  Col- 
ony Railroad  in  Qiiincy,  and  will  pass  through  the  towns  of 
Ilingham,  Cohas.-et,  Scituate,  and  Marshfield,  to  tho  town  of 
L)uxl)ury,  a  distance  of  22  miles.  This  road  as  far  as  Cohasset 
is  under  contract,  and  the  work  of  construction  is  going  rapidly 
forward. 

Ilingham,  a  pleasant  town  situated  on  Boston  harbor,  lies  12 
miles  E.  of  Boston  by  water,  and  14  by  land.  It  is  also  five  miles 
8.  w.  from  Nantasket  Beach,  and  an  equal  distance  from  Cohas- 
set village.  It  is,  during  tho  summer  months,  an  agreeable  place 
of  resort  for  the  people  of  Boston,  and  also  for  strangers  visiting 
that  city.  The  ride  by  steamboat  through  Boston  harbor,  and 
the  passage  among  the  many  beautiful  islands,  is  truly  deliglitful. 
The  scenery  from  tho  hills  in  tho  village  present  fine  and  exten- 
sive views  of  the  bay  and  surrounding  country.  A  steamboat 
plies  regularly  between  Hingham  and  Boston,  making  three  trips 
daily  during  the  summer  months.  Fare  25  cents.  The  Old 
Colony  House,  an  excellent  hotel,  is  within  a  short  distance  of 
tho  steamboat  landing. 

Cohasset,  five  miles  from  Ilingham,  is  of  easy  access  from  tho 
latter  place.  The  situation  being  cool  and  refreshing  of  a  hot 
summer's  day,  large  numbers  are  attracted  thither.  The  bathing, 
fishing,  and  marine  scenery  aro  equal  to  any  on  the  coast. 

In  the  s.  part  of  the  town  of  Marshfield  is  situated  the  Hon. 
Daniel  Webster's  country  seat:  it  lies  12  miles  n.  from  Plymouth, 
in  full  view  of  the  open  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by  highly  cultivated 
grounds, 

Duxhury,  a  maritime  town,  is  six  miles  n.  from  Plymouth  and 
30  s.  E.  from  Boston.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  elevated  ground, 
and  commands  a  view  of  tho  ocean.     At  present  the  most  con- 


".  I 


FALL  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


97 


vcuieut  way  of  reaching  this  place  from  Bo>itoii  is  by  the  Old 
Colony  Railroad  to  Kinr^ston,  and  thenno  by  stajjc  to  Dnxbury, 
three  miles. 


e  Hon. 
mouth, 
Itivated 

ith  and 
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FALL  RIVER   RAILROAD. 

This  road  extends  from  the  Old  Colony  at  S.  Braintree,  11^ 
inilos  from  Boston,  to  the  town  of  Fall  River.  It  is  42  miles  in 
length,  and  cost  {*^l,Or)0,OOU,  or  ,^25,000  per  mile.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  184G. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Fall  River. — Trains  leave  the  Old 
Colony  depot,  Boston,  daily,  passing  over  that  road  to  ^S*.  Brain- 
tree,  (see  Map  No.  12  ;)  from  thence  to  Randolph,  15  miles,  Fare 
35  cents  ;  to  E.  Stoughton,  17,  40  cents  ;  to  N.  Bridgeicater, 


20, 


50 


cents ;  to  E.  and  W.  Bridgeivatcr,  25,   GO  cents ;   to 


Bridgewater,  27,  65  cents,  (now  see  Map  No.  11  ;)  Titicut,  31, 
70  cents  ;  Middleboro' ,  35,  80  cents ;  Myrick^s  Station,  42, 
$1.00;  Assonet  or  Freetown,  45,  $1.10  ;  Terry's,  47^,  ,*$1.20  ; 
Somerset,  48^,  $1.25  ;  Fall  River,  53,  $1.35. 

Fall  River,  a  flourishing  and  important  manufacturing  town, 
is  situated  on  the  falls  of  the  outlet  of  the  Watuppa  Ponds,  at  the 
junction  of  the  stream  with  Taunton  river,  and  near  Mount 
Hope  Bay.  Tliese  ponds  contani  about  5,000  acres,  being  11 
miles  long,  and,  on  an  average,  about  one  mile  broad.  They  are 
produced  by  deep,  never-failing  springs,  and  are  two  miles  e.  of 
the  village.  The  descent  of  the  river  is  136  feet  in  a  regular 
volume  of  water,  not  liable  to  excess  or  diminution,  and  adequate 
to  heavy  manufacturing  operations.  The  harbor  of  Fall  River  is 
safe,  and  of  easy  access,  and  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
ships  of  the  largest  class.  Several  vessels  from  this  port  are  en- 
gaged in  the  whale-fishery,  and  many  others  are  employed  in 
the  coasting  trade.  The  principal  business  of  the  place  consists 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  wool,  machinery,  stoves,  the  print- 
ing of  calico,  &c.  The  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  wholly  operated  by  steam,  is  on  a  very  largo  scale,  employ- 
ing between  400  and  500  hands,  and  using  up  about  30  tons  of 
pig  and  hoop  iron  per  day.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

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98 


llAILKOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


On  Sunday,  July  2(1,  1843,  Full  River  was  visited  by  a  de- 
structive fire,  in  which  2U0  buildings,  including  the  Pocasset  Hotel, 
a  splendid  structure,  were  consumed.  The  loss  oi  property  was 
estimated  at  upwards  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 

There  are  regular  stage  routes  to  New  Bedford,  Taunton, 
Bristol,  and  Providence.  There  is  also  a  steamboat  line  to  the 
latter  place,  a  distance  of  28  miles,  which  plies  daily,  each  way. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Nkw  York  via  Fall  River  and  New- 
port.— Passengers  take  the  cars  in  Boston,  at  the  Old  Colony 
depot,  corner  of  Kneeland  and  South  sts.  (For  the  route  to  Fall 
River,  see  page  97.)  At  Fall  River  the  railroad  from  Boston  ter- 
minates, and  passengers  are  conveyed  from  thence  in  one  of  the 
s]!lendid  steamers  bclongiug  to  this  line,  through  Narragansctt 
Bay  (see  Map  No.  14)  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  18  miles  distant,  where 
the  steamer  stops  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  and  are  con- 
veyed from  thence  round  Point  Judith,  and  through  Long  Island 
Sound  (see  Map  No.  15)  and  the  East  River,  passing  over  the 
boiling  waters  of  "  Hurl  Gate,"  to  the  city  of  New  York,  arri- 
ving at  an  early  hour  the  next  morning  ;  distant  from  Boston, 
23G  miles.  Fare  $5.00  ;  state-room  $1.00  extra.  (For  city  of 
New  York,  see  Index.) 

Newport,  one  of  the  towns  where  the  state  legislature  holds 
itw  sessions,  is  situated  on  Rhode  Island,  (the  island  from  which 
the  name  of  the  state  is  derived,)  in  Narragansctt  Bay,  and  is, 
by  the  channel,  5  miles  from  the  sea,  30  miles  s.  e.  from  Provi- 
dence, 71  from  Boston,  and  165  from  New  York.  Tlie  harbor, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  is  safe,  and  accessible  by  ships  of 
the  largest  class.  The  town,  lying  on  ground  gradually  risii^g 
from  the  water,  has  a  beautiful  site  facing  the  harbor,  in  a  south- 
easterly direction.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  salubrity  of  its  climate, 
its  cooling  ocean  breezes,  and  its  fine  views,  which  have  made  it 
a  favorite  resort  during  the  summer  season.  Visiters  and  inva- 
lids will  here  find  every  accommodation,  either  at  hotels  or  board- 
ing-houses. Sea-bathing,  fishing,  sailing,  and  riding,  are  the 
chief  amusements.  In  the  waters  in  this  vicinity  there  are  about 
GO  different  kinds  of  fin  and  shell  fish,  which  are  taken  in  great 
abundance. 


\EW  BEDFORD  AND  TAUNTON  RAILROAD. 


99 


CAPE    COD  BRANCH    RAILROAD. 

This  road  leaves  the  Old  Colony  at  Middleboro'  Four  Corners, 
and  extends  15|  miles  to  the  villa<re  of  Ajrawani,  situated  a  short 
distance  from  Buzzard's  Bay,  Mass.  It  will,  during  the  suininer 
of  1848,  be  opened  to  Sandwich. 

Route  fkom  Bosro.x. — From  the  depot  of  the  Old  Colony  Rail- 
road to  Middleboro',  .35  miles.  Fare  80  cents ;  to  Rock  Meeting- 
Ilouse,  38^,95  cents;  S.  Middleboro',  4:2^,  $1.10;  W.  Ware- 
hani,  4G,  $1.^0  ;  Wurehani,  4!),^,  $1.25  ;  Agawam,  50^,  1^1.3.3. 

Warcham,  at  the  head  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  is  favorably  situated 
fi>r  trade  and  commerce.  Its  harbur  is  safe  for  vessels  drawing 
lr2  feet  of  water:  240  coasting  vc  :>tls  arrived  here  in  1844, 
bringing  and  taking  away  50,001;  tons  of  merchandise.  There 
were  also  belonging  to  this  port  three  ships  and  three  brigs  en- 
gaged in  the  whaling  business,  -t  an  outfit  of  e$  1.3 1,000.  In  the 
town  of  VVareham  are  several  ponds  containing  a  great  variety 
of  fish,  whilst  the  shores  abound  with  oysters,  lobsters,  clams,  &c., 
and  the  forests  with  game.  This  and  the  adjoining  lowus  aflbrd 
a  great  field  for  the  sportsman. 


TAUNTON  BRANCH  RAILPOAD,  AND  NEW  BEDFORD  AND 

TAUNTON  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  11.) 

The  former  of  these  leaves  the  Providence  Railroad  at  Mans- 
field, and  extends  to  Taunton,  11  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel 
in  1836,  and  cost  $250,000.  The  latter  road  is  a  continuation 
of  the  former  to  the  city  of  New  Bedford  :  it  was  opened  in  1840, 
is  20  miles  long,  and  cost  $400,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Taunton  and  Nkw  Brdford. — Pas- 
sengers by  this  route  will  take  the  cars  of  tiie  Providence  Rail- 
road at  their  depot  in  Boston,  near  the  foot  of  the  *'  Common," 
to  Mansfield,  25  miles,  (for  this  part  of  the  route,  see  page  102;) 
thence  to  Norton,  29,  Fare  70  cents  ;  Taunton,  3G,  75  cents  ; 
Myricks,  42,  $1.00  ;  New  Bedford,  56,  $1.50  :  usual  time  from 
Boston,  3  hours. 


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100 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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T., 


Taunton,  a  beautiful  town,  Is  situated  on  Mill  river,  at  its 
junction  with  Taunton  river.  The  latter  is  navij^ahle  to  Taun- 
ton for  vessels  of  small  draft,  and  affords  great  water-power.  The 
village,  in  the  centre  of  the  township,  contains  many  handsome 
public  and  private  buildings,  located  around  a  fine  enclosure, 
called  Taunton  Green,  a  public  walk  ornamented  with  trees. — 
The  Mount  Pleasant  Cemetery,  near  Taunton  Green,  is  laid  out 
in  a  tasteful  manner,  on  the  plan  of  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery, 
near  Boston. 

New  Beuford,  an  important  place  of  business,  and  port  of 
entry,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  Acushnet  river,  a  small  stream  whicli 
falls  into  an  estuary  of  Buzzard's  Bay.  It  is  situated  in  N.  Lat. 
41°  37'  43",  VV.  Long.  75°  59',  and  is  56  miles  from  Boston,  230 
from  New  York,  14  from  Fall  River,  and  55  from  Nantucket. 
Between  the  latter  place  and  New  Bedford  there  is  a  regular 
steamboat  communication. 

The  city  of  New  Bedford  is  built  upon  rising  ground,  and  the 
streets  are  laid  out  with  much  regularity,  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  The  buildings  are  mostly  of  wood,  although 
more  durable  materials  are  now  used  to  some  extent.  Many  of 
the  houses  are  neatly  surrounded  by  extensive  and  well-cultivated 
gardens,  and  the  streets  on  which  they  are  built  arc  bordered 
with  ornamental  trees.  Among  the  public  buildings  maybe  men- 
tioned the  Town  Hall,  Custom-House,  and  Court-House.  The 
former  is  a  magnificent  structure  of  granite,  100  feet  long,  60 
wide,  and  three  stories  high — the  lower  of  which  is  used  as  a 
public  market.  The  Custom-IIouse,  built  of  granite,  is  also  a 
fine  structure.  In  this  building  is  the  Post-Office.  The  Court- 
House  is  a  plain  structure,  built  of  brick.  The  County  Jail  and 
House  of  Correction  are  near  it. 

The  people  of  New  Bedford  are  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whale-fishery.  This  branch  of  trade  is,  however,  declining,  ow- 
ing io  the  diminution  of  profits.  We  copy  from  the  Whalemen's 
Shipping  List  of  New  Bedford  the  following  statistics  in  regard 
to  it : — Whole  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan. 
I,  1848,  617  ships  and  barks,  25  brigs,  and  17  schooners — 210,541 
tons.  Whole  number  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan.  1,  1847,  670 
ships  and  barks,  31  brigs,  50  schooners,  I  sloop — 230,218  tons: 


MILFORD  BRANCH — NORFOLK  COUNTY  RAILROAD. 


101 


fchowinjT  a  diinimUion  of  53  siiips  and  barks,  G  brii^H,  3  schooners, 
and  1  sloop — 1!),G77  tons.  Tho  popnlatiou  of  New  Bedford,  in 
1845,  was  15,0(10. 

A  steamhont,  runnin;r  in  oonnoction  with  tho  cars  from  Bo>!- 
ton,  leaves  liere  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  (on 
arrival  of  the  early  Irain,)  for  Nant ticket  :  time  five  hours,  and 
from  Boston  ei^^dit  hours.  A  boat  also  leaves  New  Bedford,  (on 
arrival  of  the  fust  train  from  Boston,)  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays, 
Fridays,  and  Saturdays,  for  Martha's  Vineyard,  WaoiVs  Hole, 
and  Holmes's  Hole.  Passengers  from  New  York  to  Stoninj^tou 
take  the  cars  for  New  Bedfcrrd,  and  arrive  at  Nantucket  by 
steamer  the  day  after. 

MILFORD  BRANCH  EAILROAD,  (See  Maps  Nos.  0  and  14  ) 
— This  is  a  branch  of  t!ie  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  opened 
in  Dec.  1847.  It  leaves  tliat  lino  at  S.  Framingham,  and  ex- 
tends to  Mil  ford  :   lenjrth  13  miles. 

From  Boston  to  Uolliston  and  ^Milford. — From  the  W^or- 
cester  Railroad  depot,  over  that  route  to  S.  Framingham,  21 
miles  ;  from  thence  to  Uolliston,  8  miles,  F.ire  70  cents  ;  and  to 
Milford,  5  miles  ;  total,  34  milers  Fare  $1.00. 

From  Boston  to  Deduam,  (see  INIap  No.  G.) — Passengers  by 
this  route  are  taken  over  the  Providence  Railroad  to  Low  Plain, 
eight  miles.  From  this  place  a  branch  runs  to  Dedham,  two 
miles,  a  very  pleasant  place,  and  the  conveniences  for  reachiujj 
it  from  Boston  make  it  a  desirable  residence.     Fare  25  cents. 


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THE  NORFOLK  COTTNTY  RAILROAD,  now  building,  begins 
at  Dedham,  and  is  carried  through  Walpole  to  Blackstone,  there 
intersecting  with  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad.  This 
road  forms  one  link  in  the  proposed  "  Air  Lino"  between  New 
York  and  Boston. 


P:      ?■' 


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102 


RAILROAD   AND    STEAMBOAT   C03irANI0N. 


■;'  i . 


s  I 


PROVIDENCE    AND   WORCESTER    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road,  which  extends  from  Providence,  R.  I.,  to  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  45  miles,  was  oj)cncd  to  Milhille,  on  Tuesday,  Sept. 
28tli,  1847,  and  to  Worcester,  on  the  25th  Oct.  following  ;  on 
which  occasion  a  train  of  20  cars  drawn  hy  two  locomotives,  and 
containing  1,500  j)t'rsons,  made  a  pleasure  trip  over  tlie  road, 
during  the  course  of  which  they  were  saluted  by  the  discharge 
of  artillery  along  the  whole  line,  and  were  received  at  Worcester 
with  every  demonstration  of  joy.     Cost  ^1,226,22.3.  ' 

From  PiiovinENCE  to  Worckstkr. — Trains  stop  at  Pawtuck- 
ct,  Central  Falls,Valley  Falh,  Lonsdale,  Ashton,  Albion, Man- 
ville,  Hamlet,  Woonsncket,  Woterford,  Blackstonc,  Millvillc, 
Uxhridge,  Whitin's  Northbridgc,  Farnumville,  Grafton,  Sut- 
ton, and  Millhury.  The  trains  arrive  in  Worcester  in  time  to 
connect  with  the  trains  for  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Albany  ; 
and  the  down  train  arrives  in  Providence  in  time  for  the  steam- 
boat Iraln  for  New  York. 


\\ 


BOSTON    AND   PROVIDENCE,  AND   STONINGTON 

RAILROADS. 

The  former  of  these  railroads,  which  connects  Boston  with 
Providence,  was  opened  in  18.34:  it  is  42  miles  long,  and  cost 
^1,928,G00.  The  latter  road,  which  is  properly  a  continuation 
of  the  above  to  the  head-waters  of  Long  Island  Sound,  was  com- 
pleted ill  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $1,920,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Providence. — Cars  leave  the  depot  in 
Boston  for  Providence  daily,  stopping  at  the  following  places  on 
the  route  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  (see  Map  No.  6 :) — Rox- 
bury,  two  miles,  Fare  10  cents.  This  place,  a  handsome  sub- 
urb of  Boston,  is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  abounds 
witn  beautiful  gardens  and  pleasure-grounds.  Omnibuses  ply 
regularly  between  this  city  and  Boston. — Jamaica  Plains,  four 
miles.  Fare  10  cents.  Jamaica  Pond,  in  this  vicinity,  is  a  de- 
lightful and  attractive  spot ;  the  cars  pass  within  a  short  distance 


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BOSTON  AND  PROVIDENCE  RAILKOAD. 


103 


of  it. —  Toll  Gate,  five  miles,  Fare  12  cents  ;  Ketineifs  Bridge, 
7  iiiilt's,  20  cents  ;  Dcdham  Low  Plain,  8  luilos,  20  cents. 

Canton*  (SCO  Map  No.  14)  is  14  miles  from  Huston,  Fare  40 
rents.  It  is  a  beuniifnlly  diversified  and  j»ietnres(|ne  town,  wa- 
tered by  the  Neponset  river,  which,  with  the  nnnierous  ponds 
ill  its  vicinity,  gives  it  an  extensive  water-power.  The  rail- 
road bridge,  which  crosses  the  river  at  Canton,  is  one  of  the 
Jiiicst  pieces  of  masonry  in  the  covmtry.  It  is  of  hewn  fjranitc, 
IS  t]l2  feet  lonjr,  and  elevated  (13  feet  above  tho  foundation,  rest- 
ing on  six  arches,  with  a  succession  of  arches  on  top.  Its  cost 
c.vcoeded  ,$90,000. 

Sharon,  eight  miles,  Fare  50  cents.  This  town  occupies  tho 
iiighest  land  between  Boston  and  Providence  :  its  natural  scenery 
IS  exceedingly  fine.  IMashapoug  Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water 
over  a  mile  in  length,  rests  upon  a  bed  of  iron  ore.  During  the 
low  stages  of  the  water,  the  ore  is  extracted  by  machines  made 
for  the  purpose.  Fishing  and  pleasure  parties  frequent  this  j)ond 
in  the  summer  soason. 

Foxhnrt),  21  miles,  Fare  56  cents.  This  place,  together  with 
Wrenlham,  the  latter  being  situated  off  the  line  of  the  railroad, 
is  noted  for  ihe  largo  quantities  of  cotton  and  straw  annually  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  bonnets.  In  the  last-nained  place  is  a 
curious  cavern,  called  Wanipuni's  Rock,  nine  feet  square  and 
eight  feet  high.  Wrentham  is  28  miles  from  Boston,  and  about 
bcven  w.  from  the  depot  at  Foxboro'. 

M'lnsjleld  m  25  miles  from  Boston  and  17  from  Providence. 
The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Railroad  here  joins  tho  Boston 
and  Providence.  Fare  from  Boston  70  cents. —  Tohetfs  Corner, 
27  miles,  Fare  60  cents;  Attleboro\f  31,  95  cents;  Seekonk, 
38,  ,$1.15. 

PaoviDENCK,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  and  the  semi-capital  of 
Rhode  Island,  is  situated  in  41°  4!)'  22"',  N.  Lat.,  and  71°  24'  48", 
VV'.  Long-,  and  is,  next  to  Boston,  tho  second  city  in  New  Eng- 
land for  population  and  trade.     It  is  42  miles  s.  s.  w.  from  Boston, 

*  Stoughton  Branch  runs  from  this  depot  to  Stoughton  Centre,  four 
miles. 

t  From  this  station,  a  brunch  road,  four  miles  long,  runs  to  the  Prov- 
;d£nce  and  Worcester  road  at  Valley  Falls. 


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104 


RAILHOAD  AND  STEAM  Il'JAT  COMl'AMON. 


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III  /'• 


173  K.  from  New  V'ork,  30  n.  from  Xcwport,  f*.")  n.  e.  from  Now 
London,  45  h.  k.  from  ^^'orcf»slrr,  and  70  k.  from  IlMrtford,  Conn, 
The  ])o|)nliition  in  IH  10  was  upwards  of  :lVJ,OI)0.  TIu^  city  is  hnilt 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  is  connrctod  l»y  wide  and  substan- 
tial brid^ji'cs.  On  tlio  k.  sid<i  aro  threo  principal  strrofs,  nninini; 
parallel  willi  the  river — Water,  Main,  and  llenetit  streets.  On 
Main-st.  stand  a  nnndier  ol  pnhli?  biiildinixs,  and  n»any  ejc^rant 
brick  edifices.  On  this  side  of  the  river  the  land,  rises  abriiplly, 
and  Ino  cro.ss  streets  have  a  ste«'p  ascent.  JJenetit-st.  has  an 
elevated  situation,  and  ea.st  of  it  the  city  is  laid  out  with  much 
regularity,  tho  streets  generally  runninf^  in  an  k.  and  w.  direction, 
crossed  by  others  nearly  at  right  an<,deK.  On  the  hill,  overlook- 
ing the  city,  is  IJrown  University,  a  l)iij)tist  Insiitntion,  established 
in  1770.  From  this  place  there  is  u  (leliiihtful  view  of  the  city, 
with  a  great  extent  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Among  tho  |)ublic  buildings  an^  a  State-IIonse,  City  Hull. 
Hospital,  Jaii,  State  Prison,  C'listom-IIouse,  Atbeiuouni,  the 
buildings  of  Hrown  University,  a  'riieutre,  and  a  number  of 
Churches.  The  Arcade,  ono  of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind 
in  the  com»try.  Is  on  the  w.  sidM  of  the  river,  and  fronts  on  tno 
streets,  extending  from  Wrybosset-st.  on  ono  front,  to  Westnim 
ster-st.  on  tho  other,  with  a  Hue  Doric  portico  on  oaci).  It  is '2i2.") 
feet  long,  80  feet  broad,  and  7'J  feet  high,  (divided  into  three  sto- 
rief ,  containing  upwards  of  bO  shops,  the  whole  lighted  by  a  glas.s 
roof.  It  is  built  of  granite,  and  was  completed  in  1828,  having 
cost  $130,000. 

Tho  citizens  of  Providence  have  long  been  celebrated  for 
their  conniiercial  spirit,  and  their  large  investments  of  capital  in 
foreign  connnerce  ;  but  of  late  years,  much  of  it  has  been  di- 
verted to  the  pursuit  of  domestic  manufactures.  The  amount 
of  capital  invested  in  manufacturing  establishments,  within  as 
well  as  without  the  city,  is  very  great.  The  manufactures  con- 
sist chiefly  of  cotton  goods,  steam-engines,  machinery,  and  cop- 
per, brass,  iron,  and  tin  wares. 

Lines  of  packets  ply  regularly  to  New  York,  Albany,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Baltimore.  The  lilackstone  Canal  extends  from 
Providence  to  Worcester,  45  miles,  passing  through  numerous 
manufacturing  towns   and   villages  scattered   along   the  whole 


I 


Ml     ; 


PROVIDENCE  AM)  ST()MN<;TftN  HAILHOAD. 


105 


courso  of  HlackHtoiu'  Jiiid  I'liwtuckt't  rivers.  Furc  from  UusioHt 
jjll.iJS:  usual  tinir  j2  /iouik. 

Slriimhonts  riiu  from  I'n^vidriinr  to  Fall  Itivcr,  and  also  from 
tlio  former  place  to  Newport.     Usual  fare  50  rents. 

Staires  leave  the  Alamifactiircrs'  Hotel,  IVovidenee,  f(»r  planes 

in  Illiodo  Island,  Connecticut,  and  .Massachusetts.    Fareio  l*inn- 

f'rct  Depot   and    IJnniclsourillp,   Conn.,   )8(l.()l);    to  lldrtfardf 

."$.'}.0O,  (stoppini^  at  the  intermediate  towns  ;)  to  JSurwich,  }j{$  1.(15  ; 

10  l^fw  London,  .$"J.I)0. 

A  charter  has  heeu  obtained  for  constructing,'  a  railroad  iVom 
Trovidence,  II.  I.,  to  \\'illimantic,  in  Windham  county,  ('onn., 
and  from  thence  to  Hartford,  an«l  from  the  latter  place  to  l''ish- 
kill,  on  the  Hudson  river,  o{)posite  the  Newhnr^r  branch  of  tho 
New  York  and  Krie  Railroad.  At  Willimantic,  it  will  connect 
with  tho  one  (alwut  to  bo  built)  from  New  liondon,  Cunn.,  to  the 
Western  Railroad,  Alass.,  at  Palmer  d<'j)()t. 

From  Pkovidenck  to  Stom.ngtox,  (see  Map  No.  14.*) — To 
Warwick,  5  nnles,  12  cents  ;  Ajiponauir,  9,  25  cents  ;  Green- 
tticli,  12,  IJ5  cents  ;  Wick  ford,  \^,  55  cents;  Kiuisston,  2^),  15 
cents;  Kiclimond, 'M,  00  cenls  ;  C/iarlcslouut,'.i^,i'j^l.\0  ',  Wcs- 
lerlij,  42,  i^l.'M  ;  Sloninglon,  4S,  $1.30. 

Waritick,  an  important  manufaclurinj^  town  in  Rhode  Island, 
ts  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Narraijanset  Bav,  six  miles  from 
I'rovidence.  From  some  of  the  elevations  hero,  a  lar{re  part  of 
the  state  and  the  bay  can  bo  seen  in  clear  weather. — Apponaug 
village,  in  its  south  part,  is  on  a  branch  of  Narraganset  Bay, 
and  has  a  good  harbor,  a  mile  distant,  for  vessels  of  any  size,  and 
those  of  from  20  to  50  tons  come  up  to  the  village.  A  mile  from 
Apponaug  is  "  Drum  Rock,"  a  huge  rock  so  perfectly  balanced 
nj)on  another,  that  a  boy  14  years  of  age  can  .set  it  in  motion, 
causing  a  noise  more  sonorous  than  tiiat  of  a  drum,  and  which 
in  a  still  evening  may  bo  heard  a  distance  of  six  or  eight  miles. 
This  curiosity  is  much  visited  in  the  summer  season. — Paictuxet 
Village,  m  Warwick  township,  at  the  month  of  Pawtuxet  river, 
lour  miles  s.  from  Providence,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods,  which  is  here  extensively  carried  on. 

*  The  distances  on  the  map  are  from  Boston. 


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106 


RArLIlOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ll 


Stnnington,  Conn.,  is  sitiiat*^!  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Longf 
Island  Sound.  Bt-in":  the  tt-rmination  of  the  railroad  from  Provi- 
dence,  it  is  an  imj)ortant  point  on  this  route,  between  New  York 
and  Boston.  Its  harbor  is  well  })rott'cted  by  a  breakwater,  made 
by  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  ,$50,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Providence  and 
Stonington. — Travellers  by  this  route  will  take  the  splendid  cars 
of  this  hij^Iily  important  and  wcll-manaired  t borough lare,  at  the 
Providence  depot  in  Boston,  and  are  thence  conveyed  over  the 
railroad  to  Providence  and  Stonington,  see  pages  10:2,  105.  The 
cars  in  future  will  go  through  direct,  either  way,  without  the 
interruption  of  crossing  the  ferry  at  Providence  :  a  branch  road 
now  extends  arouiul  the  head  of  the  Cove,  uniting  the  Stoning- 
ton and  Providence  railroads.  At  Stonington,  (see  Map  No. 
15.)  passengers  take  the  steamboat,  and  are  conveyed  thence 
through  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  East  River  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  arriving  there  early  the  next  morning.  Fare  from 
Boston  to  New  York,  ^5.00  ;  deck  passage,  ^3.50 :  time  about 
12  hours. 


•ir 


H: 


NORWICH    AND   WORCESTER    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road  extends  from  Norwicli,  Conn.,  to  Worcester,  Mass., 
where  it  unites  with  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Bftston  to  Albany, 
and  also  with  those  pervading  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont.  This  line,  including  the  branch  to  Allyn's  Point,  is 
Gfi  miles  in  length  :  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  1839,  and  cost 
.$2,400,000. 

Route  from  Worcester  to  Norwich. — To  Auburn,  5  miles, 
Fare  10  cents;  Oxford,  12,  25  cents;  Webster,  16,  35  cents; 
Fishersrille,  22,  50  cents  ;  Thompson,  25,  60  cents ;  Pomfret 
Depot,  ^2S,  63  cents;  Dai/'^'rille,  32,75  cents;  Danielsotiville, 
35,  85  cents  ;  Central  Village,  40,  $\M  ;  Plainfield,  43,  $1.10  ; 
Jewett  City,  49,  $1.25  ;  Norwich,  59,  $150;  Allyn's  Point, 
66,  $1.75. 

Stages  leave  Central  Village  for  Providence,  on  Tuesdays, 


NORWICH  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


107 


Thursdays,  and  Saturdays  ;  aKso  from  DanielsonvUlc,  ou  Mon- 
days, Wednesdays,  and  Fridayn.     Fare  01.25. 

Norwich  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames 
river,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Shetucket  and  Yantic  rivers, 
whoso  united  waters  constitute  the  Tlmmes.  It  is  13  miles  n. 
from  New  London,  38  s.  k.  from  Hartford,  38  s.  w.  from  Provi- 
dence, and  50  n.  e.  from  New  Haven.  The  city  is  built  on  a 
Ktocj)  acchvity  facing  the  s.,  the  liou.ses  rising  in  terraces,  street 
Id'vond  street,  and  as  approached  from  the  s.  in  coming  up  the 
river,  it  exhibits  one  of  the  n)ost  beautiful  and  interesting  views 
on  the  route.  Tlie  falls  at  Yajdicville,  a  flourishing  manufac- 
turing village  about  a  mile  from  Norwicii,  are  a  curiosity,  being 
siiigidarly  wild  and  picturesque.  From  a  high  projecting  rock 
which  overhangs  the  foot  of  these  falls,  the  IMohegan  Indians 
formerly  plunged  to  destruction,  wlien  pursued  by  the  Narragan- 
s«'lts,  preferring  thus  to  perish  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  their 
enemies.  About  a  mile  e.  of  Norwich  is  the  flourishing  manu- 
lacturing  village  of  Greenville,  situated  on  Shetucket  river.  A 
dam  across  the  river  at  this  place  furnishes  a  large  amount  of 
water-power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Paper  is  made  here 
to  a  great  extent. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Worcester  and  Nor- 
wich.— Passengers  leaving  Boston  by  this  route,  take  the  cars  of 
the  Worcester  Railroad  at  the  depot  on  Beach-st.,  opposite  the 
United  States  Hotel,  whence  they  arc  conveyed  to  Worcester, 
44  miles,  (see  Boston  and  Worcester  route,  page  73  ;)  thence  to 
Norwich,  Conn.,  59  miles  ;  and  thence  to  Allyn's  Point,  7  mih-s 
further,  a  distance  from  Boston  of  110  miles,  (see  Norwich  and 
Worcester  route,  page  lOG.)  From  Allyn's  Point,  the  traveller 
is  conveyed  in  a  splendid  and  commodious  steamer  io  New  York, 
128  miles,  (arriving  there  early  the  next  morning,)  which,  on  its 
way  down  the  river  Thanies,  stops  at  New  London  to  land  and 
receive  passengers.  The  total  distance  from  Boston  to  New  York 
by  this  route  is  238  miles :  time  13  hours.  (For  map  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  see  No.  15.)     Fare  through  05.00  ;  deck,  03.50. 

New  London  is  admirably  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Thames,  about  three  miles  n.  of  the  Sound.     It  is  13  miles  s. 


n\ 


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108 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


li 


S  '.•, 


from  Norwich,  42  s.  e.  from  Hartford,  54  e.  of  New  Haven,  and 
120  from  New  York.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  U. 
States,  with  water  of  sufficient  depth  for  the  largest  vessels,  and 
is  seldom  frozen.  The  city  is  defended  by  forts  Trumbull  and 
Griswold,  the  former  being  on  the  New  London  side  of  the  river, 
a  mile  below  the  city,  and  the  latter  on  the  opposite  side,  on  an 
eminence  overlooking  the  city  of  New  London. 

A  few  years  after  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  mer- 
chants of  New  London  turned  their  attention  to  the  whale  and 
seal  fisheries,  which  have  become  an  important  branch  of  com- 
merce. About  ^2,000,000  are  invested  in  this  trade.  There  is 
also  a  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  shore  fisheries,  which 
supply  the  markets  of  New  York,  and  most  of  the  neighboring 
cities,  with  fish. 

On  the  6th  of  Sept.  1781,  a  largo  portion  of  New  London  was 
laid  in  ashes  by  the  British,  under  the  traitor  Arnold.  Fort  Gris- 
wold  was  captured,  and  great  part  of  the  garrison  put  to  the  sword. 
A  granite  obelisk,  125  feet  high,  erected  near  the  spot,  commem- 
orates the  event ;  and  on  a  tablet  are  inscribed  the  names  of  those 
who  fell  on  that  occasion.  During  the  last  war  New  London 
was  blockaded  for  some  time  by  a  British  squadron  under  Com- 
modore Hardy. 


f    » 


THE  NEW  LONDON  AND  WILLIMANTIO  RAILROAD 
will  extend  from  the  harbor  of  New  London  to  Willimantic,  28 
miles,  and  from  thence  to  Palmer  depot,  Mass.,  on  the  Western 
Railroad,  35  miles  further.  At  Willimantic,  it  will  unite  with  a 
railroad,  about  to  be  built,  from  that  village  to  Hartford,  which  is 
also  to  be  extended  e.  from  Willimantic  to  Providence,  and  w. 
from  Hartford  to  Fishkill,  opposite  the  Newburg  branch  of  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad. 


ROUTI  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


109 


DAY   LINE    FROM  BOSTON   TO   NEW  YORK    VIA   SPRING- 
FIELD,   HARTFORD,  AND  NEW    HAVEN. 

Passengers  preferring  day  travel  between  these  two  cities,  will 
avail  themselves  of  the  above  route.  The  steamboat  train  leaves 
Boston  from  the  Worcester  depot,  Beach-st.,  at  7  a.  m.,*  whence 
we  are  conveyed  over  the  Worcester  and  the  Western  railroads 
to  Springfield,  9S  miles,  (see  this  route  at  page  77  ;)  thence  to 
Hartford,  124  miles,  and  to  New  Haven,  IGO  miles.  At  the  lat- 
ter place  we  take  the  steamer,  and  are  conveyed  over  the  Sound 
to  New  York,  240  miles  from  Boston,  arriving  there  in  about  12 
hours  from  the  time  of  departure.  Fare  ^o.OO.  By  referring  to 
Map  No.  2,  the  route  will  be  more  readily  understood. — (For  New 
York  city,  hotels,  &,c.,  see  Index.) 


V  Jul 


mA  ii 


Route  from  New  York  lo  New  Have.n,  Hartford,  and 
SpKiNca-iELD,  (see  Maps  Nos.  lo  and  13.) — Passengers  leave 
New  York  daily  by  steamboat  from  Peck  Slip,  East  River,  for 
New  H^v^  Histant  80  miles,  which  is  usually  reached  in  about 
live  hour."  \  he  proceeds  up  the  river,  the  traveller  has  an 
opportunity  oi  viewing  the  upper  portion  of  the  city,  bordering 
on  the  river,  with  its  shipping  and  ship-building ;  and  on  the 
Long  Island  shore,  Brooklyn,  its  Navy  Yard,  and  Williamsburg. 
Four  miles  above  New  York  is  Blackwell's  Island,  on  which  is 
the  Penitentiary.  A  short  distance  beyond  is  A^^toria,  a  suburb  of 
New  York.  Presently  the  boat  is  carried  with  arrowy  swiftness 
through  the  boiling  waters  of  Hurl  Gate,  and  thence  onward  to 
Throg's  Point,  and  into  the  broad  expanse  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
which  extends  to  Fisher's  Island,  a  distance  of  100  miles.  Pro- 
ceeding up  the  Sound,  the  shore  on  either  side  becomes  dim,  in 
consequence  of  the  distance  we  are  from  it,  except  some  of  the 
more  prominent  headlands,  which  jut  out  beyond  the  general  line 
of  the  Connecticut  shore. 

New  Haven,  semi-capital  of  Connecticut,  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  a  bay  which  sets  up  four  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound, 

*  We  would  advise  travellers  to  make  inquiry  overnight  at  their  ho- 
tels, or  consult  the  newspaper  advertisement,  as  to  the  exact  hour  the 
train  starts,  as  the  above  time  of  departure  is  liable  to  be  changed. 


11  .liifj-i'-l 


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RATLROAPt  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAMON. 


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in  41°  18'  .'iO"  N.  Lat.,  and  72°  ^G'  A')"  W.  Lon;r.  from  Green- 
wich.  Pop.  in  1810,  1 2,000.  Tlio  city,  which  lies  on  a  plain, 
with  a  jTcntlc  incliiiation  towards  the  water,  is  in  ether  directions 
skirted  by  an  amj)liitheatrei  of  hills,  which  at  their  termination 
present  bold  bliifls  of  trap-rocks,  risinjr  almost  perpendicularly  to 
the  height  of  .3*J0  to  370  foet,  and  constitutin;r  a  striking  feature 
of  the  scenery.  From  the  summit  of  these  bluffs  is  presented 
a  fine  view  of  the  city,  of  Long  Island  Sound,  hero  about  20 
miles  wide,  and  of  the  adjacent  country.  The  harbor  is  entered 
by  three  rivers — Quinnipiac  on  the  f...  West  river  on  the  w.,  and 
by  Mill  river  on  the  k.  (Quinnipiac,  towards  its  mouth,  furnishes 
great  quantities  of  fine  oysters  and  clams,  to  the  trade  in  which 
the  village  of  Fairliaven  cliietly  owes  its  prosperity.  New  Ha- 
ven consists  of  two  j)arts — the  Old  Town  and  the  New  Town — 
and  is  laid  out  with  irieat  reirularifv.  The  Old  Town  was  laid 
out  in  the  form  of  a  square,  half  a  mile  wide,  divided  into  nine 
smaller  stpi;ires.  Tiiese  squares  have,  by  intersecting  streets, 
been  divided  into  four  i)arts.  The  central  was  reserved  for  pub- 
lic purposes,  and  nuiy  vie.  with  the  public  grounds  of  any  other 
oity  in  the  country.  On  this  ^quare  are  located  three  churches, 
of  various  architecture,  and  which  are  not  excelled  by  any  simi- 
lar ediiices  in  New  England.  The  State-House,  a  splendid  edifice 
of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  after  \hx-  model  of  the  Parthe- 
non at  Athens,  stands  n(>ar  the  centre  of  the  western  half  of  this 
square.  On  its  west  side  is  the  line  row  of  buildings  belonginir 
to  Yale  College.  There  is  a  public  cemetery  at  the  n.  w.  corner 
of  the  Old  Town,  that  has  been  denominated  the  Pirc-la-Chaise 
of  America.  IJeautifulIy  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrubbery, 
this  "garden  of  graves"  deservedly  attracts  mucU  attention  froin 
visiters. 

There  are  about  20  Churches  in  New  Haven,  a  Custom-IIouse, 
a  Jail,  an  Almshouse,  a  State  General  Hospital,  th  'ee  Banks  and 
a  Savings  Institution,  a  A'^oung  Men's  Institute,  and  an  Institu- 
tion for  the  support  of  Popular  Lectures,  with  a  well-selected 
library. — Yale  CoUeire,  founded  in  1701,  and  named  in  honor  oJ' 
Elihu  Hale,  of  London,  who  bequeathed  it  £300,  and  an  equal 
amount  in  goods,  (the  latter  of  which  were  never  received,)  is  the 
most  important  public  institution  in  the  city.     Besides  possessing 


exteih- 

from  N 
waterii 
?ood  he 
tlie  stei 

See 
miles, 
Irf,  Go 
^"i  cent) 
ilartfo) 
Hart 
miles  fn 
72^  50' 
It  is  :3.3 

*  FroiT 
'eibury  o 


ROUTE  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVEN,  ET  ^ 


111 


the  most  splendid  inineralo;Tieal  ciibinet  in  the  United  States, 
consisting  of  more  than  16,000  specimens,  it  has  a  magnilicent 
collection  of  paintings,  by  Trumbull  and  other  distinguisliod  art- 
ists. It  has  33,000  vols,  in  its  libraries.  Thoiigh  possessing  lim- 
it »'d  funds,  it  has  more  students  than  any  other  college  in  the 
Union. 

The  harbor  of  New  Haven  is  safe,  but  shallow,  and  is  gradii- 
rtlly  filling  up  wit'.i  mud  in  its  northwestern  part.  When  the  first 
settlers  arrived,  it  was  sufliclently  deep  for  all  the  purposes  of 
comuierce,  and  ships  were  built  and  launched  where  now  art^ 
meadows,  gardens,  and  buiklinixs.  The  maritime  commerce  of 
New  Haven,  however,  is  extensive,  its  foreign  trade  being  chiefly 
w,lh  the  West  Indies. — A  lino  of  steamboats  j)lies  daily  between 
tills  city  and  New  York  ;  and  tliere  are  several  lines  of  pack(  ts 
ruini.ng  to  the  same  place.  Tiie  Farmington  Canal  connects  it 
with  Nortiiampton  and  with  the  Connecticut  river  near  it.  Usual 
fare  from  New  York,  ^1.30. 

Fit'.r  Haven,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  is  on 
the  Quinnipiac  river.  It  is  an  enterprising  and  thriving  village. 
Its  wealth  is  chiefly  derived  from  its  trade  in  oysters,  which  is 
extensively  pursued  between  the  months  of  October  and  April. 

SacJicin^s  Head,  a  wild  and  picturesfjue  spot,  IG  miles  s.  e. 
from  New  Haven,  and  three  miles  s.  of  Guilford,  is  an  attractive 
watering-place  during  the  sultry  months  of  summer.  It  has  a 
good  hotel,  with  ample  accommodations  for  visiters,  near  which 
the  steamboat  lands  its  p^'ssengers. 

See  Map  No.  13. — From  New  Haven  to  North  Haven  is  7 
miles,  Fare  25  cents  ;  to  Wallimj^ford,  12,  37  cents  ;  Mcriden,* 
18,  65  cents ;  Berlin  Slaiion,  2:2,  75  cents  ;  Ncic  Britain,  25, 
87  cents  ;  and  to  Hartford,  36,  <$1.12  ;  and  from  New  York  to 
Hartford,  116  miles,  $2.50. 

Hartfo.id  is  situated  on  the  wcat  side  of  Connecticut  river,  50 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  is  in  N.  Lat.  41^  45'  50".  and  W.  Long. 
72^  50'  45"  from  Greenwich.  The  population  is  about  15,000. 
It  is  35  N.  N.  E.  from  New  Haven,  26  s.  from  Springlleld,  44  n.  w. 

*  From  this  station  stances  leave  for  MidJletownon  tlu  E.  and  for  Wa- 


teibury  on  the  w 


'■     ■•!  U: 


m- 


■J     \>'l 

^.1 


'f  .■:.i™ 


112 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


iC- 


from  New  London,  15  n.  from  Middlotown,  73  w.  from  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  124  from  Boston,  and  116  from  New  York.  The 
city,  built,  on  ground  rising  gradually  from  the  river,  is  laid  out 
with  little  regularity,  appearing  to  have  been  more  the  result  of 


■  ili' 


YiKW  gT  Hartford,  Conk. 

circumstances  than  of  foresight  and  design.  Many  of  its  streets, 
however,  are  attractive  from  the  elegance  of  their  edifices,  and 
important  from  the  extensive  business  of  which  they  are  the  seat. 
The  scene  of  the  principal  retail  business  is  in  Main-st.,  which, 
broad,  but  not  entirely  straight,  extends  through  the  city  from  n. 
to  s.,  presenting  an  almost  unbroken  range  of  buildings,  many  of 
them  large  and  elegant.  Most  of  the  public  buildings  are  in 
this  Htreet ;  and  hero  Mill  river,  which  crosses  the  city  from  vv. 
to  E.,  is  passed  by  a  bridge  100  feet  wide,  consisting  of  a  singi': 
arch  of  104  feet  span,  elevated  30  feet  9  inches  above  the  bed  of 
the  river  to  the  top  of  the  arch.  From  Morgan-st.,  a  bridge  of 
six  arches  of  IGO  feet  each,  crosses  the  Connecticut  river  to  East 
Hartford.     It  is  a  costly  and  substantial  structure. 

Hartford,  from  its  situation,  is  calculated  to  become  a  place  of 
considerable  commerce.  The  Connecticut  river,  which  has  been 
made  navigable  120  miles  above  the  city,  brings  to  it  a  great 
amount  of  the  produce  of  the  fertile  country  through  which  it 
flows      Steamers  ply  daily  to  New  York  ;    and  there  are  two 


ROUTE  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVE5,  ETC. 


113 


:reets, 
I,  and 

scat, 
rhich, 
•om  N. 

iny  of 
larc  ill 
loni  w. 

siugl'' 

bed  of 
lidfje  of 
lo  E-'i^t 

llace  of 

IS  been 

great 

fhich  it 

ire  two 


steam  freight-packets — one  of  which  runs  to  Philadelphia,  tlie 
other  to  Albany.  There  arc  also  packet  lines  to  Boston,  Albany, 
New  London,  Norwich,  Providence,  and  Fall  River. 

Of  the  public  buildinj^s,  the  ISiair-IIoiifte,  built  in  the  Doric 
style,  is  the  most  proujiucnt.  It  fronts  on  Main-st.,  standing  on 
tiio  public  square,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  and  orna- 
mented with  trees.  The  legislature  holds  its  sessions  here — 
meeting  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven  on  alternate  years,  the  odd 
years  ai,  Hartford. — The  Cchj  Hall,  also  in  the  Doric  style,  is  a 
largo  building,  fronting  on  Market-st.,  between  Kingsley  and 
Temple  sts. —  Triiiily  Coll''  ,  formerly  Wasjiinuton  C'ollege, 
for.nded  m  lS2t,  and  "  Ay  k  'ed  in  the  soiUh.  \.^.rn  part  of 
tiie  city,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. — The  Athe- 
7i(iium,  an  elegant  edifice  of  the  Doric  order,  was  erected  ibr  the 
accommodation  of  the  Young  IMen's  Institute,  the  Historical  So- 
ciety, and  a  (ilallery  of  Paintings. — Hartford  has  the  honor  of 
having  established  the  first  institution  for  the  relief  of  that  most 
unfortunate  class  of  persons,  the  deaf  and  dumb — the  American 
Axijlum.  This  establishment  was  opened  for  the  reception  of 
pupils  in  1617,  the  number  of  whom  rapidly  increased  from  7  to 
140,  which  rather  exceeds  the  average.  The  institution  has  spa- 
cious buildings,  with  eight  or  ten  acres  of  ground  attached.  Con- 
gress also  granted  it  a  township  (or  '^IJjOUU  acres)  of  land  in  Ala- 
bama, to  constitute  a  permanent  fund. — The  Rclicat  fur  the 
Immune,  an  eipialiy  njeritorious  institution,  is  on  an  elevated  site, 
a  mile  and  u  quarter  s.  w.  of  the  State-House.  TI»o  ground.s 
around  the  buildings  are  laid  out  with  much  taste,  and  orna- 
mented with  siirubbery  and  gardens. — There  are  in  the  city  sev- 
eral churches,  some  of  which  are  remarkable  lor  their  architecture, 
five  banks,  a  bank  for  savings,  and  four  insurance  companies. — 
Tlie  old  burying-ground  jiere,  is  a  place  of  much  interest,  con- 
taining as  it  does  the  monuments  of  some  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  place.  Another  attraction,  and  which  must  continue  to  bo 
au  object  of  interest  as  long  as  it  exists,  is  the  "  Charter  Oak," 
with  whose  history  every  one  is  familiar. 

During  the  season  of  navigation,  steamboats  for  the  conves'- 
ance  of  passengers  usually  ply  between  Hartford  and  Springfield. 

From  Hartford  to  Windsor,  7  miles,  Fare  2,j  cents ;  Windsor 

6 


'i.    . 


I'-t^ 


i"'t 


»<j 


.■...-':>'  'i—    ,. 


>i\ 


i'  #  itli 


*^^w^^**' " 


114 


RAILROAD  AND  STHAMBOAT  COMrANION. 


It 


hock,  13.38  cents  ;  T/iomi>snnrille,  18,  50  cents  ;  and  to  Spring' 
field,  20  miles  from  Hartford,  75  cents.  PVom  New  Havon,  C2 
miles,  .*$1.87  ;  froirj  New  Yoik,  142  mile.s,  {|^3.25  :  usual  time 
about  8  hours. —  (For  descrij)tion  of  Si)rin;rficld,  see  Index.) 

THE  CANAL  RAILROAD  extends  N.  from  New  Haven  to 
riainville,  28  miles,  to  which  jilaco  it  is  now  in  operation.  It 
will  soon  be  oj)ened  to  Farniiiifjion,  whence  it  will  be  carried 
either  to  Springfield  or  to  Northampton,  Mass.  It  has  not  yet 
been  decided  at  which  of  these  places  it  shall  terminate.  If 
the  former  siiould  be  selected,  the  road  will  be  brought  in  direct 
connection  with  the  roads  extending  on  the  e.  to  Boston,  on  the 
w.  to  Albany,  and  on  the  n.  to  iJreenfield.  If  Northampton  is 
to  be  its  terminus,  it  cannot  successfully  compete  with  the  road 
already  in  "  full  play"  from  New  Haven  to  Springfield  via  Hart- 
ford, for  the  through  or  local  travel  to  B)stou,  as  it  will  intersect 
the  Western  Railroad  10  miles  w.  from  Springfield. 


ROUTE   FROM  NEW  YORK   TO  BRIDGEPORT,   CONN.,  AND 
THE   HOUSATONIC   RAILROAD. 

Passengers  at  New  York  take  tlie  steamboat  from  the  foot  of 
]\Iarket-st.,  East  River,  and  in  about  four  hours  reach  Bridge- 
port on  Long  I.slaud  Sound,  a  distance  of  GO  miles.  (See  iMaps 
Nos.  15, 13,  and  8.)  Here  is  the  commencement  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad,  which  extends  to  West  Stockbridge,  96  miles.  A 
branch,  extending  thence  to  the  state  line  of  Massachusetts,  uniti  s 
this  road  with  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire,  and  also  with  tlie 
Western  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany.  The  Ilousatonic  Rail- 
road was  opened  for  travel  in  1S42,  having  cost  J^2,000,000. 

Tiie  WiNTKii  RouTi:  fiiom  New  Youk  to  Albany  at  present 
is  over  this  roa<l,  and  by  the  winter  of  1848  the  New  York  and 
New  Haven  Railroad  will  be  in  operation  to  Bridgeport,  thereby 
opening  a  railway  comnuiuication  (somewhat  circuitous,  how- 
ever) between  the  conunercial  emporium  and  the  state  capital 
(See  Map  No.  2.)     Usual  time  12  hours. 

BKiDGi;roRT  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  ar,   ann  of  Long 


■'  (it 


HOUSATONIC  RAILROAD. 


115 


AND 


ca 


piuil 


jf  Long 


l8land  Sound,  wliich  receives  Pequanock  river,  a  considerable 
inill-stroam.  This  is  one  of  tho  most  beautiful  and  flourishing 
places  in  New  England.  The  city  is  chiefly  built  on  an  elevated 
plain,  12  feet  above  liighwatcr-inark.  Northwest  of  tho  city  tho 
ground  grudiuilly  rises  to  the  height  of  51)  feet,  forming  an  emi- 
nence called  tiolden  Hill,  the  summit  of  which  is  a  plain,  with  a 
commanding  view  of  the  Sound  and  surrounding  country.  There 
is  a  bridge  across  the  harbor  I,3.'^6  feet  long,  with  a  draw  for  tho 
passage  of  vessels.  Carriages  and  saddlery  are  extensively  man- 
ufactured for  exportation.     Pop.  in  1840,  4,570.    Fare  $1.00. 

From  Bridgeport  to  Strpury,  10  miles.  Fare  25  cents;  Boits- 
ford,  15,  50  cents  ;  Neirfon,  19,02  cents;  lfawlei/srille,'23,  75 
cents;  Iirookfid(f,  2S,  ,$1.00;  New  Mil  ford,  3fi,  J$1.25;  Gay- 
lord's  Bridge,  41,  .$1.37  ;  Kent,  47,  $1.50  ;  Cornwall  Bridge, 
.')5,  $1,024  Cornwall,  59,  $1.75;  Canaan  Falls,  G6,  $1.87; 
N.  Canaan,  I'.i,  $2.00:  State  Line,  133  miles  from  New  York  ; 
Sheffield,  80  ;  Great  Barrington,  85  ;  Van  Deusenvillc,  88  ; 
West  Stockhridge,  9G  miles  from  Bridgeport.  Fare  to  each  of 
the  places  from  Connecticut  State  Ijine,  $2.00. 

Cornwall  is  where  the  Foreign  Mivssion  School  was  established 
in  1818,  in  which  some  distinguished  heathen  youth  have  been 
educated  as  missionaries,  who  have  been  useful  among  the  Amer- 
ican Indians,  and  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  the  village  grave- 
yard is  a  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Obookiafi, 
a  pious  Owyheean  youth,  who  was  brought  to  this  country  in 
1808,  and  from  whom  this  school  had  its  origin,  in  tho  attempt  to 
qualify  him  for  missionary  labors. 

Canaan  Falls  is  the  most  extensive  cascade  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut.  A  ledge  of  limestone  rocks  crosses  the  Ilousatonic 
river  at  this  place,  causing  a  perpendicular  fall  of  GO  feet,  which 
affords  extensive  water-power. 

Sheffield,  Mass.,  80  miles  n.  of  Bridgeport,  is  one  of  those  de- 
lightful towns  where  the  lover  of  majestic  mountain  scenery 
wishes  to  linger.  The  village,  which  is  very  neat,  is  situated  in 
a  beautiful  valley,  surrounded  by  hills,  one  of  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  3,200  feet.     (See  Map  No.  8.) 

Monument  Mnnntain,  in  tho  town  of  Great  Barrino-ton,  derive-s 
its  name  from  a  rude  pile  of  stones  on  its  southeastern  point, 


:' ■%'.'' 


(■•>j 


:i': 


4 


ir 


rc^A 


-  it'  .pS  ill 


116 


RAILHOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  CU.MPAMOX. 


• » 


',    . 


\)\ 


)  ■' 


raised  over  the  jjravo  of  n  beautiful  f  ndian  {jirl,  who,  throiifrh  tlio 
influence  of  a  j)a.-;siunato  luvo  for  one  witli  whom  the  n-hj^ion  of 
her  triho  would  not  allow  lier  to  ho  united  in  iiiarriajfe,  threw 
herself  from  tho  inountain,  and  fell  upon  this  Kjiot.  Kvery  In- 
v4iun,  who  afterwards  passed  the  place,  threw  a  atono  upon  tho 
grave  to  conuneniorate  the  event. 

West  Stnckhridire  is  the  terminus  of  the  Ilousatonic  Railroad 
from  13rid<feport  ;  but  u  branch  railroad,  of  about  two  miles  in 
leufTth,  unites  it  to  the  ^Vestern  Railroad  at  tho  st  ite  line,  where 
there  is  a  depot,  from  which  tho  traveller  is  conv«'yed  over  the 
Albany  and  NVest  Slockbridire  Railroad  to  (Ireenhush  and  Albany. 

Stage  Lines  connected  with  ilia  Ihtusatonic  Rdilroad. — 
Stafjes  leave  Bridgeport  for  Fairfield,  Nuncnlk,  Strafford,  Mil- 
fard.  New  Haven,  and  Dcrhy.  A  sta;j;o  leaves  Hawleysville  for 
Danhunj,  vtc.  ;  from  C'ornwall  Iirid<ro  and  New  Milford  to  Litch- 
field, idVG  from  New  York,  {jjl'-i.?.") ;  from  Canaan  to  Norfolk 
and  Sharon,  fare  from  N.  York,  }$:2.{)0  ;  from  West  Stockbridgo 
to  Lee,  Itennx,  Old  Stockliridge,  and  Curtisi)ille,iiite.  from  New 
York,  f^'2M). 

HUDSON  AND  BERKSHIRE  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  8.) 
— This  road  extends  from  West  Stockbridjrr,  Mass.,  to  the  city 
of  Hudson  on  Hudson  river,  and  connects  at  the  state  line,  and 
also  at  Chatham  Four  Corners,  with  the  Western  Railroad  to 
Boston  and  Albany,  and  with  the  Housutonic  Railroad  to  IJridije- 
port.  Its  len;rth  is  Xi  miles,  and  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  iSept 
1838.  The  original  cost  of  constructing  the  whole  distance,  in- 
cluding outfit,  &c.,  was  }jj5575,()1.3.  (For  description  of  Hudson, 
see  Index.)  From  Hudson  to  Claijcrack,  3  miles.  Fare  12  cents  ; 
Mellenville,  7,  25  cents  ;  Ghent,  12,  37  cents  ;  Chatham  Four 
Corners,  IG,  50  cents;  Edward's  Depot,  28,  87  cents ;  State 
Liney  30,  90  cents;  W.  Stockbridge,  33,  ^'1.00. 


^^5  in  I 


(■..' 


ROUTES  TO  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS. 
(See  yiap  No.  8.) 

These  celebrated  springs,  one  of  the  most  delightful  waternig- 
pJaces  in  the  country,  can  now  be  reached  with  facility  from 


Tl 


lis 


lions 


ROUTES  TO  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS. 


117 


.  8.) 
city 

ami 

,d  to 

lidge- 

^Sept 

,  in- 
Idson, 

iits ; 
[Four 
tate 


from 


various  dirpctious.  Tlio  Hudsou  and  Berkslilre  Railroad  forms  a 
direct  route  for  siimtiifr  travel  from  New  York  city,  and  indeed 
from  all  the  towns  on  the  river  below  Hudson.  By  this  route  the 
traveller  can  leave  New  York  at  7  a.  m.,  hy  the  steamer,  and 
reach  Hudson  at  3  v.  m.,  where  the  cars  of  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
Khire  Railroad  are  in  readiness  to  convey  him  to  Ih/wardfi  J)rjn)f, 
'JS  miles  from  Hudson,  and  8  miles  from  the  Springs.  Upon  his 
arrival  at  Edwards  Depot,  the  company  have  in  readiness  a  linn 
of  stages,  with  carefid  drivers,  that  in  one  hour  reach  the  Springs. 
Distance  142  miles.  Visiters  are  also  conveyed  thither  by  the 
Ilousatonic  Railroad.  Passengers  by  this  route  leave  New  York 
for  Bridgeport  in  the  steamer,  from  the  foot  of  Murket-st.,  East 
River,  at  ^^}s  o'clock,  a.  m.  ;  arrived  at  Bridgeport,  they  take  the 
tine  cars  of  the  company,  and  reach  the  Massachusetts  State  Line 
Depot  at  3^  i».  M.,  and  proceed  thence  to  licbanon  Springs  by 
stage-coach,  arriving  atr)^  i*.  m.  of  the  same  day.  Fare  through 
i$i2.5().     Distance  1(17  miles. 

From  Albany  and  the  West,  visiters  take  the  cars  of  the  Al- 
l)anv  and  the  West  Stockbridge  Railroad  to  Canaan  Corners, 
33  miles,  at  which  place  a  stage  will  be  in  waiting  to  convey 
them  directly  to  the  Springs,  7  miles  distant.  Total  distance 
from  Albany  40  miles:  through  tickets  f$l.G:2. 

From  Boston  and  the  Eastward,  the  Lebanon  Springs  can  like- 
wise be  reached  by  the  Western  Railroad,  stopping  at  the  State 
Line,  and  taking  the  stage  from  thence  to  the  Springs. 

New  Lchanon  is  situated  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  Columbia  coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  on  the  turnpike-road  from  Albany  to  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
:25  miles  from  the  former  and  seven  from  the  latter  place.  It  is 
delightfully  situated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  cultivated  liills, 
which  present  variegated  and  pleasing  scenery.  This  is  the  chief 
seat  of  the  family  of  Shakers,  a  religious  community  practising 
celibacy,  and  alike  remarkable  for  their  mode  of  worship,  and  the 
singular  order  and  economy  of  their  domestic  concerns.  The 
society,  which  numbers  about  GOO,  owns  3,000  acres  of  excellent 
and  highly  improved  land. 

This  place  has  become  a  great  resort  for  visiters  from  all  direc- 
tions ;  some  to  enjoy  the  romantic  scenery  of  this  region,  and 
others  the  beneficial  influence  of  its  waters.     The   Spring,  a 


■'!' 


xM  , 


'm 


^U 


r^  nJl  k! 


if  ty 


Ul. 


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7^ 


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118 


RAILROAD  AND  STEA^iDOAT  COMPANION*. 


fti  ■: 


'11 


mile  and  u  half  from  tlio  villatrp,  on  thn  side  of  a  hill,  is  ten  fent 
in  diuiMf'tcr,  and  four  left  (i."f|»,  and  di.scluirift'.s,  near  its  source, 
water  wnliifjifnl  to  tinn  a  nnll.  Tlie  liiuperalurc  is  1:P  Faiirm' 
lieit,  uiiicli  bfin<j  near  sinnnier  h«'at  rei\(l<'r.s  it  d('ii<rlitful  for 
Ijalliin;;.  TIk!  waltr  is  taslclt'ss,  pure  as  erystal,  inodorous,  and 
soft,  and  is  dtienied  bcn'-tloial  in  internal  obntruclions,  saltrheuin, 
and  cutaneous  all'ectlons  i;i'nera!lv. 


NE77   YOr.K   CITY. 

This  nily,  tlie  ^rcat  enipoiiuin  and  nirtropolis  of  America,  en- 
joys fronj  nature  adreided  siijxTiority  over  every  other  city  in  tiie 
Union,  its  vie'iiity  to  the  ocean,  and  its  direct  avenues  of  in- 
tercourse, not  oidy  with  every  j)art  i)\'  ils  own  stat",  but  with  New 
lln;r|iiii(|  and  tlie  states  borderinj^  soutii  and  west,  and  through 
ti.ese  with  every  other  section  of  the  country,  otlir  unrivalled  fa- 
cilities for  trade  and  conunerce.  Its  latitude  from  the  City  Hall 
is  40°  \'2'  13"  N. ;  lonir:t„!ie  w.  from  (Jreenwicii  74°  00'  H"— east 
from  Washinijton  IP  I'  Hi'.  'I'he  |)oj)ulalion  at  dlHerenl  j>eriods 
has  been  as  follows:  in  Hi.'jd,  it  was  1,000;  in  KJDT,  4,'i():2  ;  in 
17;n,  ^,(y2'l ;  IT.')!),  10,000  ;  177  1,  2:2,7:)0  ;  {^(H),  (;o,4S|)  ;  1810. 
1H),:)7:J;  lb^>0,  l:23,70r,  ;  Is'K),  ;20:>,'j:)7  ;  l^'Ao,  X>70,069  ;  1H40. 
:]lxJ,710:  at  the  present  time  (1848)  it  probably  exceeds  400,000 
— niakin;^  it,  amon^r  the  connuercial  cities  of  the  world,  the  third 
in  jjopnlation  ;  while  it  is  the  second  in  commercial  importance, 
hAi]'^  suri)asscd  oidy  by  London  in  the  extent  of  its  commerce. 
The  compact  jjortion  of  the  city  is  built  on  the  south  end  of  ."Man- 
hattan Island,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  with  the  East  river, 
which  connects  the  wafers  of  Lonjr  Island  Sound  with  the  harl)(<r 
of  New  York.  The  island  is  11^  miles  lon<j^  from  n.  to  s.,  vary- 
ing' from  half  a  mile  to  somewhat  more  than  two  miles  in  width 
— the  irreate.st  width  bein;r  at  8ith-street — and  contains  about  'Ji 
Kciuaro  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  East  and  Harlem 
rivers,  the  former  separating  it  from  Lonij  Island  Sound  ;  on  the 
w.  by  Hudson  river,  which  sej)arates  it  from  New  Jersey  ;  and 
on  the  N.  by  Harlem  river — a  part  of  which,  between  Kingsbridge 
and  the  Hudson,  received  from  the  Dutch  the  name  of  Spuyteu 


B 


ef  sfe 

faros 

'•elled 

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access J 
i-'S.-)  „f 
''tin  fli^ 
'f>'  sliorl 
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eriior's, 

''^rtifieatj 

'"'i^lndes 

^{attery. 


I  '• 


NEW    VOIIK    CITV. 


110 


i;. '"» 


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Tny.  i'aks,   xc 


AKWi;   ri.    :.i   a  w.ui'OW  i>i  the  JJnaurM 


PnYVcl  Creek.  Constant  coininnuicution  between  the  city  and 
its  rajjidly  inereasjni;  and  picturesque  subnrbs,  is  kept  up  by  means 
of  steam  ferry-boats,  tlio  IlarJcni  Railroad,  omnibuses,  «fcc.  ;  tbo 
fares  beinjr  extremely  modertite,  with  accommodations  not  ex- 
celled by  similar  conveyances  of  any  other  city. 

The  harbnr  of  New  Vork,  which  is  perfectly  saf'%  and  easy  of 
access,  extends  eijjht  miles  s.  of  the  city  to  the  *'  Narrows,"  and 
is  ii.')  miles  in  (;ircimiferenc;',  beini;  snfllciently  cai)acions  to  con- 
tain the  united  navies  of  the  world.  'I'he  varie"-:itr(l  scenery  npon 
its  shores,  toLjether  with  the  neatly-built  cotl --r  «,  \hv  country- 
seats  of  opulent  citizens,  and  the  fine  view  of  the  ishuuls,  and  of 
tlie  city  i>f  New  Vork  in  approacliinnr  it  tV(»ui  the  "  Narrows," 
iuipart  to  this  harbor  a  beauty  nusin"passeii  by  that  of  any  other 
in  the  world.  The  outer  iiarbor,  or  bay,  extends  fnun  the  Nar- 
rows to  Sandy  Hook,  where  is  a  liixlithouse.  at  the  distance  of  IS 
miles  from  the  eitv  In  the  Iiarbor  adioininir  the  citv  are  Gov- 
'  rnor's,  Hedlow's,  and  Ellis's  Islands,  on  ail  of  Vvdiiclj  are  stron^r 
tortifieations.  The  first,  which  istlie  most  important  of  the  tliree, 
iaehuies  70  acres  of  ijronnd,  and  is  situated  'j,2('()  feet  from  the 
battery.     It  has  Fort  Columbus  in  the  centre,  and  on  its  nortii- 


f 


120 


HAILROAD  AND  STEAMKOAT  COMFANION. 


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east  point  Caatle  William,  a  round  tower  (500  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence and  GO  feet  high,  with  three  tiers  of  guns.  There  is  also  a 
battery  on  the  northwest  side,  conunanding  the  entrance  througlj 
Buttern)ilk  Channel,  a  strait  which  sej)arates  it  from  Brooklyn, 
L.  I.  Besides  these  fortifications,  the  harbor  of  New  York  is  well 
defended  by  similar  works  on  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's  islands  ;  at  the 
Narrows,  on  the  Long  Island  shore,  by  Fort  Hamilton  and  Fort 
Lafayette,  (formerly  called  Fort  Diamond,)  which  is  built  on  a 
reef  of  rocks,  about  200  yards  from  the  shore  ;  and  on  Stateii 
Island,  opposite,  by  forts  Tompkins  and  Richmond.  The  Nar- 
rows hero  is  about  one-third  of  a  mile  wide.  The  entrance  from 
the  Sound  on  the  East  River  is  defended  by  Fort  Schuyler,  on 
Throg's  Neck. 

The  first  settlement  of  New  York  was  made  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  city  ;  hence  many  of  the  streets  in  that  section 
are  narrow  and  crooked,  no  regular  order  having  been  observed 
in  laying  them  out.  In  later  times  many  of  them  have  been 
widened  and  iniproved,  at  a  great  expense.  The  streets  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  city  are  laid  out  straightly,  and  some  of  them 
are  of  considerable  width.  Many  of  the  most  splendid  mansions 
and  places  of  religious  worship  of  which  the  city  can  boast,  arc 
to  be  seen  in  this  (puirter.  The  most  elegant  and  fashionable 
street  is  Broadway,  which  traverses  the  city  in  a  straight  line 
from  N.  to  s.,  being  '2)^  miles  long,  and  80  feet  broad,  and  termi- 
nating at  Union  Square,  where  it  is  connected  with  the  Fourth 
avenue.  It  is  occupied  by  many  splendid  stores,  elegant  houses, 
and  public  buildings,  and  few  streets  in  the  world  equal  it  in  the 
splendor  and  bustle  it  exhibits.  It  is  also  the  great  promenade  of 
the  city,  being  much  resorted  to  in  pleasant  weather  by  the  gay 
and  fashionable. 

PuBi-ic  Walks,  Squares,  &,c. — The  Battery,  which  contains 
about  1 1  acres,  is  situated  at  the  extreme  s.  end  of  the  city,  at 
the  conmiencement  of  Broadway,  and  is  j)lanted  with  trees  and 
laid  out  in  gravelled  walks.  From  this  place  is  a  delightful  view 
of  the  harbor  and  its  islands,  of  the  numerous  vessels  arriving  and 
departing,  of  the  adjacent  shoret,  of  New  Jersey,  and  of  Stat<»n 
and  Long  islands. — Castle  Garden,  connected  with  the  Battery 
by  means  of  a  bridge,  is  used  for  public  meetings  and  exhibitions, 


basin 
beyonU 
subst; 
ted  w 
in  III 
trees, 
railing, 
radc  G 
i^urroun 
forjner 
ininatio 
iron  rai 
mercy  I 
^-  E.  par 
with  tre 

CllURl 

can  boat 


in  Ih*^ 

iaJo  of 

lie  gay 

lontains 
Icity,  at 
lees  and 
lul  vi«'^v 
ling  and 
Stat'Mi 
iBattery 
libitions, 


NEW  YORK  CITY, 


121 


and  is  capable  of  containing  within  its  walls  10,00C  persons. 
Since  the  destruction  of  Niblo's  Garden  by  fire  (Sept.  1846)  the 
fairs  of  the  American  Institute,  which  were  formerly  held  there, 
have  been  removed  to  this  capacious  place. — The  Bowling  Oreen, 
situated  near  the  Battery,  and  at  the  commoncemont  of  Broad- 
way, is  of  an  oval  form,  and  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing. 
Within  its  enclosure  is  a  fountain,  the  water  from  which  falling 
upon  a  rude  pile  of  rocks  about  l.'>  feet  in  height,  forms  a  pretty 
artificial  c  5cade. — The  Park  is  a  triangular  enclosure  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  has  an  area  of  1 1  acres  :  it  con- 
tains the  City  Hall  and  other  buildings.  It  is  embellished  in  its 
south  part  with  a  superb  fountain,  the  basin  of  which  is  100  feet 
in  diameter.  In  the  centre  of  the  basin  is  a  piece  of  work  in  the 
shape  of  an  Egyptian  lily.  Through  convex  iron  plates,  with 
numerous  perforations,  placed  around  the  base  of  this  work,  the 
water  is  projected  into  the  air,  and  falls  in  the  form  of  a  heavy 
mist,  around  a  colunm  that  ri.ses  to  a  considerable  hoighi,  through 
the  midst  of  the  green  leaves  of  the  lotus.  When  the  sun  is 
shining  full  npon  the  fountain,  the  elTect  is  extremely  phrasing, 
from  the  number  of  miniature  rainbows  then  ok«crvable.  The 
basin  is  encircled  by  a  neat  coping  of  white  marble.  Sixteen  feet 
beyond  tha  coping,  the  whole  is  again  surrounded  by  a  pretty  and 
substantial  railing  of  iron — the  intermediate  space  being  deeoru- 
ted  with  various  kinds  of  handsome  shrubbery. — <S7.  John's  Park, 
in  Hudson-square,  is  beautifully  laid  out  in  walks,  with  shade- 
trees,  and  is  kept  in  excellent  order.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  iron 
railing,  which  cost  about  J^:26,000. — Wasidngton  Square,  or  Pa- 
rade Ground,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  city,  contains  about  10  acres, 
surrounded  by  a  wooden  fence.  A  portion  of  this  square  was 
formerly  the  Potter's  Field. —  Union  Square  is  situated  at  the  ter- 
mination of  Broadv/ay  It  is  of  an  oval  form,  enclosed  with  an 
iron  railing,  and  its  centre  ornamented  with  a  fountain. — Gra- 
mcrcy  Park,  near  Union-squari,  and  Tompkins  Square,  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  city,  are  handsomely  laid  out  in  walks,  and  shaded 
with  trees.  There  are  other  square;'  further  up  the  city — Mad- 
iaon,  Hamilton,  &c. —  which  are  extensive,  but  not  yet  laid  out. 

Churches,  Public   Buildings,  &c. — Tlie  city  of  New  York 
can  boast  of  many  splendid  public  buildings.     It  has  about  220 


•' *i  I  fir   ;}•"■ 


■tT 


-'    •si" 


122 


KAILUOAD  AND  STEAMHOAT  CO.-.irAMON. 


rhnrrlipw,  many  of  which  iirc*  inniriiificcnt  and  cosily  stnictiires  ; 
and  the  nnnilxT  is  constantly  incrcasini;,  ospociully  in  tho  iippor 
part  of  tho  city  The  new  Trinity  C/nircIi  may  he  regarded  as 
the  hest  specimen  of  pnre  (Jothic  architecture  in  the  country. 
The  engraving  which  follows  represents  a  view  of  this  churcli 
taken  from  tho  Cnstom-I louse  steps,  Wall-st. 


•If* 


^' 


J  '• 


The  following  is  a  hrief  history  of  tl  o  origin  of  this  church. 
The  first  religious  services  of  this  societv  (at  that  time  known  as 
the  "Church  of  Ei.xjland  in  America")  were  held  in  a  small 
chapel  which  sluod  !,ear  the  Hattery.  The  rai)i(i  increase  of  the 
congregation  made  it  necersary  to  erect  a  larger  and  more  co;n- 
modious  edifice,  which  was  done  in  1  (![»(»,  diuing  the  reign  ni' 
William  III.  and  INIary.     It  wa-s  <h>t  ojieiu'vl   for  divine   servi'.' 


;hurch. 

lown  as 

li  sniiiU 

of  th<' 

to  co;n- 

scrvl'''" 


NEW  YUIIK  CI  TV 


123 


ill  February,  1G97,  by  Ibe  Rev.  Mr.  Vesiy,  Uoctor  ol'Ntw  York. 
In  1735  it  was  foiinil  necessary  to  make  an  aiidilion  at  its  ea.st 
end,  and  two  years  afterwards  it  was  a<,raiii  enlar^t'd  on  the  north 
and  south  sides.  This  bniUlinnr  was  140  feet  lou^  and  12  wide, 
with  an  ornamented  stee])le  IfcU  feet  hi<^h.  Darinj^  tiio  awful 
conflajfration  of  the  city  in  Sept.  177G,  this  sjjacious  tdilico  was 
entirely  destroyed,  and  remained  a  heap  of  ru!ns  durinj,'  tlie  Uev- 
ulutionary  war.  "  Fiom  the  si/e  and  height  of  this  noble  Ktruo- 
ture,  from  the  s:mi)le  style  of  its  arciiitecture,  from  the  lofty  trees 
which  embosomed  it,  and  the  irravt\s  and  monuments  of  the  dead 
whicli  surrounded  it  on  every  side,  it  jjresented  to  the  spectator 
i;  Btrikinj^  object  of  contempIati<ni,  and  imj)n>ssed  him  with  ideas 
connected  with  reverence."  At  tlie  close  of  the  war  it  was  aix^uu 
rebuilt,  and  consecrated  in  179U  by  liishop  Provost.  Tiiis  cdillce 
was  not  as  spacious  as  the  one  destroyed,  it  beinjr  only  104  feet 
lonjjr  and  7:2  feet  wide,  with  a  stee[)le  about  i2U0  feet  hijrh.  In 
18.'i9,  this  ])uil(iinjr  was  taken  down,  and  the  present  ma^nifjcent 
edihce  erected  in  its  place.  It  is  built  tlirou;j;hout  of  sandstone, 
without  jralleries,  and  is  capable  of  seatiuir  with  comfort  bOO  per- 
sons, beinjr  li'J  feet  long,  bl  wide,  and  (J I  hi;^di.  It  cost  nearly 
,^4UU,0()0.  The  iieight  of  the  tower,  inc!udin<r  the  spire,  is  2G4 
feet.  The  tower  contains  a  chime  of  bells  and  a  clock.  In  the 
graveyard  adjoining  the  cluu-ch  may  be  seen  the  monuments  of 
Hamilton,  Lawrence,  and  others,  who  occupy  an  enviable  dis- 
tinction in  the  history  of  the  country.  Trinity  C'hurch  is  the 
oldest  and  riciiest  l-'piscopal  society  in  America  ;  she  annually 
devotes  a  largo  jjortioii  of  her  vast  income  to  the  erection  anil 
support  of  churches  throughout  the  state.  Her  corporation,  or 
ve>t(y,  whose  business  it  is  to  conduct  the  alluirs  of  the  church,  is 
eon)j)osedof  men  of  high  standing  in  society,  and  who  are  usually 
characterized  as  being  just  and  liberal  in  their  ollicial  capacity. 

TiUMTV  TowKii. — Visiters  have  access  to  the  tower  of  Trinity 
(■hurcli,  it  being  open  to  the  public,  except  when  the  building  is 
occupied  for  religious  j)urposes.*  This  tower  atlbrds  one  of  the 
most  splendid  panoramic  views  to  be  seen  on  this  continent. 
Ascending  the  stairway  we  reach  a  lainling,  on  a  level  witii  tlio 


♦  A.  fee  is  expected  from  visiters  by  the  person  in  attendance. 


M' 


'    -? 


^ 


I  r 


*♦■  . 


124 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAIMDOAT  COMPANIOX. 


1-   ' 


ceiling  of  the  church,  from  which  there  is  a  coniplcto  view  of  tho 
eh^guiit  interior.  A.scen(hn;]f  another  flit^ht,  we  reucli  the  helfry, 
where  tlio  hells  forming  the  chime  are  deposited,  which  so  fre- 
quently ring  out  their  sweetly  solemn  peal.  Hero  on  the  out- 
tiide,  surrounded  hy  a  strong  railing,  is  a  halcony,  affording  a  view 
of  the  city.  On  ascending  still  higher,  one  of  the  most  superb 
views  greets  the  heholder.  The  city,  full  of  life  and  animal. on. 
lies,  as  it  were,  at  his  feet,  while  far  uiul  wide,  in  every  direction, 
the  country,  the  rivers,  the  islands — cities  and  villages — are 
spread  out  before  him,  arrayed  in  all  the  attractions  with  which 
nature  and  art  have  invest, d  them. 

'I'he  following  was  the  niunhcr  of  churches  of  each  denomina- 
tion in  the  city  of  \ew  York,  in  Jan.  ISlS^:  Protestant  Episco- 
pat  4\,  I'rcslii/trritnt  [VA,  Mrtliddist  Episcopal  31,  Baptist  ^i\. 
Duirh  Rrformed  1."),  Refonnvd  ProsJujtorian  1.3,  Roman  Catho- 
I'C  1.'},  Jrirish  !),  ('(>ii<^r("j,ational  7,  Friends  4,  Unitarian  .3,  ItU- 
thcran  .3,  Associate  Preshi/trrian  3,  Unirersali.st  3,  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian  !:2,  Welsh  2,  Methodist  Protestant  1, 
INIiscellaneous  V2. 

The  Citi/  Hall,  a  huilding  of  the  Corinthiiin  and  Ionic  orders, 
displaying  a  fine  comhination  of  taste  and  elegance,  is  21 G  feet 
long,  105  wide,  and,  including  the  attic  story,  G5  high.  The  first 
stone  of  this  edifice  was  laid  in  1803,  and  its  construction  occu- 
|>ied,  with  little  intermission,  a  period  of  10  years.  It  covers 
22,89'"'  s(iuare  feet  of  ground,  and  is  two  stories  high  ahove  the  base- 
ment, with  an  attic  story  in  tlu^  centre  of  the  '^uilding.  The  front 
and  the  ends  are  of  white  marble — the  rear,  of  Nyack  freestone. 
In  this  building  are  28  offices,  and  other  public  rooms,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  the  Governor's  room,  a  splendid  apartment  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  that  functionary  on  his  visiting  the  city, 
and  occasionally  to  that  of  other  distinguished  individuals.  The 
walls  of  this  room  are  embellished  with  a  fine  collection  of  por- 
traits of  men  celebrated  in  the  civil,  military,  or  naval  history  of 
llie  country.  It  is  52  feet  long  hy  20  feet  wide.  In  the  Com- 
mon Council  room  is  the  identical  chair  occupied  by  Washington 
when  President  of  the  first  American  Co  igress,  which  assembled 
ill  this  city. 

Tho  Merchants*  Exchange,  iu  Wall-st.,  is  built  in  the  most 


if  tlio 
c'lfry, 
)  fre- 
i  out- 
,  view 
lupcrb 
laiion. 
jclion, 
s — are 
which 

ntnina- 
'Ipisco- 
list  2(5, 
Cat  ho- 
3,  Ln- 
ssociatc 
stunt  1, 


is.     Tho 

of  por- 
[story  of 
lie  Com- 
Ishington 
\sembled 

Ihe  most 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


125 


durable  maimer  of  Quincy  [rranito,  and  is  fire-proof,  no  wood 
havinfj  been  used  in  its  construction,  except  for  tiie  doors  and 
window-frames.  It  is  erected  on  tlie  site  occupied  by  the  Kx- 
chanjfo  building  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  l^'.]r>.  The  })res- 
ent  one,  however,  covers  the  entire  block,  and  is  'JIIO  feet  long  i)y 
171  to  111  wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  toj)  of  tlie  cornice,  and  121 
to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The  entire  cost,  including  ground,  is 
estimated  at  }i^l,8()0,()U0. 

'I'he  Custoni-IIousr  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nas- 
sau sts.  It  is  built  of  white  marh!(>,  in  t!ie  I)or"c  order,  similar  to 
tiie  model  of  the  Paitlienon  at  Atliens,  and  is  2U()  feet  long,  'JO 
wide,  and  bO  high.  The  great  hall  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness is  a  circular  room  (iO  leet  in  diaimter,  surinomited  hy  a  dome, 
Hiipported  by  1(5  Corinthian  columns,  .'}()  feet  high,  and  having  a 
sk\  li'flit  tlirou'fli  which  the  hall  is  lighted. 

The  Post-Ojjire,  a  short  distance  above,  in  Nassau-st.,  was  f(ir- 
nierly  tlie  Middle  Dutch  Church,  now  rented  to  the  general  gov- 
ernment for  ,^r),000  a  year,  on  a  lease  for  .seven  years.  'I'lie 
inside  has  been  fitted  up  suitably  for  the  business  of  the  ollice,  no 
other  alteration  having  been  made  in  the  building. 

Tlie  Hulls  of  Justirr,  or  ''Tombs,"  is  located  in  Centre-st., 
between  liConard  and  Franklin  sis.  It  is  a  substantial-looking 
building,  in  the  I'^gyj)lian  style  of  archit<cture,  tl')U  feet  long  and 
2U0  wide,  constructed  of  a  light-colored  granite  brought  from  Ilal- 
lowell,  Mo. 

Uanks  in  the  City  of  Nkw  York,  (arraui^ed  ali)habetically.) 
— American  Exchan>rr,  50  Wall-st. ;  linnk  of  Am  ricfi^Ai)  Wall ; 
Bank  of  Commerce,  32  Wall  ;  Bank  of  New  York,  Wall,  corner 
of  William  ;  Bank  of  the  Slate  of  N.  York,  30  Wall  ;  Butchers 
and  Drovers',  Dowery,  corner  of  Crand  ;  Chemical,  21(5  Broad- 
way ;  Citij,  52  Wall ;  Dry  Dock,  Avenue  1),  cor.  of  lOth-.st. : 
Fulton,  Fulton-st.,  cor.  of  Pearl  ;  Greenwich,  402  Hudson  ; 
Leather  Manufacturers',  45  William  ;  Manhattan,  40  Wall  ; 
Mechanics',  33  Wall  ;  Merchants',  42  Wall  ;  Merchants  Ex- 
change, 173  Greenwich  ;  National,  3G  Wall  ;  North  Hirer, 
Greenwich,  cor.  of  Dey  ;  Vhw.nix,  45  Wall  ;  Seventh  Ward, 
Pearl,  cor.  of  Burliug-slip  ;  Tradesmen's,  177  Ciiathuin  ;  Union, 
3iWall. 


'^ 


■»■; 


i 


M'J 


ir    ■  '■i':.'. 


,!  . 


!■(: 


126 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAMON. 


i    ,1 


The  Insurance  Companiks  are  mostly  in  Wall-st. 

LiTF.RAiiY  Inktitctionr,  «!tc. — Of  the  literary  institutions  of 
Now  York,  Columbia  Collp<fe,  at  the  foot  of  Park  Place,  is  the 
oldest,  having  been  chartered  by  (ieorjre  II.  in  1754,  by  the 
name  of  King's  College.  The  original  name  was  changed  to 
Columbia  College  in  1784.  It  has  a  pre.sidenl  and  ten  professors, 
1,170  alumni,  100  students,  and  a  library  containing  14,000  vols. 
The  building  contains  a  chaprl,  lecture-room,  hall,  museum,  and 
an  extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus.  The  Grani' 
mar  School  attached  to  the  college  has  usually  from  200  to  300 
scholars,  and  instruction  is  given  in  all  the  branches  necessary 
for  admission  into  any  college,  or  for  the  performance  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  coiuiting-room. — The  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  is  in  University  Place,  opposite  Washington  Srpiare.  It  is 
built  of  white  marble,  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  is  180  feet  long  and 
100  wide.  The  building  contains  a  chapel,  which  receives  its 
light  from  a  window  of  stained  glass  in  the  west  front,  24  feet 
wide  and  50  high.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1831,  has  a 
president  and  11  professors,  a  valuable  library,  and  an  extensive 
j)hilosophical  apparatus. — The  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
founded  in  1830,  is  located  in  University  Place,  between  Seventh 
and  Eighth  sts.  It  has  six  profe.ssors,  about  100  students,  and  a 
library  containing  over  10,000  vols. — The  General  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  situated  at  the  corner  of  9th  avenue  and  21st-st.,  was 
founded  in  1819,  and  consists  of  two  buildings,  constructed  of 
stone,  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture. — The  Rutgers  Female 
Institute,  in  Madison-st.,  has  a  fine  building,  a  valuable  library, 
and  choice  philosophical  apparatus. — The  New  York  Society  Li- 
brary is  on  Broadway,  corner  of  Leonard-st.  Thiy  institution, 
which  was  founded  in  1754,  has  a  library  of  about  40,000  vols., 
a  lecture-room,  and  rooms  for  the  Academy  of  Design. — The 
Apprentices*  Library,  situated  in  Crosby-st.,  has  a  library  of 
12,000  vols.,  and  offers  facilities  for  the  cultivation  of  the  mind, 
of  which  a  largo  number  of  apprentices  have  availed  themselves. 
Here  is  also  the  Mechanics'  School,  which  has  many  teachers, 
and  550  pupils. — The  New  York  Hospital,  situated  on  Broad- 
way, opposite  Pearl-st.,  has  extensive  buildings,  and  is   finely 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


12* 


located. — The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  is  at  Blooiningdale, 
near  the  IIiulsoii  :  attachod  to  it  aro  40  acres  of  jrroniul,  laid  out 
ill  gardens,  j)leasure-gronnds,  and  walks.  Heing  on  elevated 
ground,  a  fine  view  of  Hudson  river,  willi  the  Biirrounding  coun- 
try, is  hero  obtained.  The  principal  biiildinj^,  which  is  of  stone, 
cost,  with  its  grounds,  upwards  of  5^"JU(),UU0.  It  contains  150 
patients. 

There  are  in  New  York  city  IIG  moral,  benevolent,  and  liter- 
ary associations,  110  miscellaneous  schools,  dS  newspapers,  CO 
periodicals,  100  insurance  companies,  .33  banks  and  savings  insti- 
tutions, and  nearly   101)  (lillerent  streets,  avenues,  and  places. 

IIoTKi.s. — The  hott'ls  are  ninuerou'  well  kept,  and  not  sur- 
passed in  comfort  and  accommodation  by  those  of  any  other  city 
in  the  Union  ;  the  following  are  the  principal : 

Th(^  Aftfor  House,  in  Broadway,  is  among  the  first  in  point  of 
attraction,  although  there  are  many  others  ecjually  well  kept.  This 
building  was  erected  by  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
on  the  31st  of  May,  1^3G  ;  it  is  built  of  Qumcy  granite,  in  a  re- 
markably massive  style,  simple  and  chaste,  is  five  stories  high, 
with  a  front  of  201  feet  on  Broadway,  directly  opposite  the  Park, 
ir>4  on  Biirclay-st.,  and  140^  on  W'sey-st.  Its  height  is  77  feet, 
and  it  contains  uj)wards  of  300  rooms.  The  dining-room  is  108 
feet  by  42.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building,  including  the  ground, 
was  about  ^750,000.  The  price  of  board  per  day  is  }$2.00. — 
The  American  Hotel  is  jjleasantly  situated  at  221)  Broadway, 
opposite  the  Park.  Board  }$2.00  per  day. — The  At/ienoium  Ho- 
tel, 347  Broadway,  is  a  well-kept  house.  Board  per  day  ,*$1.50. 
— The  Atlantic  Hotel,  5  Broadway,  opposite  the  Bowling  Green. 
Board  per  day  $1.50. — The  Carlton  House,  350  Broadway. 
Board  ^2.00  per  day.— The  City  Hotel,  133  Broadway,  on  the 
corner  of  Cedar-st.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — Clinton  Hotel,  in 
Beekman-st.  Board  per  day  $2.00.— The  Croton  Hotel,  142 
Broadway.  Board  per  day  $1.50.  This  is  a  temperance  house. 
— Delmonico^s,  in  Broadway,  near  the  Bowling  Green,  is  a  new 
and  handsome  budding.  This  establishment  is  conducted  on  the 
European  plan. — Florence's,  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Walker-st., 
is  a  new  and  elegau*.  establishment,  conducted  upon  the  Euro* 
peau  plan. — The  Franklin  House  is  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Dey- 


1  I,' 


.1  r 


:jl  m 


iMfM. 


128 


KAILKOAD  AND  STCAMHOAT  COMPANION. 


<  •», 


V        ■-»! 


St.  Board  ^$,^.00  pr-r  clay. — II<ni'<ird\s  Ilnicl  is  in  IJrcatlwuy,  cor- 
iior  of  Maidcii-Iiitiic.  IJuard  per  day  S<-.UO. — Ju(Is(hi's  Ilutal, 
Gl  IJroadwuy.  Htjani  iJji^i.Di)  per  day. — Lorrjnifs  Hotel,  on  the 
corner  ol'  Park-How  and  Ht<knian-st.,  is  condnctrd  on  tlie  Euro- 
pean j)lan. — Tho  Mm-haiitti  llulr!,  11  Courtland-st.  IJoard 
$\S)()  jior  day.— TIkj  ^atinmd  llttrU  o  Conrtland-st.  Hoard 
J^l.f)!)  per  day. — Tlio  Ncip  Enuhnid  Jfnusr,  HI  IJroadwoy. 
IJoard  5$  1.50  per  day. — 'I'ho  New  Yurk  lloirl,  7:21  IJroadway, 
is  retired,  but  elij^ibly  (situated.  Board  J$:2.()0  j)er  day. — The  Pa- 
cific Hotels  10:2  Greenwich-st.  Board  ,*$1..jU  per  day. — The 
Pcnrl-strcct  Iluime,  ^S  IVarl-st.  Board  reduced  to  $J.OU  per 
day.— The  Rochester  Hotel,  31  Courtland-st.  Board  'RXSltt  per 
day. — Rathbun's  Jlotel,  1(J5  Broadway,  between  (  ""rtland  and 
Liberty  sts.  Board  Jjjj'J.OO  per  day. — »S7.  Charles  hotel,  Broad- 
way.—  Tammany  Hall,  corner  of  Nassau  and  Frankfort  sts.,  is 
conducted  on  the  Eurojuan  plan. —  Trcinont  Temperance  House, 
110  Broadway.  Board  ,$1.50  per  day.— Tlio  United  Slates 
Hotel,  formerly  Holt's,  is  on  Fulton-st.,  bounded  by  Pearl  and 
Water  sts.  Board  [)er  day  $1.50.— Tiie  Western  Hotel,  1)  C'ourt- 
land-st.     Board  ?S)1.;25  per  day. 

Besides  the  hotels,  with  which  the  city  abounds,  there  arc  nu- 
merous private  Buardin<^-houses  in  dillerent  parts  of  the  city.  In 
addition  to  these,  there  are  many  Eatin^r-houses,  where  the  visit- 
er pays  in  proportion  to  wiiat  lie  consumes  ;  the.se,  however,  are 
principally  in  the  lower  or  business  part  of  the  city.  A  person, 
if  he  desires  it,  may  have  a  sieepinj^-room  at  Lovejoy's  or  else- 
where, and  take  his  meals  at  one  of  these  places  at  any  hour 
during  the  day  that  suits  his  convenience.  Bills  of  fare,  with  the 
prices  affixed  to  each  article,  are  always  at  hand,  so  that  one 
knows  exactly  what  he  has  to  pay  before  ho  \f\v<iH  his  order. 

Places  of  A.musk.me.nt. — These  are  not  numerous;  but  that  is 
charurferistic  of  American  cities  {rcnerally,  when  compared  with 
those  in  Europe.     They  are  as  follows : — 

Broadway  Theatre,  Broadway,  near  the  corner  of  Anthony- 
st. ;  Astur  Place  Opera  House,  corner  of  Astor  Place  and  Eighth- 
st.,  ii})per  part  of  Broadway  ;  Park  Theatre,  Park  Row,  opposite 
the  Park,  (at  present  not  opened  for  theatrical  performances ;) 
MitcheWs  Olympic  Theatre,  444  Broad  /ay,  above  Canal-st. ; 


are 


"hat  is 
with 

Ihoiiy- 
lighth- 
lipoisito 

lices ;) 
lal'St. ; 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


129 


Dowcry  Theatre,  Bowery,  above  Bayard-wt.  ;  Chathnm  Thea- 
tre, near  C'hathaiu  S(iiuiie  ;  Pabnu's  Opera  House,  41  Charn- 
hors-st. ;  American  Museum,  Broadway,  opposito  the  Astor 
[louse;  Baurnrd's  Panorama  of  the  Mississippi  Hirer,  at  Pan- 
orama Hall,  Broadway,  bctwetMi  Prince  and  Houston  sts. ;  Cas- 
tle Garden,  olFtho  Buttery  ;  Vauxhall  Garden,  uj)per  end  of  the 
Bowery. 

Exhibitions  OF  THE  Fink  Aiir^. — American  Art  Union:  Coi- 
■pction  of  Paintinj^s,  41)7  Broadway,  above  Brooine-Ht.  Adniis- 
iion  free.  The  Hall  is  a  very  iiandsoino  one,  ITjO  feet  lonj^,  and 
well  arranged  for  its  purjwse,  having  room  on  its  walls  for  a  very 
huge  collection  of  jiictures. — A«/t'  York  GalUrij  of  Fine  Arts,  in 
llie  Rotunda  in  the  Park,  corner  of  Centre  and  t'luunbers  sts. 
Admission  25  cents.  Life  membership  i$1.00. — National  Acad- 
emy of  Design,  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard-st. 

The  Cuoio.v  ^VA■^l<:ll-^VouKS. — The  building  of  this  great  work, 
was  decided  on  at  the  city  charter  election  of  lb'.?.'),  and  on  the 
4lh  of  July,  if<4il,  it  was  so  far  complcti'd  that  the  water  was  let 
Uito  the  Reservoir,  and  on  the  14lh  of  (Jctober  foll'wing  it  was 
brought  into  the  city.  The  whole  cost  will  be  about  ,^14,01)0,01)0, 
more  than  double  the  originid  estimate.  Between  the  Distribu- 
ting Reservoir  in  40th-st.  and  the  Battery,  up  to  Aug.  1847,  171 
miles  of  pipe  were  laid,  from  G  to  3G  incjies  in  diameter. 

The  aqueduct  commences  five  miles  from  the  Hudson,  and  is 
about  40  miles  from  the  City  Hall.  Tlie  dam,  which  is  250  feet 
long,  70  feet  wide  at  tiie  bottom,  and  7  at  the  top,  and  40  feet 
high,  is  built  of  stone  and  cement.  A  pond  five  miles  in  length 
is  created  by  the  dam,  covering  a  surface  of  400  acres,  and  con- 
taining 500,000,000  gallons  of  water.  From  the  dam  the  aque- 
duct proceeds,  sometimes  tunnelling  through  solid  rocks,  crossing 
valleys  by  embankments  and  brooks  l)y  culverts,  until  it  reaches 
Harlem  river.  It  is  built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement,  arched 
over  and  under ;  is  G  feet  3  inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  7  feet  8 
inches  at  the  top  of  the  side  walls,  and  8  feet  5  inches  high  ; 
has  a  descent  of  13.^  inches  per  mile,  and  will  discharge  G0,000,000 
of  gallons  in  24  hours.  It  crosses  Harlem  river  on  a  magnificent 
bridge  of  stone,  termed  the  "  High  Bridge,"  1,450  feet  long,  with 
14  piers,  8  of  them  80  feet  span,  and  G  of  50  feet  span,  il4  feet 

9 


-irii*! 


1' 


130 


KAILr.dAD    AiNU   b'lEAIVn.OAT   Ct^IFAMON. 


I'  V 


,.    gi^JJAIf  ■  ■» 


View  cp  the  IIi  iit  Bkii.uK, 


',«  I 


above  tidewater  to  the  top,  and  which  will  cost  J$!.)nO,000.  Tho 
Rpceivinjj  Reservoir  is  ut  RGth-st.  and  Glh  avenue,  coverinir  3r> 
ncres  and  eontaininj;  1 .')(), 000,000  }r;dIonn  of  water.  Persons 
wishing  ti  visit  the  lii'j^h  lirldirr  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Har- 
lem Railroad  to  Harlem,  Fare  12^  cents  ;  at  which  place  a  stage 
will  he  in  waitin;^  to  convey  thom  to  the  brid«:;e.     Fare  ]8|  cts. 

There  is  now  no  v\{y  in  the  world  better  8n})plied  with  pure 
and  wholesome  water  than  New  York ;  and  the  supply  would  be 
abundant,  if  the  population  were  five  times  its  ])resent  number. 

The  most  convenient  mode  of  visitinj;  the  DisfrihutiiiiS  Re- 
seri'uir  in  40th-st.,  or  the  Rrcfiinmr  R,  .^crvoir  in  86th-st.,  is  by 
the  cars  of  tho  Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  the  depot  opposite 
the  City  Hall  every  15  minutes  during  tho  day.     Fare  12^  cts. 


Steamboat  Links  fiiom  Nkw  York. — During  the  season  of 
navifjatiou,  regular  lines  of  steamboats  ply  upon  tho  Hudson, 
passing  between  New  York,  Albany,  and  Troy,  and  also  for  the 
intermediate  places  on  the  river. 

From  New  York  to  Albany  and  Trov. — There  are  both 
morning  and  evening  boats,  the  former  usually  leaving  New  York 
from  the  North  River  side,  at  6i  or  7  o'clock,  arriving  in  about 


The 

nsi  ^'^ 
rsons 

Har- 

stage 
cts. 
purp 
>ul(l  be 
ber. 
<r  Re- 
.  is  by 
posito 
i  cts. 


re  both 
York 
about 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


131 


10  hours.  Th«>  luttor  loavo  Now  York  at  5,  fi,  or  7  oVIork,  ar- 
riving,' at  Albany  nrxt  ninrninj;.  Fare  varies  arconlins;  to  roin- 
potition  Ironi  2.')  conts  to  .'^l.'iU.  (See  "  Pa.ssa;,'o  up  the  Ilud- 
fjon,"  and  also  Maj)  No.  18.) 

Day  Link  fkom  Nkw  Yohk  to  Hoston  via  Nkw  H  \vi:\,  Hart- 
Fouu,  AM)  SriiiN(iFiKLi),  (hcg  Map  No.  3,  also  tliis  route  frotii 
IV)ston  to  New  Y(trk.; — A  ^;teanlboat  leaves  New  York  daily, 
Sundays  exeeple  1,  at  (1  a.  m.,  from  l*eck  Slip,  Kast  River,  and 
roaches  New  Ifnrrn,  bO  niib's,  in  abonf  five  honrs.  Fine  J^Lf)!). 
Hero  we  take  the  cars  for  If  irtfoni,  .'III  miles  distant,  and  arrive 
in  one  hour  and  a  half.  J'ure  >^\A)i).  Vr  n  thence  wo  aro 
conveyed  to  Sprit/ijli-  hi.  :JfI  miles  further,  in  one  hour,  Fare 
,^1.00  ;  and  from  thence  to  Bi)^t:ni,  f)8  miles,  in  four  and  a  half 
hours:  total   distance  2-10  miles:  time  l.'J  honr^.     Fare  throiigh 

,Sr).oo. 

FiioM  Nkw  Yoiik  ro  BosroN  via  Ntciwicu  am>  AN'orckstkr, 
(see  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  |{')ston  to  New  York.) 
—  I'assen;rcrs  by  this  route  to  Boston  take  the  steamboat  from  the 
foot  of  Battery  Place,  jit  .'»  i'.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  r.  m.  in  win- 
ter ;  whence  lliey  will  be  conveyed  throni^h  the  Sound  to  the 
terminus  of  the  Norwicli  and  Worcester  Railroad  at  Allyn's 
Point,  12')  miles;  thence  over  tlie  above  road  to  Norwich,  l'J2 
miles,  F(ire  !$2..')0  ;  tlienc-'  to  W,)rcester,  101  miles,  Fiirri^WSiO  ; 
aiid  thence  to  Doston,  235  miles.  Time  J.')^  hours  :  Fare  throu^rh 

Fkom  Nkw  Youk  to  Roston  via  Sto.mxgton  and  PnovinrvcR, 
,sec  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Ronton  to  New  York.) 
— Passengers  leave  New  York  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River,  foot 
of  Battery  Place,  at  5  i*.  M.  in  summer,  md  4  r.  m.  in  winter,  and 
are  thence  conveyed  over  the  Sound  to  Sfunin'jrton,  12.5  miles,  in 
nine  hours,  Fare  !$2..')() ;  thence  over  the  railroad  to  I'ljvidcnce, 
47  miles  further,  Fare  .$  1.00  ;  theuc  to  Ruston,  42  miles  :  total 
distance  224  miles.     Time  12  hours:   Fare  jj^.'>.00. 

Fkom  Nkw  York  to  Roston  via  NKwrour  and  Fa;.l  Rivkr. 
(See  Map  No.  '2,  and  ;dso  this  route  from  Ro^tl)n  to  New  York.) 
Steamboats  leave  New  York  daily,  (Sup.days  excrpled,)  from 
Pier  No.  3,  Nortli  River,  at  5  p.  m.  in  Kummer,  and  4  p.  m.  in 
winter  ;  passing  throuj^h  the  Sound  and  around  Point  Judith  to 


y>\.  i 


>i9 


fJ4v.Afat 


132 


RAIMIOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  (  OMPAMON. 


'if 


Netrpurt,  M.  I.,  If).')  milns.  'rimo  10  hours:  fnrr  .$  l.(!0,  'l'"i;'iici< 
to  Fall  Jiirrr,  Is  miles  fiirtlHT,  in  oim  hour.  Fiirc  I'l  •  •.  Ne'v 
York,  )5<  l.OO.  'J'JKMino  hy  cars  to  Ititslon,  ^)'.i  iiiiN's,  in  t\v<  oours. 
Total  (li.^tanop  'J'M)  miles:  time  13  hours:  fare  }$3.()().  On 
tlio  nrriv.il  of  tlio  hoat  at  Fall  Kivcr,  pansrnifj'rs  ran  procepd  im- 
mt'diafcly  hy  railroad  to  Iloston  ;  or  if  tlii-y  wish  to  remain  till 
tlin  Htarlinj^  of  the  Acconjinodalion  Train,  (liavin;;  breakfast  on 
hoard,  if  they  desire  it,)  they  will  h-ave  Jit  C)^  a.  m.,  and  reach 
Hoston  at  about  D^  \.  m.  (For  ront(8  from  Nrw  Ymli  to  Philn- 
tlelj>liia ;  thr.  AV/r  York  (ind  Erie  Railrodd ;  from  New  York  to 
New  Unreii,  Hartford,  &.C.,  see  Index.) 

Rates  OK  KAKK.  in  Xkw  Vouk  fok  IlACKXEv-CoAcnEs,  Caukiaoes, 
OR  Tabs. —For  conveying  a  passenger  any  distance  not  exceeding  one 
iinle,  "Jr)  cfMls  ;  two  pi^seiigers,  50  cents,  or  25  cents  each  ;  every  addi- 
tional ftassenger,  25  cents. 

For  conveying  a  passenger  any  dLsfance  exceeding  a  mile,  and  within 
two  miles,  50  cents  ;  every  additional  passenger,  'Jo  cents. 

For  the  use  of  a  liackney-coacii,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  day,  with 
one  or  more  p:i.»sent.'eis,  .•»i.>.()(l. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  hour,  witli 
one  or  more  i)assen.i.eis,  with  the  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place, 
and  of  stopping  as  often  as  may  be  re(piired,  as  follows  :— first  hour. 
$1.00  ;  second  hour,  75  cents  ;  every  succeeding  iiour,  50  cents. 

Children  under  two  years  of  age,  nothing  ;  from  two  to  fourteen,  half 
price. 

Each  passenger  is  entitled  to  fake  one  trunk,  valise,  box,  bag,  or  other 
travelling  package  ;  and  as  many  more  as  he  pleases,  by  paying  six 
cents  for  each  extra  one,  or  1'2.V  cents  if  over  ?   i.ile. 

If  the  distance  be  over  one  mile,  and  not  over  two  miles,  the  charge 
for  one  passenger  is  50 cents,  and  each  additional  one,  25  cents. 

If  a  carriage  is  taken  by  the  day  or  hour,  it  nmst  be  so  specified. 

If  a  hack  is  detained  or  hindered,  the  driver  is  entitled  to  75  cents  for 
the  first  hour,  and  :<7A  cents  per  hour  afterwards,  in  addition  to  mileage. 

Every  hack  is  required  to  be  conspicuously  numbered,  and  to  have 
the  rates  of  fare  posted  up  within  it  .;  and  in  default  of  either  of  these. 
tlie  driver  is  not  to  demand  or  receive  any  pay. 

Cfl/ij.— Calls  to  and  from  dwellings,  to  or  from  steamboats,  or  other 
parts  of  the  city,  with  one  or  two  persons,  50  cents. 

When  leaving  the  stand  with  one  person,  any  distance  not  over  a 
mile  and  a  half,  25  cents.  When  with  two  persons,  37A  cents.  When 
by  the  hour,  driving  in  town  from  place  to  place,  for  each  hour,  50  cents. 

Distances  from  the  City  Hall.— To  the  Battery,  north  end,  three- 
■1  nttis  of  a  mile— south  end,  one  mile  ;  foot  of  Courtland-st.,  three- 
Quarters  of  a  mile;  foot  of  Barclay  st.,  half  a  mile;  foot  of  Chambers 


otlicr 
ing  six 


over  a 
Wlieii 
)0  cents. 
1,  three- 
.,  three- 
ambers 


VICINITY  Of  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


133 


St.,  half  Ji  mile;  foot  of  Canal  st.,  one  mile;  Dry  Dock,  two  miles; 
Cutharine-st.  Ferry,  threrMpKirters  of  a  mile  ;  I-'ulton  Ferry,  half  a 
mile  ;  S<tiith  Ferry,  one  milf  ;  Navy  Yar^l.  Urookiyn,  one  mile  ami  a 
(juarter  ;  Jt-r^ey  City  I'rrry,  half  a  iiiilf  ;  Harlem,  ei^lit  miles;  Dis- 
inljiiting  lU'.servoir,  three  miles  anil  a  (lu.irler ;  Keeciving  llefservoir, 
live  miles. 

ri.j\ri:s  IN  Tiir,  vicinity  of  Nk.w  Yokk. — tirnoklyn,  deseribed 
at  leiifftli,  at  Yii\lG  VM\  ;  Navy  Yard,  iJrooklyii,  at  piij^e  \'.\)i  ; 
Alliintic  Dock,  at  pafje  V.Vd  ;  CJreenwood  Cemetery,  at  pajje  I. '{'J. 

Williiimnhiiri!  is  situated  on  IiOn;j  Island,  opjjosite  tlie  north- 
east part  of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Kast 
Kiver.  This  place,  which,  as  well  as  Urookiyn,  has  become  the 
residence  of  mnnhers  doiiijr  business  in  New-York,  is  increasing 
rapidly  in  wealth  and  population.  At  the  present  time  its  poj)u- 
lation  is  not  less  than  l."),()0().  It  is  connected  with  N<'W  York 
by  three  steam-ferries,  the  boats  on  which  ply  at  regular  inter- 
vals.    The  ferriage  is  from  3  to  4  rriits  enc/i  way. 

Astoria,  a  flourishin}^  villajre  six  miles  n.  i:.  of  the  city,  has  a 
tine  location,  beinjj  situated  on  the  East  liiver  near  •'  Hurl 
(iate."  It  has  become  a  favorite  residence  for  persons  from 
New  York. 

Flnsliinir,  at  the  head  of  Flushinjr  Bay,  five  miles  from  Loiifj 
Island  Sound  by  water,  and  nine  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  New 
York,  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  city 
and  of  Brooklyn.  The  ride  from  the  latter  place  is  delij[rhtful : 
from  the  former  it  is  reached  by  steamboat,  one  plying  between 
the  two  places  at  regular  intervals, — affording,  during  the  sum- 
mer season,  a  delightful,  though  short,  aquatic  excursion  to  one 
of  the  most  inviting  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  Flushing 
is  celebrated  for  its  nurseries,  and  thousands  are  every  season  at- 
tracted thither,  who  love  to  revel  among  the  beautiful  creations 
of  the  Floral  world,  which  are  here  to  be  seen  in  greater  variety 
and  on  a  larger  scale  than,  perhaps,  at  any  other  place  in  the 
country.  There  are  four  considerable  nurseries  in  the  town.  Of 
these,  the  establishment  of  Parsons  &  Co.  is,  wo  believe,  the 
most  extensive,  covering,  as  it  does,  about  70  acres.  The  other 
establishments  are  those  of  Winter  &  Co.,  King  &-  Ripley,  and 
VV.  R.  Prince.  The  latter  gentleman  claims,  we  believe,  for  his 
Qursery  the  title  of  the  "  Linnean  Botanic  Garden  ;"  but  the 


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134 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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11 

garden  formerly  cultivated  by  his  father  under  that  ajpellation, 
and  vIjIcIi  gained  such  celebrity  (hiring  his  Hfetinie,  is  the  ono 
now  owned  by  Winter  «fc  Co.  The  trees,  «fcc.,  the  produce  of 
these  gardens,  are  in  demand,  not  oidy  for  every  j)art  of  tlw 
Union,  but  also  for  iMirope.  Visiters  have  free  access  to  t/ieac 
frardrits  on  all  dai/s,  (Sandaijs  excepted.) 

Flathitsli,  about  live  miles  from  Brooklyn,  Flatlauds  eight. 
(rrurcseiid  ten  miles,  are  small  but  handsome  places.  Tln' 
shores  of  the  latter  j)lace  abound  with  clams,  oysters,  and  water- 
fowl, and  are  niuch  resorted  to. 

Coney  Island,  belonging  to  the  town  of  Gravesend,  is  five 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  situated  about  12  miles  from 
New  York.  It  has  a  hue  heach  fronting  the  ocean,  and  is  nnirh 
lVe(pieiited  for  sea-])alliing.  On  the  .\.  side  of  the  Island  is  an 
hotel.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  the  city  and  Coney 
Islanil  (luring  the  summer  season.     Fare  I'i^  cents  each  way. 

Fort  Hantilton,  one  of  the  fortifications  for  protecting  the  har- 
bor of  New  York;  is  situated  at  the  "  JV arrows,*'  about  seven 
miles  from  New  York.  There  is  here  an  extensiv<>  hotel  (^r 
boarding-house,  for  the  ac(;ommodation  of  visiters.  The  C'oiif>y 
Island  boat  stops  at  Fort  Hamilton  to  land  and  receive  pass*  n- 
gers.     Fare  1:2 J(  cents. 

Rockaa'aij  Beach,  a  celebrated  and  fashionable  watcring-i)lari\ 
on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  is  in  a  s.  i:.  direction  from  New  York 
'i'he  Marine  Pavilion,  a  splendid  establislur.ent,  erected  in  l^.'^^. 
upon  the  beach,  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean,  is  furnished  i.; 
a  stylo  betilting  its  object  as  a  j)lace  of  resort  for  gay  and  tash- 
ionable  (;ompany.  Then.'  is  anotln-r  hotel  here  which  is  w'.l 
kept  ;  also  several  priv.ite  boarding-houses,  where  the  visiler. 
seekijig  i)leasuro  or  health,  may  enjoy  the  invigorating  oee;iii 
breeze,  with  less  parade  and  at  a  more  reasonable  cost  than  at 
the  hotels.  The  best  route  to  Rockaway  is  by  the  Long  Isiaiiu 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  twelve  miles,  23  cents;  thenco  by  stage 
eight  njiles,  over  an  excellent  road,  to  the  beach,  50  cents. 

Bloom  in  irdalc  is  a  neat  village,  five  miles  from  the  City  H:ti!> 
on  the  left  bank  of  ihe  Hudson.  Hero  is  the  Orphan  Asylum. 
Man/iattanrille,  two  miles  north  of  the  latter  place,  contains  tli<- 
Lunatic  Asylum,  which  occupies  a  commanding  situation,     lloi- 


lent,  eij 

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'Stat  I 

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daily,  fr( 

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Hurlj'ji-f 

file  .\.  p;i 

of  Hatter 
Long 
niiies  froi 
Ihase  foil 
iiting  atn 
Tile  O 
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view  of  th 
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vicinity  fo; 
'i»d  the  oc 
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^hreu'sl 
die  above, 
A  steam 
"bovc  plac 


VICIXTTY  OF  NEW  YORK  CITV. 


135 


ation, 

B    Olio 

ICO   of 

.f  tlu- 

tliei^c 

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s  fmm 
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ity  Hai!. 
Asylnui. 

tains  til'- 
II.     i/'"  ■ 


111 


/c>/i,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  reached  by  the  cars  on  the 
Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  tho  depot  in  New  York  many 
t.iues  daily. 

I'laces  on  the  Hudson  river  worthy  the  attention  of  stran^jers, 
uri'  described  under  the  heading,  "  Passage  up  the  Hudson,"  at 
j'lil^e  lo'J 

Shilcn  fsjaiiil,  tho  l;uiding  at  which  is  about  five  miles  from 
.Nt'W  York  and  fronting  the  Quarantine  (Jround,  has  a  tine  situa- 
tion commanding  a  splendid  view  of  the  beanlilul  bay,  Long 
I>laiid,  &c.  There  are  here  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  for  tho 
reception  of  visiters.  Steamboats  leave  New  York  several  times 
daily,  from  tho  foot  of  Whitehall-st.,  at  the  Hattery.  Fare  \'2^ 
cf ills.  New  BvighlDii,  Poll  Rirlimond,  and  the  Sailor's  Sunn 
Hnrh'jr,  an  asylum  for  superannuated  seamen,  are  situated  in 
t!ie  N.  part  of  tho  Island.  Steamboats  leave  daily  from  the  foot 
of  Battery  Place. 

Lnug  Blanch,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  \«'W  Jersey,. TiJ 
miles  from  the  city  of  \ew  York,  is  a  pojadar  place  oi  r»'st)rt  for 
those  fond  of  seashore  recreation,  and  where  a  pure  and  invigor- 
ating atmosphere  is  always  to  be  found. 

The  Ocean  House,  a  hotel  of  the  first  order,  a  short  distance 
N  from  Long  Branch,  is  a  place  where,  during  the  oppressive 
IruI  of  summer,  a  greater  degree  of  real  comfort  can  be  enjoyed 
than,  perhaps,  at  tho  more  fashionable  watering-places.  The 
sea-breeze,  whi(;h  is  constant  here  as  well  as  at  Long  Hrancii, 
and  the  convenient  surf-bathing,  iiavo  an  alnKK->t  magic  ellect  i;i 
restoring  the  exhausted  energies  of  tho  human  frame  ;  while  a 
view  of  that  grandest  of  objects,  the  Ocean,  which  is  here  spread 
out  before  you — now  gently  undulating  in  dalliance  with  the 
breeze,  and  now  u])l>eaved  by  the  tempest — has  an  etpially  salu- 
tary etlect  on  the  animal  spirits.  There  is  admirable  sport  in  this 
vicinity  for  the  angler.  Th<'  Shrewsbury  river  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  ocean  on  the  other,  swarm  with  all  the  delicate  varieties 
of  tlsh  with  which  our  markets  abound. 

Shreivshuri/,  Rid  Bank,  and  Tiitton  F<ills,  in  tho  vicinity  of 
the  above,  are  also  places  of  great  resort. 

A  sleanihoat  leaves  New  Y'ork  daily  from  Fulton-slip  for  the 
above  places. 


i  i     .,' 


(I! 


I 


mi 


i  • 


136 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMrANION. 


V. 


View  from  Brooklyn    '  Heighta  ' 

BROOKLYN. 

Brooklyn,  the  secoiul  city  in  the  state  of  New  York  for  pop- 
ulation, is  nitnuted  at  the  \v.  end  of  Lonir  Island,  opposite  theciiy 
of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  East  Riv^r. 
The  coinini'.nication  between  the  two  places  is  rendered  easy  aii'I 
convenient  by  Jirc  steam-ferries,  viz  :  The  FiiUoii  ferry,  ^vliirh 
is  by  far  the  jrrealest  thoronj^hfare  :)  the  Soui/i  ferry  ;  Calharinv 
ferry  ;  Jurf.tion,  or  Nun/  Yard  ferry,  and  the  Ifuniilton  Arrinit 
ferry.  Two  new  ferries  are  about  to  be  e,-tablished — tho  Man- 
tdij^iic  and  the  liiid^f-st.  ferries,  (tlie  former  for  f<r>t  passeniri'is 
only,) — and  will  soon  ^o  into  op(>ratioii.  Tho  local  on  of  tin' 
above  ferries  is  ehown  in  Miij)  No.  1. 

The  Fulton  tVrry  boats  run  every  few  minutes  dnrinj;  the  day 
and  evenin^r.  until  1:2  r.  m.  Afdr  tliat  hour,  a  boat  leaves  etieli 
s!de  every  HO  minutes  until  morniuLT.  Tl;e  pr,c'>  on  each  ferry  i"' 
two  rnitfi  for  foot  pit-^senj^crs  ;  children  half  price.  Conmuitcr' 
are  charijrd  .^iO.OO  per  annum.  Tiie  crossing  to  and  fro,  on  bdli 
tho  Fulton  ami  South  ferries,  esjx^ciidly  morninos  and  ev^'uini:'^, 
is  so  great   as  to   strike  a  stran^jiT  w.th  a.stoni,i!imcnt.     Tliri'c 


r- 


BROOKLYN'. 


137 


ilx# 


'or  pop- 
ihe  cily 
4  River. 
easy  an<l 
-,  ''whirh 
::t(hnrlnc 

ho  Mon- 
as-cnii;''!"-- 

)|1    of     I'll'' 

It  the  il:iy 
;!i  ferry  i^' 

OUlllUU'T' 

■0,  on  b'.  th 
it.     Tlirec 


boats  constantly  i)ly  at  the  sanio  liino  on  eacli,  and  tlie  time  oc- 
ciipiod  is  usually  from  four  to  six  minnlrs. 

lirooklyn  is  laid  out  witii  consideral)lo  ro<,niIarity,  the  streets, 
witli  the  exception  of  Fulton.  hv'\\\<f  'generally  straiijiit,  and  cross- 
iiijT  each  otluT  at  ri^lit  aii'rjcs.  Many  of  them  are  shaded  with 
line  trees,  which,  in  the  summer  season,  impart  to  the  eity  the 
l.-e.-hness  and  {^ayety  of  a  country  toxv'U.  It  is  this,  with  the  jiu- 
lity  of  its  atmos[>here,  and  tiie  facilities  aflbrded  for  reaehinii  the 
jrrtat  nu'trojtolis,  that  has  uuule  this  j»lace  increase  so  rapidly  in 
wealth  and  poj)ulation.  Mo.^t  of  th<^  liouses  are  well  built,  and 
iiianv  are  distinn[uished  for  chasteness  and  eleijance  of  archii'ectural 
(iesijrn. 

The  ;rround  on  whicli  (he  eity  is  built  is  more  elevated  than 
the  ojiposite  shore.  'I'he  "  Heights,"  on  the  Kast  liiver,  present 
a  liold  front,  elevated  7()  feet  above  tidtnvater,  alVordini;  a  de- 
liirjilful  view  of  New  York,  its  harbor,  the  islands  in  the  bay,  and 
the  shore  of  New  J<'rscy. 

The  shor<'s,  where  not  defended  bv  wharves,  underiro  continual 
and  rapid  chauLfos  by  the  velocity  of  the  current  in  the  East 
River,  (lovernor'.s  Island  was  formerly  connected  with  Brook- 
lyn at  Red  Hook  Point  ;  and  j)revious  to  the  Revolution,  cattio 
were  driven  from  the  Hook  to  the  island,  lh<n  separated  by  a 
narrow  and  .shallow  |)a.ssa(Tf>  called  RiiMermiik  Channel,  which 
ia  now  wide  and  deep  enou;^h  for  the  passa;^e  of  UH-rchant  ves- 
sels of  the  largest  size. 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  villaire  in  April,  U-iOG,  and  as 
u  city,  with  greatly  extendt-d  limits,  on  the  htli  of  Airil,  1S34. 
Il  is  divided  into  nine  wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  ma) -or  and  a 
board  of  \^  aldermen,  two  from  each  ward,  annti'dly  electetl. 

The  j)opuiatiou  of  BrookKii  increa.^ed  from  l.-iJO  to  IHJ*'  at 
the  rate  of  57  per  cent,  for  each  five  years,  ^iud  from  1P40  to 
\>\x),  it  was  Gl  per  cent.  The  latter  rate,  if  applied  to  IbaO,  will 
produce  aii  aggregate  population  of  D.'),r)"-23  ;  in  1855,  15.3, .377. 
Al  the  present  time  (184H)  it  may  bo  placed  at  60,000.  The 
taxable  property  in  1847  amounted  to  .*$'JI),305,189,  and  the 
amount  of  taxes  the  same  year  was  within  a  fraction  of  f9-^0,()00. 

Rl'ulic  BuiLDLNGs. — Of  tlicsc  the  most  prominent  is  the  new 
City  Hall,  situated  on  a  triang  ilar  piece  of  ground,  bounded  by 


'\A  it' 


ryi 


138 


RAILROAD  AND  STZAMHOAT  COMrANlON. 


Court,  Fulton,  and  Jorulcnion  sis.  It  is  constructed  of  white 
inurble,  from  tiio  (iimrrios  of  Wcslclicslfr  county,  in  the  Ionic 
Ktylo  of  architecture.  It  is  1G:2  by  1();2  fi.'ct,  and  75  feet  in  height 
to  the  top  of  the  cornice.  It  is  surnjounted  by  a  cnjiola,  the  top 
of  which,  from  tlie  Ktrcct,  is  Ij.'J  leet.  The  interior  contains 
rooms  foi.'  tlie  various  depurtmeuts  of  l)usin('ss  connected  with  tlio 
city  and  county.  Its  whole  cost  will  not  exceed  .^iiUOjOOO. — The 
Jail,  a  substantial  bnildinjr  erected  in  l':"37,  is  situated  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  JJrooklyn,  near  Fort  Greene. — The  Li/reiini,  in  Wash- 
inj^tou-st.,  corner  of  Concord,  is  a  line  j^ranlte  buildii)[j,  with  a 
spacious  and  connnodiou;;  lecture-room. — The  Citi/  Lihninj  con- 
tains a  lar™  number  of  valuable  lllcrary  and  scientific  works*. — 
The  .Vl7J•///^^s•  Hunk  is  in  an  eb't^ant  new  building  on  the  corner 
of  Fulton  aiul  Concord  sts. — Tlie  iiioukliju  Fctn  ile  Acn(L'ini/,  a 
spacious  building,  is  in  Joralemon-st.,  near  Clinton. 

CnuiiciiKS. — The  churches  in  IJrooklyn  are  about  50  in  num- 
ber, and  many  of  those  r^ccnlly  construe' el  arc  splendid  edifice^, 
— the  principal  of  which  is  the  new  Ejiiscoj)  d  Church  of  "The 
Holy  Trinity,"  situated  in  C!inton-st.,  whitdi  is  a  fine  specimen 
of  Cothic  architectme.  This  church  was  erected  by  tlie  muniti- 
cenco  of  a  citizen  of  IJroolcIyn  at  a  cast  of  ab)ut  .*$ I .')(), OOi). 

The  Unitkd  States  Navv  Yakij  is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of 
Wullabout  Bay,  in  the  northeaster:-  part  of  Ijrooklyn,  and  occu- 
pies about  40  acres  of  ground,  enclosed  on  the  land  side  by  a  high 
wall.  There  arc  here  two  large  ship-houses  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class,  witli  workshops  and  every  requisite  necessary  for  an 
extensive  naval  depot,  'i'iie  Unltcl  S.'/it'Hi  Nnval  Li/rcitin,  an 
interesting  place,  also  in  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a  literary  insiitutioii, 
formed  in  1833  by  olhcers  of  the  navy  comiected  with  the  port. 
It  contains  a  sj)lendi(l  collection  of  curiosities,  and  mineralogical 
and  geological  cabinets,  with  numerous  other  valuable  and  curi- 
ous things  worthy  th'-  inspection  of  the  visiter.  A  Dry  Duck  is 
being  constructed  here,  at  a  cost  of  about  J^^  1,000, 000.  On  tho 
ojjposite  side  of  tlie  Wallahout,  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Navy  Yard, 
is  the  Murine  Jfus'pital,  a  fine  building  erected  on  a  comuuindiug 
situation,  and  surrounded  by  upwards  of  30  acres  of  well-culti- 
vated ground. 

At  the  ^Vallabout  were  stationed  the  Jersey  and  other  prison- 


BUOOKLVN. 


139 


<'uh  of 
ocou- 
a  hi;:l) 
of  til- 
for  an 
\iin,  all 
itutioii, 
lo  port. 
ilo;i:cal 
1(1  ciirl- 
\)i)ck  is 
|)n   tho 
Yurd, 


tuidin;; 
ll-cuUi- 


h)ri 


;^on- 


ships  of  the  Euglisli  durin;^  tlio  R<nolutioiiary  war,  iti  which  it 
is  said  11,500  Amoricau  prisoners  j)orislie(l,  from  had  air,  closo 
confiiicmont,  and  ill-treatnuMit.  In  180S,  tho  hones  of  the  suf- 
ferers, which  had  been  washed  out  from  tiie  hank  wlure  thev 
liad  been  slijrhtly  buried,  were  collected,  and  deposited  in  13  cof- 
fins, inscribed  with  the  names  of  (ho  13  original  states,  and  placed 
in  a  vault  beneath  a  wooden  building  erected  for  the  j)i!rpose,  in 
Hudson  avenue,  opposite  to  Front-st.,  near  tho  Navy  Yard. 

The  Atlantic  Dock,  about  a  iriile  below  ti)e  South  Ferry,  is 
a  very  extensive  work,  and  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers. 
The  Hamilton  Avenue  Ferry,  near  tiie  IJattery,  lanus  its  passen- 
gers close  by.  The  company  was  incorporated  in  l^.Iay,  IH-lO, 
with  a  capital  of  §;i/)(jl),(|l)U.  Th^  basin  within  the  piers  con- 
tains 4'^}^  acres,  with  sunieient  depth  of  water  for  the  largest 
ships.  The  piers  arc  furnished  with  many  sjjacious  stone  ware- 
iiouses. 

(jiiEF-Nwooi)  Cejietkkv  is  in  the  s.  part  of  Brooklyn,  at  Cow- 
anus,  about  three  miles  from  tlie  Fulton  Ferry,  at  which  place 
visiters  take  the  stages,  which  leave  hourly,  for  the  Cemetery. 
Ffire  12.i  cents.  Another  way  to  Croeaw(X)d  is  by  tho  new 
ferry  at  Whitehall,  wliich  lands  its  j)assengers  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Cemetery,  on  a  pier  of  great  length  jutting  out  from  the 
shore:  carriages  run  from  the  landing-place  to  the  Cemetery, 
currying  passengers  at  a  tritling  cliarge. 

This  Cemetery  was  incorporated  in  1S33,  and  contains  212 
acres  of  ground,  about  one-half  of  which  is  covered  with  wood 
of  a  natural  growth.  It  originally  confined  172  acres,  but  re- 
cently 70  more  have  been  added  l)y  iMirchase,  and  brought  with- 
in the  enclo'^Msre.  Free  entrance  is  allowed  to  persons  on  foot 
during  week-days,  but  on  the  Sabbath  none  but  j)roprietors  of 
lots  and  their  families,  and  j>ersons  with  them,  are  admitted  ;  oth- 
ers than  proprietors  can  obtain  a  j)ernjit  for  carriages  on  week- 
days. These  gro(Hids  have  a  varied  surface  of  hills,  valleys,  and 
plains.  Tho  elevations  afford  extensive  views  ;  that  from  Ocean 
Hill,  near  the  western  line,  presents  a  wide  range  of  tho  ocean, 
v.ith  a  portion  of  Long  Island.  Batthj  Hill,  in  the  \.  w.,  com- 
mands an  extensive  view  of  the  cities  of  Brooklyn  and  New 
York,  the  Hudson  river,  the  noble  bay,  and  of  Now  Jersey  and 


'lU     .1  'Iff 


I     ■   I 
:  ■(  I'l  '9'.  •II.    (    mi  U  ;?  iM'i 

t       '■■!*;    Wy\v, 


140 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


f  1; 


'i 


/•  p 


Staton  Island.  From  tho  other  elevated  {^rounds  in  the  Ceme- 
tery there  are  fine  prosjiects.  (Jreenwood  is  traversed  by  winding 
avenues  and  pallis,  which  afford  visiters  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
this  extensive  C/emetery,  if  suffk'ient  time  is  taken  for  the  pur- 
pose. Several  of  the  monuments,  original  in  their  design,  are 
very  beautiful,  and  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  notice  of  strangers. 
Thaso  of  the  Iowa  Indian  princess,  Dohummo,  and  the  "  mad 
poet,"  McDonald  Clark,  near  tlio  Sylvan  Water,  are  admirable. 

Visiters  by  keejjing  the  main  avenue,  called  The  Tour,  as  in- 
dicated by  ir  aide -hoards,  will  obtain  the  best  general  view  of  tlie 
('emetery,  and  will  be  able  again  to  reach  the  entrance  without 
difficulty.  Unless  this  caution  bo  observed,  they  may  find  them- 
selves at  a  loss  to  discover  their  way  out.  By  paying  a  little 
atPMition.  however,  to  tho  gropuds  and  guide-boards,  they  will 
}>;ron  be  able  to  take  other  aveniu^s,  many  of  which  pas^i  through 
^frounds  of  pecidiar  interest  and  beatify. 

"  fn  Greenwood,  are  (juiet  dells,  nestling  little  lakes  in  i!>eir 
!)i>,.^-ins,  shaded  by  locusts  ;ind  willows  from  the  s\u»,  made  cool 
1j|  \he  sea  breezes  and  musical  With  th(>.  songs  of  birds;  or  you 
li);"  loiter  in  a  villa'je  of  giaves,  a?-  it  were,  with  hundreds  of 
visiters,  like  younself,  poring  over  s-xnilptured  tukeiis  of  atlection.'' 

These  delightful  grounds  now  attract  much  attention,  and  have 
already  become  a  pla(;e  of  grt-at  resort,  and  they  will  continue 
yearly  to  attract  additional  crowds  of  visit(>rs,  as  their  beauties 
becojue  more  generally  known,  and  the  ties  n»ore  extended  that 
bind  many  in  the  surrounding  country  and  neighboring  cities,  to 
the  once-loved — not,  to  the  eyes  of  Faith  and  AlVt  ction,  dead. 
but  sleeping — forms  of  those  who  lie  in  this  heautilul  resting- 
place  of  the  departed. 


LONG    ISL  /YD   'RAILROAD   ROUTE. 
(See  Map  No.  15.} 

This  road  extends  froiii  i'vjuth  Brooklyn,  opposite  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Creeupoit,  at  tho  eaf^t  end  of  Long 
Island,  9()  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1838,  and  cost  in 
its  construction,  up  to  Jan.  I,  l8-'-8,  !$-i,():J7,l)Ul.(j8.     After  leav- 


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*^  LOINC  19  RAILROAD, 

an. I    111.'  <'()\\K(   rH  ir    SIIOKK, 

showiiuj  lltr  RAILROADS  wliiih 
U'lniiiiah-  oii  (li»'  sorx/} 
witli  insr.Wt  hS  /iciii  XJork. 


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LONG  ISLAND  UAII.KOAD. 


Ml 


iu(r  the  depot  near  tlw  Soulli  F«'rry,  llio  cars  p;i8s  lliroiiMi 
a  linuu'l,  mirlcr  Atliiiitif-st.,  wliicli  is  iJ,7.')()  fn-t  loni,',  and 
iil»out  HO  dtM'p,  at  tlio  hij^lipst  ji;irt  of  tlie  street,  and  which  cost 
JS'J(i,(JUO. 

The  railroad  to  Jamaica,  ]'2  inilcM,  was  the  first  link  of  the 
road  coiislruntcd,  hy  a  fDmpaiiy  iiiforporated  Ajir.!,  l^."{"i.  with  a 
rapital  of  }5<:M(),(I()().  In  April.  In'U,  the  \.uu<r  Island  Railroad 
Cumpany  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  >«(l,r»OII,l)()(),  to  con- 
*ftriict  u  road  Ihroii'rh  Ii')n;r  Islmifl  to  (Ireenporf,  with  permission 
t'l  unite  with  t!ie  lirooklyn  ami  Jamaica  Company.  The  desiirn 
of  this  road  originally  was  to  ojnii  a  speedy  communication  he- 
tweeii  N(  vv  V(jrk  and  Hoston.  whifh,  l-y  a  ferry  crossln^r  the 
Soimd,  was  to  ciinn<*ct  with  either  of  tl  -nut  routes  that  ter- 
minate in  the  hitter  city.  This  is  the  sh<>  'onte  Ijetwecii  the 
two  cities,  and  until  recently  wa>^  opcued  lor  th-  day  travel  he- 
iween  New  Vork  and  Huston,  hut  owin:x  'o  som  •  temj>or;:ry  ein- 
barrassmeuts  of  the  company,  has  hecn  disenntimjed  for  the  pres- 
ent. The  cars,  howevi  r,  run  re<jidarlv  b(  iween  Hnntklvn  and 
(Ireenport,  and  intermediate  places.  The  .scenery  ou  the  route 
is  neither  varied  nor  inten-sliii;;,  the  country  throu;rh  which  it 
{•asses  beinjj  mostly  flat,  witjj  a  poor  and  sandy  soil.  The  dis- 
t.mce  between  New  York  and  Boston,  by  this  ronte,  connectinij 
with  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad,  is  "J.'ij  miles. 

Trom  Brooklyn  to  liedftml,  2^  miles,  /'\/re  G  cents;  Eust 
Xt'iv  York,  .'(i,  I'i  cents;  Union  Race  Course,  8,  20  cents  ;  Ja- 
inaini,  12,  2."»  cents;  Jii ns/iriHe,  15,  31  cents;  /[fmjtshdft 
Urnnch,  19,  .'^7  cents  ;  IfirJcscillr,  27,  fiO  cents  ;  Ffirmini^dalr, 
:)2,  (12  cents  :  /^<r»- /'^/rA-,  :iS,  75  cents ;  T/i'inii»^'.;n,  M,  J$1.00; 
Sulf'oUc  Sf(if:on,4'i,  $100  ;  Mvdfonl  Slalion,  aC,  ::i<1.12;  Yap- 
Jhink,  GO,  i$1.25;  St.  (icnr<rc's  Mttnor,  GS,  §'-'>^>;  Rii-er/tcnd, 
7.'),  .$1.02  ;  Janieiii>ort,m,  i^\.{]1  :  Mi'lrfurk,S:),  $1.75;  South- 
old.  92,  $1.87;  Oircnport,  90,  $2.00.  On  arrival  of  the  cars 
at  the  latter  place,  a  steamboat  leaves  for  Sui;  Harbor. 

Stages  leave  Jamaica  daily  for  Rochairay,  on  arrival  of  the 
ears.  Fare  50  cents.  From  Ilicksville  to  Culd  Sprinif.  Hunt- 
ington, and  Oldster  Bai/ ;  from  Deer  Park  to  Bahi/lun ;  from 
Tliompson  to  Islip  and  Merhanirsvillc  ;  from  SulFolk  Station  to 
Patchogue ;    from  Yaphank   to  Millville ;    from  St.  George's 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


<V 


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142 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


*%  ! 


Manor  to  Moriches;  and  from  Riverhoad  to  Quogue  and  <S.  and 
E.  Hampton. 

Jamaica,  situatod  on  the  railroad,  and  on  the  tnrnpike-road 
leadinjr  from  Brooklyn  to  I[cmj)stead,  is  a  neat  and  pleasant  vil- 
lage, aj)proachcd  hy  roads  riuming  through  a  district  highly  cul- 
tivated, and  richly  adorned  with  productive  farms  and  splendid 
country-seats.  This  village  is  a  great  resort  for  persons  from  the 
neighboring  cities,  the  railroad  rendering  the  communication  easy 
and  convenient.  Many  persons  doing  business  in  New  York  have 
permanent  residences  here. 

A  branch  road,  two  and  a  half  miles,  extends  to  Hempstead. 
centrally  situated  upon  the  south  side  of  "  Hempstead  Plains," 
and,  by  a  turnpike-road,  about  21  miles  from  Brooklyn.  The  soil, 
which  is  sandy  loan>,  is  rendered  highly  productive  by  judicious 
cultivation.     Fare  from  Brooklyn  37^  cents. 

North  Hempstead,  '21  miles  from  Brooklyn,  is  situated  a  short 
distance  north  of  the  railroad,  and  on  the  turnpike-road  which 
runs  throughout  the  island.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county,  and 
contains  the  courthouse,  &c.  In  tliis  town  is  "  Harbor  Hill," 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  321  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  is  said 
to  be  the  most  elevated  land  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mon- 
tauk  Point  to  Florida.  It  is  about  12  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
and  is  visible  some  distance  at  sea.  Success  Pond,  situated  on  u 
high  hill,  in  the  west  part  of  the  town,  is  a  mile  in  circumfer- 
ence :  it  abounds  with  yellow  perch,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for 
the  angler. 

Rirerhead  is  situated  on  the  Peconic  river,  75  miles  from 
Brooklyn,  and  is  the  capital  of  SutTolk  county.  Vessels  of  70 
tons  burden  come  within  two  and  a  half  miles  of  the  village. 
Large  quantities  of  wood  are  sent  from  this  place  to  New  York. 

Greenport  is  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Long  Island  Rail- 
road, 96  miles  from  Brooklyn.  Before  the  construction  of  the 
railroad,  it  consisted  of  a  few  straggling  houses  only,  but  is  now 
quite  a  largo  and  prosperous  village. 

Gardiner^s  Island,  situated  across  the  mouth  of  Gardiner's 
Bay,  about  10  miles  from  Greenport,  was  settled  as  early  as  1638, 
by  a  Scotchman  who  had  served  in  the  English  army.  This,  it 
is  said,  was  the  first  British  settlement  in  the  state  of  New  York. 


NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  HAVEN  RAILROAD. 


143 


The  island  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  cultivation,  its  extensive 
dairy,  numerous  herds,  and  jrreat  product  of  wool.  "  The  cele- 
brated Ca])tain  Kidd  called  at  this  island  on  his  way  to  Boston, 
when  he  returned  from  his  cruise  in  1G99,  and  deposited  there  a 
box  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones,  intrusting  the  then  owner 
of  the  island  with  the  secret,  and  holding  his  life  in  pledge  for  his 
fidelity.  An  account  of  this  deposite  was  found  among  the  j>irate"s 
jKipers  upon  his  arrest ;  and  the  box  was  disinterred,  and  delivered 
to  the  commissioners  appointed  to  receive  it.  It  contained  I'i^^l 
oz.  of  gold,  b47i  oz.  of  silver,  and  17^-  of  jewels." 


from 
Jof  70 
lillage. 

""ork. 

Rail- 

)f  the 
now 

liner's 

|l638, 

lis,  it 

Tork. 


THE   NEW   YORK   AND   NEW  HAVEN   RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  15.) 

This  road,  whicli  is  to  extend  from  the  Harlem  Railroad,  at  a 
point  near  "  Williams'  Bridge,"  about  14  miles  from  the  City 
Hall,  New  York,  is  in  a  good  state  of  forwardness.  It  is  to  bo 
opened  as  far  as  Bridgeport,  GO  miles,  during  the  summer  of 
1848,  (we  presume  the  latter  part,)  and  through  to  New  Haven, 
bO  miles,  before  winter.  It  will  then  form  the  inland  route  (see 
Map  No.  2)  from  New  York  to  Boston,  and  in  fact  to  the  whole 
fabric  of  the  great  system  of  New  England  railways.  Over  this 
road  the  winter  travel  from  New  York  will  almost  wholly  pass, 
thereby  dispensing  with  the  necessity  of  the  Sound  navigation, 
which,  during  the  "  iron  grasp"  of  winter  is  fraught  with  more  or 
less  danger.  In  the  summer  season  the  pleasure  travel  will,  of 
course,  go  mostly  by  way  of  the  Sound,  water  excursions  then 
being  always  preferable,  efpecially  where  the  journey  is  a  long 
one,  and  a  ])ortion  of  it  can  be  made  during  a  state  of  repose,  and 
in  such  floating  palaces  as  the  noble  Sound  can  boast  of. 

Norwalk,  Conn.,  on  the  route  of  the  New  York  and  New  Ha- 
ven Railroad,  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  45  miles  n.  e.  from  New  York,  and  33  w.  s.  w.  from  New 
Haven.  The  village  is  built  on  both  sides  of  Norwalk  river,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  to  which  vessels  come  that  draw  only  six 
feet  of  water.     One  and  a  half  miles  s.  of  the  borough  is  South 


w 


#-' 


I 


r.>     • 


m 


144 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT    COMPANION. 


Nonvalk,  where  the  steamboats  land  which  ply  between  New 
York  and  Norwalk.  Pop.  hi  1848  about  4,000.  (For  descrip- 
tion of  New  Haven  and  Bridgeport,  see  Index.) 


HARLEM  RAILROAD. 


(Sec  Maps  Nos.  15  and  18.) 

This  road  is  in  operation  to  Somers  Town,  53  miles  from  New 
York,  and  during  the  present  year  will  be  opened  to  Dover 
Plains,  20  miles  further.  It  extends  from  the  City  Hall,  at  the 
junction  of  Centre  and  Chatham  sts.,  through  Centre,  Brcome, 
and  the  Bowery,  to  the  Fourth  avenue  ;  at  .32d-st.  it  enters  the 
lirst  deep  cutting  into  the  solid  rock,  at  INIurray's  Hill,  and  then 
proceed.s  towards  the  tunnel  under  Prospect  Hill,  at  Yorkviile, 
which  is  595  feet  long,  24  wide,  and  21  high  to  the  top  of  the 
arch,  cut  through  solid  rock,  and  which  cost  ^90,000  ;  from 
thence  it  proceeds  to  Harlem,  crossing  the  river  over  a  substan- 
tial bridge  into  the  county  of  Westchester.  The  total  cost  of  con- 
structing the  road  in  operation  to  Somers  Town  was  $1,874,892. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  Ihat  by  the  winter  of  1849,  the  Harlem 
road  will  open  the  communication  direct  between  New  York  and 
Albany,  and  also  that  portion  of  the  state  e.  of  the  Hudson  river, 
Ihrough  which  its  route  lies.  By  the  close  of  the  year  1848  two- 
thirds  of  this  road,  extending  between  the  commercial  and  state 
capitals,  will  be  completed,  if  we  take  into  consideration  that 
portion  of  the  Albany  and  West  Stockbridgo  Railroad  of  which 
it  will  form  a  part,  and  with  which  it  will  connect  near  Chatham 
Four  Corners.  The  completion  of  this  road  will  open  a  new 
trade  with  the  rich  and  flourishing  counties  through  which  it  is  to 
[)ass,  that  will  give  a  new  impetus  to  its  business  prospects. 

The  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  which  will  be  in 
operation  in  the  fall  of  the  present  year,  (1848,)  will  unite  with 
the  Harlem  at  a  point  near  Williams'  Bridge.  From  New  York 
to  Yorkviile,  5  miles.  Fare  12i  cents  ;  Harlem,  8,  12^  cents ; 
Morrisiana,  8^,  20  cents ;  Fordham,  13,  20  cents  ;  Williams* 
Bridge,  14^,  25  cents  ;  Tuckahoe  Station,  20,  37  cents  ;  Hart^s 
Corner,  24,  50  cents :  White  Plains,  27,  50  cents  ;  Pleasant- 


'lew 
irip- 


New 
Oovcr 
it  the 
come, 
rs  the 
1  then 
rkville, 
of  the 
;  from 
Libstan- 
of  con- 

4,892. 

arleui 

ii-k  and 
in  river, 

:8    tWO- 

id  state 
n  that 
which 

Ihatham 

a  new 

it  is  to 

111  be  in 
lite  with 
iw  York 
cents ; 
filliams' 
Hart's 
ieasant- 


HUDSON  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


146 


rille,  31,  62  cents  ;  New  Casile  Corners,  41 ,  75  cents  ;  Bedford, 
44,  87  cents  ;  Whitlockville,  48,  90  cents  ;  and  to  Croton  Falls 
and  Somers,  $1.00. 

Stitges  run  daily,  connectinjr  with  the  cars,  between  Harlem 
and  the  HighBridge ;  from  Ilarleni  to  Mticomh's  Dam  and  Kings- 
hrufgc ;  from  Williams'  Bridjro  to  E.  Chester,  W.  Farms,  W. 
Chester,  Nciv  Rochclle,  and  Mamaroneek,  fare  25  cents.  From 
Fordham  to  Yonkers,  25  cents  ;  and  fr6m  Williams'  Uridine  to 
Yonkcrs,  18|  cents ;  from  Croton  Falls  to  Lake  Mahopac,  23 
cents  ;  from  White  Plains  to  Port  Chester  and  Rye,  25  cents. 

Yorkville  is  live  miles  n.  of  the  City  Ilall :  the  ci'rs  pass  throijcrh 
it  many  times  daily.  In  this  vicinity  is  the  Receivinjr  Reservoii 
of  the  Croton  water-works,  containing  35  acres,  enclosed  by  a 
hji^h,  substantial  wall. 

Harlem,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  a  suburb  of  New 
York,  and  is  quite  a  manufacturing  place.  It  can  bo  reached 
from  the  city  by  the  cars,  many  times  daily.  Harlem  was 
fonnded  by  the  Dutch,  in  1658,  with  a  view  to  the  amusement 
and  recreation  of  the  citizens.  The  following  is  from  an  ancient 
Dutch  record.  "  The  Governor  and  Council,  desirous  to  form  a 
new  village  at  the  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  proposed  to  settlers 
grants  of  land  of  45  acres  each,  at  13  shillings  the  acre,  free  from 
tithes,  for  10  years,  and  to  assign  15  soldiers  for  their  defence  ; 
to  erect  a  sub-court  of  justice  when  there  should  be  25  families 
established  :  to  provide  a  clergyman,  half  of  whose  salary  should 
be  paid  by  the  government ;  and  to  make  a  road  to  the  city  by 
the  company's  negroes." 

White  Plains  and  Bedford  are  each  semi-capitals  of  West- 
chester county  :  the  latter  is  situated  upon  a  highly  fertile  plain, 
encompassed  by  hills.  Whitlocksville,  at  the  junction  of  Cro.ss 
and  Croton  rivers,  has  some  manufacturing. 


HUDSON   RIVER    RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  18.) 

This  road  is  to  extend  from  the  city  of  New  York  to  Albany, 
144  miles.    The  whole  route  has  been  surveyed,  and  portions 

10 


;l  "*' 


W:  -^ 


<  <  ■>■,! 


.*: 


i: 


W'  , 


l\ 


(!''! 


146 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COl^IPANION. 


\'^ 


of  it  contracted  for.  The  cstimaled  cost  is  about  $6,000,000,  in- 
cludiiifr  the  gradinj^r  for  a  double  tracii  from  New  York  to  Pough- 
keepsie,  about  one  half  the  distance  to  Albany  for  a  single  track, 
with  culverts  and  bridges  made  so  as  to  admit  the  grading  for  a 
double  track,  if  at  any  time  it  should  be  found  necessary.  It  will 
pass  through  all  the  populous  and  thrifty  towns  and  villages  on 
the  banks  of  the  noble  Hudson. 

It  is  estimated  that  one  arid  a  half  million  of  people  pass 
yearly  between  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Albany,  being  obliged 
to  devote  from  8  to  10  and  sometimes  12  hours  in  summer,  and  a 
longer  time  in  winter,  (wh.cn  the  navigation  of  the  river  is  closed,^ 
to  the  journey.  By  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  the  time  pro- 
posed for  running  the  divStance  between  the  two  cities,  including 
stoppages,  \sfour  and  a  half  hours,  uniform  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  and  the  fare  lower  than  the  average  of  prices  by  the  pres- 
ent conveyances.  For  some  years  past,  the  people  of  the  me- 
tropolis have  been  obliged  to  pass  through  other  states  to  arrive  at 
the  capital  of  their  own.  To  New  York,  then,  the  opening  of 
this  road  will  be  of  tlie  first  importance,  securing  to  her  a  large 
portion  of  the  western  trade,  which  is  now  monopolized  by  the 
Mass.  Western  Railroad,  and  which  has  contributed  so  much  to 
the  wealth,  prosperity,  and  well-doing  of  its  enterprising  neigh- 
bor— Boston. 


NEW  YORK   AND   ERIE    RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  17  and  18) 

This  road,  when  completed,  will  extend  from  Piermont,  on  the 
Hudson  river,  24  miles  above  New  York,  to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake 
Erie,  450  miles  ;  the  cost  of  which,  at  $30,000  per  mile,  would 
bo  $13,500,000  ;  three  millions  of  which  was  contributed  by  the 
state  and  individuals,  by  reducing  the  amount  of  their  stock  50 
per  cent.  It  is  thought,  if  the  income  of  the  Erie  Railroad  should 
only  ecjual  that  of  the  northern  chain  of  railroads  from  Albany  to 
BufFalo,  the  company  could  divide  from  12^  to  14  per  cent,  on 
the  investment.  The  company  was  incorporated  by  the  legisla- 
ture on  the  24th  day  of  April,  1832,  with  power  to  construct  a 


JOO,  i!i- 
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N.YORK&ERIER.R. 

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NEW  YORK  AND  ElUE  RAILROAD. 


147 


railroad  from  the  city  of  Now  York  to  Lukr  I'.ric,  with  u  capital 
of  $10,()0(),()00.  TJic  road  is  open  to  the  puhlic  as  fur  as  ruit 
JerviSf  on  tlio  Dclawaro  rivrr,  wlirro  it  intersocts  tlio  Delaware 
and  Hudson  Canal,  a  liiindrcd  miles  from  riiila'!il|)liia.  The 
cost  of  constriictinj?  uj)  to  Jan.  1st,  1848,  was  J^'itToDj^-'J'),  in- 
cluding; tho  pier  at  Piermont,  a  milo  in  Icnj^tli,  wliicli  cost 
j$:2iJ0,00().  From  Port  Jcrvis  to  liiu'^iiamtou,  1XJ7  miles,  the 
work  has  been  vigorously  prosecuted  since  the  fall  of  18  l(j,  at 
which  tiino  it  was  put  under  contract.  It  is  in  such  a  state  of 
forwardness,  and  tho  work  proirressing  so  rnpiilly,  that  tliere  is 
every  reason  to  believe  it  will  be  completed  and  open  to  the  i)ub- 
lic  by  the  fall  of  1848.  Ten  miles  of  tho  road  at  Dunkirk  aro 
already  completed,  other  portions  are  graded,  and  a  part  of  the 
.superstructure  laid  down  between.  The  route  traversed  by  the 
Erie  Railroad  is  through  one  of  the  best  agricultural  districts  in 
tho  country.  At  Dunkirk,  the  ternLuation  of  this  road,  the  lako 
navigation  usually  opens  from  four  to  six  weeks  earlier,  and  re- 
mains open  for  tho  same  period  later  than  at  Buffalo.  When  the 
extension  to  Binghamton  is  completed,  the  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  will  extend  from  the  Hudson  river  203  miles,  and  the 
distance  from  New  York  will  be  227  miles:  about  one-half  of 
the  entire  route  will  then  be  constructed.  When  this  is  accom- 
plished, New  York  will  begin  to  realize,  in  some  measure,  the 
immense  value  of  the  Erie  Railroad. 

This  important  thoroughfare  will,  on  its  route  to  the  lake,  in- 
tersect other  railroads,  some  of  which  are  already  built,  and  others 
about  to  be  constructed  ;  thereby  "  tapping"  tho  western  trade  be- 
fore it  shall  have  reached  its  own  destination.  The  most  impor- 
tant branch  for  accomplishing  this  will  be  the  Attica  ami  Hor- 
ncUscille  Railroad,  uniting  the  Erie  road  with  the  northern 
chain  at  Attica,  32  miles  e.  from  Buffldo,  (see  Map  No.  28.) 
The  Ithaca  and  Owego  Railroad  will  join  the  Erie  at  Owego, 
:24  miles  w.  from  Binghamton  ;  38  miles  further  it  will  meet  tho 
Wiliiamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad,  a  portion  of  which  is  con- 
structed, and  the  whole  of  which  will  probably  be  completed  by  the 
opening  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  road  to  Elmira  ;  and  15  miles 
still  further  it  will  meet  the  Blosshurg  and  Corning  Railroad. 
The  two  last  open  the   communication  with  the  rich  coal-fields 


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148 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  rOMl'ANIO!*. 


of  I'ciinsylviiiiia.  Tho  coiistruntion  of  tho  Pofrrsnn  and  Rnmapo 
Ritili<Ki(l,  wliicli  it  is  cxpectrd  will  hn  complttcd  l»y  July,  If^l"^, 
will  o[i«'u  to  the  |»us.sou<r»'r  travel  of  the  llrie  liailroiuj  a  more  di- 
rect, expeditiouH,  and  convenient  route  to  New  York,  being  \',\ 
miles  nearer  to  that  city  than  by  way  of  I'iermont.  Tho  advuii- 
tugeH  of  tills  road  will  bo  seen  by  referrin;^  to  .Map  No.  IH. 

Fhom  Nkw  Youk  to  Pout  .Ikkvis,  cVc,  (see  Map  No.  18.) — 
PasKeiifrcr.s  leave  New  York  daily,  (Sundays  excej)ted,)  by  steam- 
boat, from  the  foot  of  Duane-st.,  for  I'iermont,  where  the  cnrn 
are  taken  for  places  on  the  route  of  the  Hrio  Railroad.  The  fol- 
lowint(  are  the  sto|)pin{r. places,  with  the  fares  and  distanc^es  : — 

I'rom  New  York  to  Vicnnoiit,  i24  miles,  2.j  cents  ;  Bluurrll- 
villc,  'M,  .'}()  cents  ;  Clark's  Town,  Xi,  30  cents;  Spriii<r  Vnl- 
If  I/,  'Si),  .'JTi  cents  ;  Mitnsey's,  31,  40  cents  ;  SiiJ'crns,  42,  (iU 
cents  ;  Knmap't,  44,  70  cents  ;  Monroe  Workfi,  ,52,  87^  cents ; 
Turner's,  57,  i>5  cents  ;  M.tnron,  GO,  JJ^l.OO  ;  Chester,  (i7,  JJjil.OtJl  ; 
(Joshen,  70,  $1.12^  ;  New  Hampton, lA,  »^1.18|;  Middle  town, 
77,  ,i^l.25  ;  OtisriUe,Sl,  }$1.50  ;  Port  Jen-is,  lUO,  $1.1'). 

Staires  run  in  connection  wilh  the  cars  from  Middletown  to 
Monticcllo ;  from  Chester  to  Warwick ;  from  Port  Jervis  to 
Milford,  Iloncsdale,  and  Carbondale,  Penn. ;  to  Owego,  Binir- 
haniton,  Ehnira,  uml  Ithaca,  N.Y.',  to  Wilkesbarre,  Movtrosr, 
and  Great  Bend,  Penn.,  &c. 

Ramapo  is  situated  two  and  a  htdf  miles  above  the  New  Jer- 
sey hue,  and  lies  in  the  deep  valley  of  Ramapo  river,  on  the  old 
stajje-road  from  New  York  to  Albany.  Here  will  be  the  con- 
nection vvith  the  Paterson  Railroad  leading  to  Jersey  City,  oppo- 
site to  New  York,  over  which  pas.sengcrs  may  go  direct  to  that 
city. 

Chester  lies  on  tho  stage-road  from  Goshen  to  New  York,  about 
18  miles  s.  w.  from  Newburg,  in  a  rich  and  picturesque  country. 

Goshen,  tho  shire  town  of  Orange  county,  lies  in  a  beautiful 
valley,  4G  miles  from  Piermont,  70  from  Now  York,  and  20  from 
the  Hudson  at  West  Point.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  largo  quan- 
tities of  butter  with  which  it  furnishes  the  Now  York  and  other 
markets.  The  Newburg  Branch  Railroad  will  connect  with  the 
Erie  at  Goshen.  From  Goshen  and  Chester  conveyances  can 
ftlways  be  obtained  to  Greenwood  Lake,  one  of  the  ploasantest 


iinapo 

1818, 
ore  (li- 

idvun- 

18.)- 
stoiun- 

;iic  foi- 

os : — 
liinrell- 
ig  Vnl- 
,  42,  (iU 
I  cents ; 

iiii.or.', ; 

llrtoicn, 

'town  to 
Icrvls  to 
liini:- 

ew  Jer- 
the  old 
the  con- 

y,  oppo- 
t  to  that 


NEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  KAlhKOAD. 


no 


watrrin(r-planp.s  iii  tho  vicinity  of  Now  York.  The  roinitry 
alioniids  with  hikes  und  ponds,  (■ont:uuin<^  pickcrri,  and  other 
hue  li.sh. 

Midi/lrtinrn,  u  hirrje  and  han('s(»int'|y-hniU  vilhiixe,  cfMitains 
live  cliiireheH,  an  actuh-niy,  iJtc.  It  has  inereasetl  raj)i(lly  sine* 
the  ronstruelion  of  the  raih'oad. 

Oli.sviUc  is  a  phiee  of  coiisiderahle  trade,  situat'-il  on  th<'  east 
fjjch'  of  the  Shiiwanjrunk  inonnlaiii,  a  few  roih  from  the  eeh-lira 
ted  pass,  forint'riy  ctalh'il  thf  '•  Dtrr-park  (iaj),"  tlir(»ui:!i  whieij 
an  opcnin;,^  is  M\a(lt'  for  tin-  passage  of  the  raihoad,  cut  in  the 
solid  rnck.  e\t<'ii(hii<;  fnr  haH' a  mile,  and  whleh  in  sonic  |)!aces  is 
.")()  ft'ct  (lrc|).  After  passing;  this  place  the  railroatl  turns  .s!iirhf!y 
to  the  s.,  kecpiiiiX  tl>e  western  side  of  the  Shawa!iij;iin!\,  and  ^rrad- 
iially  (h'eiininir  hy  a  ;^ent!o  slope  tiuoii^h  t!ie  h(  autiful  valjry  of 
the  Nrversink,  riMrhes  the  Delaware  at  the  vill;i<re  of  Port  .ler- 
vis,  near  which  it  crosseb  the  river  and  the  Delaware  and  Hud- 
son Canal. 

Vovl  Jrrvin,  or  Carpenter's  Point,  is  a  larije  and  rapidly  {jrow- 
'\\\<y  villajre,  situated  on  the  Dehiware  river,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Neversink,  which  is  here  ahont  HO  feet  wide.  IJy  the  Dehi- 
ware, it  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  in  hunher  and  j^eneral 
produce  with  the  towns  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and 
hy  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  C^aual,  with  the  towns  on  tlio  Nortli 
Uiver.  Tiie  completion  of  tlie  I'irie  llailro;id  to  this  place  will 
prove  of  immense  benel'it,  as  it  hrin;^s  it  in  immediate  connect  on 
with  New  York. 

Diii<r/i(imtun  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenanji^o  and 
Susquehanna  rivers.  It  is  on  the  line  of  tlie  Erie  Rallroa<l.  The 
Chenango  Canal  connects  it  with  the  Erie  C'anal  at  Utiea.  It 
has  an  extensive  trade,  particularly  in  Iiiud)er,  and  exports  nuich 
to  the  towns  on  the  Hudson,  and  also  to  Baltimore  and  Philadel- 
phia by  tlie  Susquehanna  river.  Its  population  amounts  to 
about  4,000. 

Milford,  on  the  Delaware  river,  is  six  miles  below  Port  Jervis, 
and  the  intersection  of  the  Erie  Railroad  with  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal.  The  inhabitants  are  much  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber trade.  The  Sawkill,  which  dashes  down  the  ravine,  near  the 
Boulhern  border  of  the  town,  iu  its  course  turns  several  mills, 


V 


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ili 


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■I 


1*^  \  ■ 


150 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


About  a  mile  and  a  quarter  s.w.  from  Milford,  in  a  very  seclu- 
ded spot,  rnay  be  seen  tbe  magnificent  "  Falls  of  the  Sawkill." 
This  stream,  after  flowing  slugjirishly  for  some  miles  through  level 
table-land,  is  here  precipitated  over  two  perpendicular  ledges  of 
slate-rock — the  first  of  about  20  feet,  and  the  second  about  GO 
feet — into  a  wild,  rocky  gorge.  The  stream  still  continues,  dash- 
ing and  foaming  on  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  over  smaller  preci- 
pices, and  through  chasms  scarcely  wide  enough  for  an  Individual 
to  pass.  The  beetling  clifls  that  form  the  sides  of  the  gorge  are 
surmounted  and  shaded  by  cedars  and  hemlocks,  that  impart  a 
peculiarly  sombre  and  terrific  air  to  the  scenery.  The  surface  of 
the  hill  by  which  they  are  approached,  is  on  a  level  with  the  top 
of  the  st'cond  fall  ;  and  the  spectator,  on  account  of  the  bushes 
Bud  trees,  may  reach  the  very  verge  of  the  precipice,  and  within 
almost  leaping  distance  of  the  ialls,  before  ho  perceives  them  ; 
and  if  he  should  happen  for  the  first  time  to  have  trodden  that 
lonely  path  without  a  companion,  after  the  shades  of  twilight  had 
thrown  a  deeper  gloom  around  the  glen,  he  will  not  soon  forget 
the  awful  sublimity  of  the  scene. 

Ho/iesdulc,  Penn.,  the  shire  town  of  Wayne  county,  is  a  thri- 
ving place,  and  contained,  in  Jan.  1848,  5,000  inhabitants.  There 
are  here  six  churches  of  different  denominations,  various  manu- 
factories, the  mechanical  establishments  usually  found  in  places 
of  this  description,  and  at  least  25  large  and  well-conducted 
stores,  besides  numerous  smaller  ones.  This  place  owes  its  origin 
and  progress  to  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  at  the  termi- 
nation and  junction  of  which  with  the  Lackawana  Railroad,  it 
is  situated. 

Carbondnle,  Penn.,  at  the  west  end  of  the  Lackawana  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  from  Honesdale,  is  now,  though  it  has  sprung  into 
existence  entirely  within  a  few  years,  a  populous  place,  owing  to 
its  situation  in  the  great  anthracite  coal  region.  Its  products  are 
transported  by  inclined  planes  and  railroad  over  the  Moosic  Moun- 
tain to  Honesdale,  and  thence  by  canal  to  New  York.  Stages 
leave  Carbondale  for  Wilkosbarre,  and  other  places  in  its  vicinity. 

Owego,  N.  Y.,  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  on  the 
Susquehanna  river.  It  is  a  beautiful  place,  and  is  fast  growing 
iu  importauco.    A  railroad,  29  miles  in  length,  extends  to  Ithaca, 


St 


llr 


:'.  t 


NEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  RAILROAD. 


151 


c\u- 

dll." 

level 
8  of 
At  GO 
lash- 
M-eci- 
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re  aro 
lart  u 
';vce  of 
ho  top 
bushes 
withUi 
them ; 
ni  that 
nrht  had 
^i  forget 

a  thri- 
There 
manu- 

places 
iducted 
l8  origin 

termi- 
Iroad,  it 

\a  Rail- 
Lng  into 
Iwing  to 
lucts  are 
i  Mouu- 
Stage8 
Ivicinity. 
on  the 
[growing 
Ithaca, 


by  which,  and  the  Cayuga  Lake  and  Canal,  coniniunif^ation  is 
had  with  the  Erie  Canal :  it  is  also  on  the  line  of  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad. 

Ithaca  is  beauLifully  situated  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  head 
of  Cayuga  Lake,  being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  hills,  which 
rise  by  a  gentle  ascent,  in  the  form  of  an  aiiiphitlieatre,  to  the 
height  of  r)00  feet.  A  ])ortion  of  the  village  is  built  on  the  hills, 
from  which  commanding  situation  a  splendid  view  of  tiie  lake 
and  the  adjacent  country  is  obtained.  The  population  is  about 
6,000.  Its  location  for  trade  has  been  very  fortunate.  By  the 
Ithaca  and  Owegn  R.iHroadf  '2d  miles  in  length,  it  communicates 
with  Owego  on  the  .Susquehanna  river,  and  by  the  lake  and  the 
Seneca  and  Erie  canals  with  New  York  and  liulf  ilo  ;  and  in 
1l>4[),  it  will  connect  with  the  Erie  Railroad,  forming  the  most 
direct  route  between  Itiiaca  and  New  York  city.  Its  trade  with 
Pemisylvania  is  considerable,  receiving  iron  and  coal  in  exchange 
for  plaster,  salt,  lime,  flour,  6cc. 

Elmira  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Newton  creek  with  the 
Chemung  river,  having  a  very  favorable  jwsition  for  trade.  By 
the  Cliemung  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  it  conununicates  with  the 
interior  of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  the  Chemung  Canal  and  the 
Seneca  Lake  and  Canal,  it  has  access  to  the  Erie  Canal.  By  the 
Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad,  it  will  receive  from  Pennsylva- 
nia bituminous  coal  and  iron,  for  which  important  articles  it  must 
become  the  great  depot ;  and  by  the  completion  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  it  will  obtain  a  ready  communication 
with  the  Hudson  river  and  Lake  Erie. 

Corning  is  a  pleasant  and  enterprising  village  of  about  2,000 
inhabitants,  and  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Chemung 
river,  it  must  become  a  place  of  some  importance.  In  addition 
to  the  coal  business,  carried  over  the  Blossburg  and  Corning  Rail- 
road, from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania,  it  is  the  depot  for  vast, 
quantities  of  lumber,  Drought  there  from  the  country  above  for 
Bale  and  shipment.  The  great  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
will  pass  throujrh  this  place  on  its  route  to  the  lake. 

Blossburg,  Penn.,  is  situated  on  the  Tioga  river,  at  the  head 
of  the  Blossburg  and  Corning  Railroad,  connecting  the  bitumin- 
ous coal  and  iron  mines  of  Tioga  county  with  the  Chenmng  river 


;  i 


■■M 


ii- .  •J 


'K  ^;.>. 


152 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


and  canal  of  New  York.  This  will,  no  doubt,  become  a  point  of 
some  importance,  when  all  the  natural  resources  in  its  vicinity 
shall  be  properly  developed. 


U  !• 


PASSAGE   UP   THE   HUDSON. 

(See  Map  No.  18.) 

On  leaving  the  city  of  New  York,  in  any  one  of  the  many 
steamboats  that  ply  upon  the  waters  of  the  Hudson, — not  inaptly 
termed  "  floating  palaces,"  from  the  expensiveness  and  splendor 
of  their  construction,  the  gorgeousness  and  profusion  of  their  dec- 
orations, and  the  many  appliances  with  which  they  are  provided 
to  charm  the  senses  and  dit-sipate  the  ennui  of  travel, — tiie  trav- 
eller is  at  once  introduced  to  a  scene  of  great  beauty,  and  which 
forms  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  enchanting  views  that  await  his 
progress  up  the  river.  Behind  him,  a  short  distance,  lies  the 
Battery,  the  ornament  of  New  York,  and  the  pride  of  its  citi- 
zens;  and  a  little  farther  on,  his  attention  is  arrested  by  Govern- 
or's Island  and  its  fortifications.  Casting  his  view  down  the  Bay, 
he  has  a  glimpse  of  the  "  Narrows,"  and  of  the  shores  of  Long 
and  Staten  islands ;  which,  in  the  distance,  seem  almost  to  meet 
— apparently  separated  by  only  a  thread  of  water  ;  while  on  the 
west  ^ide  of  the  bay  his  eye  is  attracted  by  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's 
islands,  whose  batteries  can  hardly  bo  said  to  frown,  amid  the  wa- 
ters and  the  verdure  that  flash  and  smile  around  them.  These, 
with  many  other  but  lesser  objects  that  enhance  the  beauty  and 
interest  of  the  view,  place  this  scene  among  such  as  are,  "  like 
angel  visits,  few  and  far  between." 

Opposite  New  York  is  Jersey  City,  where  commence  the  Phil- 
adelphia and  the  Paterson  railroads.  This  is  also  the  starting- 
point  of  the  Morris  Canal,  which  unites  the  Hudson  with  the 
Delaware  river.  One  mile  n.  is  Hobokcn,  a  popular  place  of  re- 
sort for  the  citizens  of  New  York.  The  walks,  which  are  shaded 
by  trees,  extend  for  about  two  miles  along  the  bank  of  the  river, 
terminating  with  the  Elysian  Fields.  Four  miles  above  the  city, 
on  this  side  of  the  river,  is  Weehawken.  Under  a  ledge  of  rocks 
facing  the  river,  is  the  spot  where  Alexander  Hamilton  fell  in  a 


X 


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PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


153 


duel  with  Aaron  Burr,  July  11,  1804.  Formerly  there  was  here 
a  marble  monument  erected  to  his  memory,  but  it  is  now  re- 
moved. 

The  Palisades  are  a  remarkable  range  of  precipices  of  trap- 
rock,  extending  up  the  river  on  the  west  side  20  miles  toTaj)pan, 
and  forming  a  singular  and  in  many  places  an  impassable  boun- 
dary.    They  rise  to  the  height  of  500  feet. 

BnWs  Ferry,  six  miles  from  New  York,  is  a  place  of  considc:- 
able  resort  during  the  sunnner  season.  It  is  connected  with  New 
Vork  by  a  Icrry.     Fare  12^  cents. 

On  tbo  opposite  shore,  five  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  Bloom- 
iugdale,  a  suburb  of  New  York.  From  tbc  river  is  seen  the 
Orpban  Asylum,  with  its  green  lawn  extending  to  the  water's 
edge. 

Fort  Lee,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  10  miles  above  the  city, 
is  situated  on  the  brow  of  the  Palisades.  The  fort — the  site  of 
wbich  is  about  300  feet  above  the  water — was  the  scene  of  im- 
portant military  operations  during  tlie  Revolutionary  war.  A 
large  body  of  American  militia  stationed  here,  in  attempting  to 
'etreat,  were  overpowered  '  y  a  vastly  superior  force,  consisting 
chiefly  of  Hessians,  when  they  were  either  slain  or  consigned  to 
the  prison-ship — a  fate  more  terrific  tban  death  itself.  A  ferry 
connects  it  with  New  York.     Fare  12^  cents. 

Fort  Washington  is  nearly  opposite.  Here,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, the  American  arms  sustained  a  defeat,  and  2,G00  men 
surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

Spuyten  Day  eel  Creek,  13  miles  above  New  York,  flows  into 
the  Hudson  :  this  creek,  with  the  Harlem  river,  of  which  it  is  a 
part,  forms  Manhattan  Island,  on  which  the  city  is  built. 

Phillipsburg,  or  Yonkers,  17  miles  above  New  York,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  creek  called  the  Saw-Mill  Creek,  is  a  thriving 
village,  much  resorted  to  in  warm  weather.  Fare  by  steamboat 
from  New  York,  25  cents. 

Hastings,  three  miles  n.  of  Yonkers,  is  a  neat  little  village 
containing  some  fine  country-seats. 

Dobbs"  Ferry,  22  miles  n.  of  the  city,  was  a  noted  place  du- 
ring the  Revolutionary  war. 

Piermontf  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  is  the  starting- 


;•■].' 


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154 


RAILROAD  AND  STEaIMBOAT  COMrANION. 


point  of  the  New  York  and  E.io  Rjiilroud.  A  pior  extends  from 
the  sliore  a  mile  in  length.  A  bteainboat  ])lies  daily  between  this 
place  and  New  York,  and  connects  with  the  railroad.  Three 
and  a  half  miles  w.,  lies  the  village  of  Tiippnu,  celebrated  as 
having  been  the  head-quarters  of  Washington  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  the  place  where  Major  Andre  was  executed,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1780.  Here  commences  the  expansion  of  the  river  known 
as  Tappan  Bay,  extending  a  distance  of  10  miles,  with  an  aver- 
age breadth  of  two  and  a  half  miles. 

Four  miles  n.  of  Duhhs'  Ferry  is  the  beautiful  residence  of 
Washington  Irving.  This  villa  is  built  on  the  margin  of  the  river, 
with  a  neat  lawn  and  embellislud  grounds  surrounding  it.  It  is 
built  in  the  old  Dutch  style,  and  may  be  distinctly  seen  from  the 
steamboat,  in  going  up  or  down  the  river. 

Tarrylown,  27  miles  above  New  York,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  Tappan  Bay.  Here  Major  Andre  was  stopped,  (on  his 
way  to  the  British  lines,)  returning  from  his  visit  to  General 
Arnold. 

Nyack,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  28  miles  above  New  York, 
was  formerly  important  for  its  quarries  of  red  sandstone  ;  but  the 
Quincy  and  other  granites  have  supi)lanted  it  in  public  favor.  A 
steamboat  plies  daily  between  this  place  and  New  York. 

Sing  Sing  is  on  the  e.  shore  of  the  Hudson,  33  miles  above 
New  York.  It  is  situated  partly  on  elevated  ground,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  the  surrounding  country. 
This  place  contains  the  State  Prison,  occupying  130  acres  of 
ground,  which  can  be  distinctly  traced  from  the  boat,  as  it  pro- 
ceeds up  or  down  the  river.  It  is  noted  ioi  its  marble  quarries, 
which  are  extensively  worked  by  the  state  convicts,  who  have 
erected  two  large  prisons,  workshops,  o6c.,  from  the  stone  quar- 
ried here.  The  Croton  river,  after  running  s.  w.  for  about  40 
miles,  enters  the  Hudson  two  miles  above  Sing  Sing,  and  during 
the  spring  of  the  year  pours  a  considerable  volume  of  water  into 
that  river.  Its  source  is  derived  from  ponds  of  pure  water  in  a 
granite  region  of  country.  A  portion  of  this  river  is  diverted  from 
its  course  to  supply  the  citizens  of  the  metropolis  with  pure  'va- 
ter.  The  rapid  freshets  of  the  Croton  have  brought  down  such 
an  amount  of  earth  and  stones  as  to  form  Tellers  or  Croton  Point, 


above 
d  coin- 
ounlry. 
cres  of 
it  pro- 
uarricB, 
10  have 
e  quar- 
)Out  40 
daring 
ter  into 
ter  in  a 
ed  from 
ure  'va- 
n  such 
I  Point, 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


155 


an  isthran  «'iat  extends  about  a  mile  from  the  eastern  shore,  sep- 
arating the  Tappan  from  Ilavcrstraw  Bay. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Verdritegc's  Hook,  a  bold 
headland  rising  majestically  from  the  water  ;  above  which  the 
river  again  expands  to  the  average  width  of  two  miles,  extending 
six,  and  is  known  as  the  Ilaverstraw  Bay.  On  the  Verdritege 
mountain  there  is  a  crystal  lake,  about  four  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, which  forms  the  source  of  the  Hackensack  river,  and 
which,  although  not  more  than  a  mile  from  the  Hudson,  is  ele- 
vated 250  feet  above  it.  This  is  the  Rockland  Lake,  from  which 
New  York  is  supplied  with  ico  of  the  purest  quality.  The  ice, 
cut  into  large  square  blocks,  is  slid  down  to  the  level  of  the  river, 
aiid,  when  the  river  breaks  up,  is  transported  to  the  city. 

Haverstraw,  or  Wancn,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  36  miles 
from  the  city,  with  which  there  is  daily  communication  by  steam- 
boat. Verplanck's  Point,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  river,  and  Stony 
Point  on  the  opposite  side,  are  memorable  from  their  connection 
with  events  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Caldwell's  Landing,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  44  miles 
from  New  York,  is  at  the  base  of  the  Dunderburg  or  Thunder 
mountain.  From  this  elevated  position,  which  is  300  feet  above 
the  river,  the  visiter  has  a  view  that  extends  over  Westchester 
county  to  Long  Island  Sound,  down  the  river  and  bays  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  city,  and  across  the  rivor  to  Peekskill  and  the 
mountain  summits  around  West  Point.  Caldwell  is  usually  a 
place  of  landing  for  the  Albany  boats  on  their  way  up  the  river. 
Just  before  reaching  this  place,  the  traveller  who  has  never  be- 
fore ascended  the  river,  is  scarcely  able  to  conjecture,  as  he  looks 
around,  and  sees  all  further  ingress  apparently  cut  off,  which 
course  the  boat  will  pursue, — whether  through  the  deep  opening 
to  the  right,  or  the  one  in  front,  leading  through  the  mountaiutj. 
During  this  brief  suspense,  and  while  contemplating  the  stupen- 
dous elevation  close  at  hand,  which  the  steamer  almost  grazes  in 
its  rapid  course,  the  boat  is  suddenly  directed  to  the  left,  around 
the  acute  angle  that  opens  into  the  Horse  Race,  a  short  reach  of 
the  river  between  the  mountains  on  the  s.,  and  St.  Anthony's 
Point  on  the  n. 

Peekskill,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  a  village  of  some 


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156 


RAILUOAD  AND  STKAMROAT  COMPANION. 


importanco.  A  riiilroiid  huH  hooii  proposed  to  connect  this  place 
with  N»'W  Ilixvru,  Conn. 

77/c  Uijrhlamls. —  Tlifso  may  ho  considcn-d  flio  most  reniarka- 
blo  ft'ttturo  in  the  Hudson  riv»'r  ncencrv-  'I'li^'y  liro  IG  miles  in 
width,  and  extend  in  a  n.  v..  antl  s.  w.  direction,  ahont  2'*  miles. 
The  hifrlK'st  elevation  is  l,(jfS()  feet.  The  course  of  the  boat  now 
is  tliron<rh  the  "  llorso  Race,"  a  term  derived  from  the  rapidity 
of  the  current,  caused  by  an  abrupt  anijle  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  is  contracted  to  a  narrow  space  l)y  its  passajro  throufjh  the 
mountain-pass. 

Aiit/iuni/s  None  on  the  rifjlit  or  east  shore,  is  a  mass  of  rocks 
rising  1, 128  feet  above  the  level  oflhe  river,  which  runs  deeply  at 
lis  ()ase.  Two  miles  above  tho  last-named  place,  is  the  Suirar- 
Loaf  Mf)Uiitain,  which  rears  its  sunnnit  to  the  height  of  8G0  feet. 

Tho  Buttermilk.  Falln,  49  miles  above  tho  city,  nearly  oppo- 
site the  Sugar-Loaf  Mountain,  present  a  fine  appearance,  espe- 
cially when  the  stream  is  swollen  by  heavy  rains.  They  descend 
for  more  than  100  feet  in  two  successive  cascades,  spreading  out 
in  sheets  of  milk-white  foam  ;  a  fine  view  of  them  is  obtained 
from  the  boat  whilst  passing. 

Wkst  Point. — Tho  traveller  has  now  arrived  at  this  romantic 
and  interesting  spot,  52  miles  above  JNevv  York,  and  93  miles 
from  Albany.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important  fortresses  during 
the  Revolutionary  war ;  and  is  now  tho  seat  of  the  national 
Military  School,  organized  in  1802,  under  the  direction  of  Gen. 
Williams.  The  clift'  selected  for  the  site  of  the  fortress  rests 
against  a  lofty  ridge  broken  into  small  eminences  that  form  a 
species  of  amphitheatre,  washed  below  by  the  river.  It  rises  in 
terraces,  the  first  of  which  is  very  narrow  and  jiearly  level  with 
the  river  ;  the  second  is  approachable  by  a  steep  ascent  of  80  or 
90  feet,  and  the  third,  rising  188  feet  above  tho  level  of  the  wa- 
ter, spreads  into  a  plain  of  more  than  a  mile  In  circumferenee,  on 
which  tho  principal  works  were  constructed,  the  chief  of  which 
was  Fort  Clinton.  Upon  the  eminences  were  several  redoubts 
which  commanded  Fort  Clinton,  of  which  Fort  Putnam  was  the 
most  important.  This  fort  is  elevated  598  feet  above  tho  river. 
As  tho  boat  proceeds  on  her  course  the  outworks  and  buildings 
attached  to  the  Military  School  are  plainly  discernible.     During 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


157 


hiring 


tlio  Uovolutiorwiry  war  this  post  was  emphatically  the  key  of  the 
country,  as  it  commandod  the  river,  wliich  admitted  vessels  of 
heavy  burden  as  fnr  as  Hudson,  and  prevented  tlxi  British  from 
holdiii};  communication  with  (Minada.  For  this  reason  the  Brit- 
isli  ronunanders  were  very  anxious  to  ohtain  it,  and  its  surrender 
was  to  have  been  the  first  iVuit  of  Arnold's  treason  ;  but  in  this  he 
was  disappointed  by  the  arrest  of  Maj.  Andre. — Tlw^  boat  stops  at 
t!ic  liindinj^  at  West  Point  to  dischar;:;e  and  receive  passenjjers, 
allowing  the  traveller  barely  time  enouj^di  to  catch  a  prliiiipse  of  the 
hnaiities  of  this  locality.  There  is  a  hotel  at  the  brow  of  tho  hill 
which  is  approaciied  by  a  good  carriage-road  from  the  steamboat 
hinding :  tho  pedestrian  may  mount  by  another  path,  though  not 
without  some  difficulty.  The  view  from  the  observatory  at  the 
top  of  tho  hotel  is  peculiarly  fine  in  all  its  parts,  but  especially  on 
the  north, — looking  down  upon  the  Hudson  and  towards  New- 
burg,  and  the  remote  chain  of  the  Shawangunk  Mountains,  seen 
in  the  dim  distance  towards  the  northwest.  The  hotel  is  built  of 
stone,  and  is  surrounded  by  extensive  piazzas  for  promenade,  com- 
manding in  front  a  full  view  of  the  plain  and  buildings,  ajkd 
ill  the  rear  a  delightful  prospect  of  the  river  and  Highlands.  I)u- 
riug  tho  months  of  July  and  August,  tho  cadets  are  encamped  on 
the  plain,  when  it  is  highly  interesting  to  witness  tho  dsills  and 
parades  of  these  embryo  chieftains.  Near  the  n.  e.  extremity  of 
the  grounds,  at  the  projecting  point  forming  tho  abrupt  bend  of 
the  river,  is  a  monument  of  white  marble,  consistiii;^  of  a  base 
and  a  short  column,  on  the  former  of  which  is  th,^  simple  inscrip- 
tion, *«  Kosciusko. — Erected  by  the  corps  of  C'a4cts,  1628."  It 
cost  !$5,000.  Another  monument  on  a  hillock  ut  tho  n.  w.  cprner 
of  tho  plain,  is  an  obelisk,  20  feet  high,  erected  by  Major-general 
Brown  to  Colonel  E.  D  Wood,  a  pupil  of  ths  institution,  who  fell 
leading  a  charge  at  the  sortie  from  Fbrt  Erie,  on  the  17th  of 
Sept.  1814.  On  the  river  bank  at  the  s.  e.  extremity  of  the 
parade-ground,  upon  a  lower  level,  is  KosciusKo;'s  garden,  whither 
the  Polish  chieftain  was  accustomed  to  retire  for  study  or  reflec- 
tion. Near  this  garden  is  a  clear  boiling  sjji:ing,  enclosed  in  a 
marble  reservoir,  with  durable  and.  ornamental  steps  leading  down 
from  the  plain  above,  with  an  ar^-.a^gem^ut.  qS  benches  on.  a  pro- 
jection of  the  rock  for  visiters. 


'  •^''- 1 

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15S 


TlAir.nOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMTANIO!?. 


Thf  ro  is  hIiowii  at  West  Point  part  of  tlie  very  nhniu  ns^^d  to 
ol>«lriK;t  \\\o  paHsiinro  of  tlio  rivor  by  the  American  troops  in  tlio 
Hcvolution  DMrinjT  the  sunnncr  evoningn  frpquont  cotillion  jiar. 
ties  arc  pfiven,  to  which  visiters  aro  always  invited 


i"'lt  ';i 


,(« 


:f 


As  the  boat  takes  a  sliarp  turn  around  the  low,  rocky  projec- 
tion ol"  the  river,  it  unfolds  to  the  eye  one  of  tlio  loveliest  viows 
in  the  world  : — the  lake-like  expansion  of  the  river,  with  the 
steep  front  of  the  lofty  mountain  that  here  faces  it,  called  tht* 
Crow's  Nrst,  risingr  to  the  heijrht  of  1,428  feet,  with  a  depression 
on  the  top  for  the  nest,  giving  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  name 
it  bears.        '  * 

[The  engraving  represents  a  view  of  the  "  Crow's  Nest,"  look- 
ing down  the  river,  with  West  Point  and  Fort  Putnam  in  the 
distance.]  The  general  view  of  the  mountains,  and  entire  pano- 
rama of  the  lesser  hills  and  rocky  eminences  or  projections,  com- 
plete the  framing  of  this  magnificent  picture.  A  mile  above  West 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  the  West  Point  Iron 
Foundry,  the  largest  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  country:  it 
is  situated  on  a  stream  that  flows  down  from  the  hills  iu  the  vi* 
cinity,  and  which  affords  considerable  water-power. 


li 


PAS^Af.E  LT  TJIE  UUD^UN. 


15^. 


Colli  Spriiii^,  ulittlr  liiyhrr  iijxm  tlw"!  sumo  slioro,  is  liaiidsonu'- 
Iv  situated  in  a  rove  hclut't'ii  Cinnstifiilinii  Island  ami  Itiill  Hill, 
with  a  {jood  laiidmj^-pliict',  and  contains  l,"JUi>  inlialiitaiits.  Hull 
lliH,  1,5S«]  feet,  llnuikii'irk  II. 11,  U''',  'hhI  //'  '""  /^'//»  I  .'W') 
I'fi  hijrli,  arc  .sitnulcd  iniint'diatrly  al)ov«i  ( '<»ld  Spiiiiir.  Iliitlcr 
Hill  is  the  last  of  tlic  lliirliland  r.inixe  on  the  w.  .sjiori',  and  is 
1..V2I)  f(M't  Injrii.  'I'liis  lorins  a  more  ini|irissivo  siirlit  to  tlic  Iimv- 
t'litT  than  th«'  others,  Irum  its  iiinn*  nsr  loppliu",' masses  of  crajxi^N 
rocks  and  sweep  of  precipice,  espet-ially  towards  lh»'  sonth.  In 
trottint;  clear  of  the  lIiLjhlnnds  we  puss  i\>/«y;<'/'.v  Isl  nid,  a  mass 
ol'  rock  K.  of  the  channel,  havinij  the  appearance  ol  the  top  of  a 
siiidcen  inotnjtain. — ('oihiriilL  near  tlie  northern  hase  of  Hiitiei 
III!!,  two  miles  south  of  Newhiir;;,  is  the  conirnt'ncenient  of  the 
exi»ansion  of  the  Hudson  called  Nrirhurir  liny,  one  nrin  wide 
uatl  live  lon<^. — Ncui  \Vi:iii-i:)r,  on  the  w.  hank,  .')!)  miles  ubovo 
New  York,  is  noted  as  the  hlrthplace  of  iJo  Wift  Clinton. 

^Ve  now  approach  Aru'lmi'^  on  the  left,  with  homio  t),0()0  or 
7,0UU  inhabitants,  and  which,  from  its  elevated  situation  on  a 
steep  acclivity,  is  presented  full  to  the  view  of  the  pas>in<r  trav- 
eller. It  is  one  of  the  jirineipal  landiuij-places,  and  is  connected 
with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  at  Fis/dill.  (a  thrivini,'  place 
of  some  1,000  inhahitants)  by  a  ferry.  A  railroad  is  beinLf  con- 
structed from  Newburg  to  (joshen,  to  connect  at  that  j)oint  with 
the  Erie  Kailroad. 

Low  Point,  three  miles  above  Fishkill  Landinr:^,  is  a  t.mull  set- 
tlement on  the  river. 

New  Hambiirfr,  the  next  place  abjvo,  (near  Wappiu^er'^ 
Creek,  an  important  mill-stream,)  is  another  steamboat  landing 
— Ifampfon,  nearly  oi)j)osite,  is  connected  with  Newburg  by  a 
ferry.     A  little  n   is  the  village  of  MiirUnni)\ 

Barnegat,  two  miles  above  New  Hamburg,  is  remarkabie  t.i 
its  many  lime-kilns. 

PoL'(;nKEEj*siE,  one  of  the  handsomest  places  in  the  state,  was 
founded  by  the  Dutch  in  17.35.  It  is  74  miles  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  71  from  Albany,  14  from  Newburg,  18  from  Kings- 
Jon,  and  42  from  Hudson.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade, 
being  surrounded  by  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  districts  in  the 
country.    Steamboats  and  t-ailing  vessels  are  owned  heie.     Pough- 


4 

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160 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMRl  AT  COiMPANION. 


keepsie  contains  several  well-kept  hotels.  The  Collegiate  School 
is  situated  on  College  Hill,  ahout  half  a  mile  n.  e.  of  the  village. 
Its  location  is  one  of  unrivalled  heauly,  commanding  an  exten- 
Hivo  prospect  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country. — New  Paltz 
Laudinif  is  on  the  ojjposite  side  of  the  river,  the  village  lying  a 
short  distance  hack. — Ilijdc  Park,  80  miles  from  New  York,  and 
G5  from  Albany,  is  situated  on  the  k.  bank  of  the  river.  The 
co\intry-scats  hero  are  very  beautiful. 

Ronilout,  at  the  mou'Ji  of  the  Wallkill  river,  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade,  it  beiu;;  within  two  miles  of  Eddyville,  the  ter- 
mination of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.  Lackawana  coal 
is  brou;,^ht  from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania  to  Rondout,  where  a 
number  of  vessels  arc  employt'd  in  conveying  it  to  other  parts. — 
One  mile  further  north  is  Kingston  Landing,  where  stages  are 
always  ready  to  convey  passengers  to  Kingston,  three  miles  in- 
land.— On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  R/tincbeck  Landing. 
originally  settled  by  the  Dutch,  the  descendants  of  whom  still 
retain  the  habits,  language,  and  frugality  of  their  forefathers. — 
Lower  Red  Hook  is  seven  miles  north  ;  and  three  miles  still  fur- 
ther up  is  Upper  Red  Hook  Landing.  This  place  is  connected 
by  a  steam-ferry  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  at  Sau<rer- 
ties,  an  important  manufacturing  village,  with  a  never-fading 
water-power,  derived  from  the  southern  slope  of  the  lofty  Cats- 
kill. — Bristol  is  two  miles  above  Saiigerties. 

The  village  of  C'atskill,  111  miles  from  New  York,  and  .34 
from  Albany,  is  seated  on  both  sides  of  Catskill  Creek,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Hudson.  Coachrs,  so  arranged  as  to  be  at  the 
steamboat  landing  on  the  arrival  and  departure  of  the  boats,  run 
regularly  to  and  from  the  mountain  for  the  conveyance  of  j>as- 
sengers,  and  also  to  enable  those  who  are  so  inclined  to  visit  the 
ditierent  falls  in  the  vicinity.  The  time  required  for  ascending 
to  the  Mountain  House,  a  distance  of  \2  miles,  is  usually  four 
hours,  and  the  price  cue  dollar — half  the  time  being  sufficient  to 
return.  The  journey  up  tlie  mountain,  though  a  safe  one,  is 
rather  trying  to  timid  persons  ;  the  road  for  two-thirds  of  the  dis- 
tance from  the  landing  being  very  uneven,  and  the  remaining 
distance  a  steep  ascent  in  a  zigzag  direction  to  the  top.  The 
Catskill  Mountain  House  is  12  miles  from  Catskill  landing,  upon 


one,  Id 
the  dis- 
inuiulng 
The 
ig,  upon 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


161 


the  summit  of  one  of  tlie  principal  mountains,  known  as  "  Table 
Rock,"  ut  an  elevation  of  :2,r)U0  feet  above  tbe  Hudson.  This 
hotel,  erected  by  the  citizen'  jf  Catskill  at  a  cost  of  |§2"-2,00(),  is 
140  feet  long,  and  four  stories  high,  with  a  piazza  extending 
arrosB  the  front,  sni)poited  by  a  coloiniade.  It  is  placed  at  a 
convenient  distance  back  from  the  verge  of  the  precij)ice,  in  order 
to  allow  carriages  to  drive  up  in  front  to  set  down  and  receive 
passengers.  A  few  feet  from  the  building  the  rock  terminates  in 
a  feartul  precij)ice,  from  the  brow  of  which  the  inexperienced  be- 
hulder  starts  back  in  uncoutroihd»!e  alarm.  "  In  the  rear,  peaks 
upon  peaks  rise  in  every  direction,  and  tar  away  in  t!ie  distance, 
all  covered  with  luxuriant  foliage.  No  description  can  do  justice 
to  the  almost  illimituble  i)rospect  in  front.  Standing  upon  the 
piazza  or  the  rock,  you  seem  to  have  left  the  earth  and  to  bo  ga- 
zing from  some  ethereal  height  down  upon  the  world  and  its  con- 
cerns. You  see  nothing  above  or  around  you — all  is  below  : 
even  the  clouds  wheel  and  roll  in  fleecy  grandeur  at  your  feet. 
I'orests,  meadows,  harvest-fields,  plains,  njountains,  rivers,  lakes, 
cottages,  villages,  and  cities,  are  in  every  direction.  A  deep  re- 
pose seems  to  have  settled  upon  '^ 
the  world.  No  sound  reaches  ,d 
you,  except,  perhaps,  the  rattle  |^ 
ol  the  thunder  from  .some  distant 
hi!!,  or  the  sweet  song  of  the 
mountain  bird  upon  the  tree  bo- 
titiith  you." 

The  Catskill  Falls,  of  which 
liio  engraving  is  a  representa- 
tion, are  formed  by  two  lakes, 
one  mile  in  length  and  2,000 
feet  above  the  Hudson. 

The  water  over  the  first  pre- 
cipice falls  a  distance  of  175 
leet,  and  within  a  short  distance 
takes  another  plunge  of  about 
7o  feet,  and  then  follows  the  dark  windings  of  the  ravine  to 
the  valley  of  the  Catskill.  Following  the  circuitous  path  that 
leads  down  a  distance   of  90  feet,  and  then  passing  under  the 

11 


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162 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  CO.yiPANION. 


rock  behind  the  waterfall,  tlie  visiter  will  enjoy  many  fine  scenes.* 
The  pure  air  inhaled  at  the  Mountain  House  is  very  invigorating, 
and  its  exhilarating  qualities  have  restored  to  health  persons  who 
hud  in  vain  tried  almost  every  other  means.  Stages  leave  Cuts- 
kill  daily  for  Oswego,  IlhacayUjid  other  places. 

On  passing  C-atskill  the  boat  shapes  its  course  towards  the  city 
of  lluL'SON,  which  is  IIG  miles  above  New  York,  and  29  from 
Aibiiny.  The  ciiy  is  built  i>rinc:pally  on  the  summit  of  a  liill,  G'J 
feet  above  the  river,  commanding  a  fine  prospect.  At  the  land- 
ini;  are  several  Vv'arehou.srs,  wliich,  with  steamboats  and  suijiiv 
ves-sels,  are  evidence  of  t!ie  copitul  and  enterprise  exl.stir.g  here 
ropulution  10,OJO.  Here  d.vergrs  the  Hudson  and  IJerk.-hire 
Uui!road,  connecting  with  the  IIou;>atcnic  at  the  Massachusetts 
t-latc  line,  and  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Ijong  Island  Sound. 
Travellers  intending  to  visit  the  Shaker  Village  at  New  L''ha- 
tion,  about  3G  miles  distant,  will  land  at  Hudson,  and  take  the 
railroad  cars  to  within  seven  miles  of  the  Springs,  wliich  are  much 
r.'rforted  to  in  warm  wcat'.ier.  (See  routes  to  Lebanon  Springs.) 
The  New  York  and  Albany  boats  land  and  receive  passengers 
several  times  daily.  Four  Mile  Point,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse, 
is  129  miles  above  New  York.  Here  is  the  head  of  ship  naviga- 
tion on  this  river. 

Coxsackie  Landing,  on  tliC  w.  side  of  the  river,  has  about 
1,500  inhabitants;  the  village  is  one  milo  w.  of  the  landing. 
Nutter  Ilook,  directly  opposite,  is  a  bustling  little  place,  with 
some  shipping. 


*  The  engraving,  it  will  I>e  observed,  e.xliibits  three  fall."?,  which  i;« 
ever  the  case  in  the  suuniier  monllis,  vvlien  tlie  supply  of  water  is  sinail. 
Oociisionall)',  however,  but  two  are  to  be  seen.  This  occurs  only  in  tl;(.' 
tall  or  early  spring,  in  whicli,  from  excessive  rains  or  from  freshet,-:,  the 
volume  of  the  lakes  is  greatly  increuscd,  ulun  the  aecunnihited  vvalei.« 
rush  with  such  impetuosity,  that  instead  of  plunging  at  the  first  fall,  :l.^ 
represented  in  tiie  engraving,  they  are  carried  beyond  it,  to  the  second - 
thus  making  two  falls.  Visiters  seldon\  see  the  falls  in  this  state,  since, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  they  seek  such  haunts  in  the  sunnncr  months, 
when  there  is  a  diminished  supply  of  water.  At  such  times  the  water 
Is  preserved  with  great  care,  in  order  to  inerease  the  body  of  the  fall  oa 
the  arrival  of  strangers  ;  and  a  small  fee  is  demanded  as  a  conipensatioE 
for  the  labor  tUuij  expended  for  their  graliticalion. 


rating, 
lis  who 
!  Cuts. 

he  city 
:9  from 
hill,  GO 
le  land- 

suilin^ 
,;ir  here 
iTk>hire 
chuseUs 
1  Sound. 
[J  L''l)(i- 
uke  the 
re  much 
jiprings.) 
issengers 
hlhouse. 

nuviga- 

ns  iibout 
audiug. 
ice,  vvilli 


\\h\ch  is 
18  small- 
ily  in  tl:(; 
^he\.<.  tlie 
il  waK'i- 
•st  fall,  :ift 
secou'l  — 
lie,  since, 
r  months, 
the  water 
he  fall  oa 
pens  alios 


ALBANY 


163 


Stuyvesanti  a  little  further  on,  is  a  flourishing  place  that  sends 
largo  quantities  of  produce  to  the  New  York  market. 

Kinderhook  Landing  is  127  miles  above  New  York.  Tho 
village  of  Kinderhook,  situated  about  five  miles  e.  of  the  river,  is 
the  birthplace  of  Martin  Van  Buren,  Ex-President  of  tho  United 
States.     His  present  residence  is  two  miles  s.  of  tho  village. 

New  Baltimore,  130  miles  above  New  York,  is  a  village  of 
about  500  inhabitants.  Coeymnns,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  is 
three  miles  higher  up.  Schodac  Landing  is  directly  opposite. 
Castleton  is  three  miles  above  tho  latter  place.  Here  a  bar 
injurious  to  navigation,  is  forming  in  the  channel  The  Over- 
slaugh, within  three  miles  of  the  city  of  Albany,  has  heretofore 
formed  tiie  principal  obstruction  to  the  free  navigation  of  the 
river.  The  general  government  has  spent  considerable  sums  of 
money  in  deepening  the  channel  ;  still,  the  evil  has  not  been  en- 
tirely overcome,  the  place  fiiling  up  again  as  often  as  cleaned 
out. 

Greenhush,  nearly  opposite  Albany,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Bos- 
ton and  Albany  Railroad,  and  als^o  of  the  railroad  from  Troy.  It 
is  connected  with  Albany  by  a  ferry. 


ALBANY. 

Tiie  capital  of  the  state  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Hudson 
river,  145  miles  above  the  city  of  New  York,  3iJ5  by  railroad  from 
BulFalo,  200  from  Boston,  3bO  from  Washington,  and  250  from 
Montreal,  Cauiida.  Population,  about  45,000.  This  city  was 
founded  in  IG12,  by  people  from  Holland,  and,  next  to  James- 
town in  Virginia,  was  the  earliest  European  settlement  within 
tlio  thirteen  original  states.  On  the  capture  of  New  York  by  the 
English  in  lOCi,  this  place  received  its  present  name,  in  honor  of 
James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  afterwards  James  tho  Second. 
The  city  has  a  commanding  situation,  and  when  viewed  from 
the  water  appears  to  great  advantage. 

The  position  of  Albany,  near  the  head  of  tide  navigation,  on 
the  direct  line  of  communication  from  tho  e.  and  tho  s.  with  the 
St.  Lawrence  river,  with  Saratoga  Springs,  and  with  tho  lake 


■-'yi 


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164 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


^^^.I^TJ' 


wif^m^^ 


View  of  Albany 


country,  necessarily  makes  it  a  great  thorouglifare.  The  com- 
pletion of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  gave  this  city  great 
commercial  imi)ortance,  making  it  the  entrepot  for  a  large  oro- 
portion  of  the  products  of  the  state  destined  to  the  New  York 
markets.  To  accommodate  this  trade,  a  noble  basin  is  con- 
structed, upon  the  river,  in  which  all  the  boats  of  the  northern  and 
western  canals  are  received.  It  consists  of  part  of  the  river  in- 
cluded between  the  shore  and  a  pier  80  feet  wide  and  4,300  feet 
long.  The  pier  is  a  stupendous  work,  containing  several  acres, 
on  which  spacious  stores  have  been  erected,  where  immense 
quantities  of  lumber  and  other  articles  of  trade  are  deposited.  It 
is  connected  with  the  city  by  drawbridges. 

Of  the  public  buildings  in  Albany,  the  Capitol  ranks  among 
the  first.  Within  it  are  the  legislative  halls,  the  rooms  of  the  su- 
preme and  chancery  courts,  the  state  library,  &c.  It  stands  at 
the  head  of  State-st.,  130  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  11.5  feet 
long,  9G  broad,  and  50  high,  of  two  stories,  upon  a  basement  of 
10  feet  elevation.  On  the  e.  side  is  a  portico  of  the  Ionic  order, 
with  columns  three  feet  eight  inches  in  diamote-  and  33  feet 


ALBANY. 


165 


V 


e  com- 
y  great 
[re  Dro- 
York 
is  cou- 
?ru  and 
iver  in- 
.00  feet 
|l  acres, 
iimense 

,0(1.      It 

among 
I  the  su- 
mds  at 
|15  feet 
lent  of 
order, 
133  feet 


high.  It  is  built  of  Nyack  freestone,  and  cost  about  ^125,000. 
The  legislative  halls  and  court-rooms  contain  portraits  of  emi- 
meut  men.  The  building  is  surrounded  by  a  public  square  en- 
closed with  an  iron  railing.  From  the  observatory  at  the  top, 
which  is  accessible  to  visiters,  a  fine  view  of  the  surroundingcountry 
is  obtained. — The  Albany  Academy,  a  part  of  which  is  occupied 
by  the  Albany  Lyceum,  is  built  of  the  same  stone  as  the  state- 
house,  and  fronts  on  the  square  n.  of  the  capitol.  It  cost  ^100,000. 
— The  City  Hall,  fronting  the  capitol  square,  at  the  foot  of 
VVashington-st.,  is  constructed  of  white  marble  hewn  out  by  the 
convicts  at  Sing  Sing,  and  appropriated  to  the  city  authorities. 
Its  gilded  dome  is  very  conspicuous,  especially  when  viewed  from 
a  distance. — The  Exchange,  at  the  foot  of  State-st.,  is  a  commo- 
dious building  of  granite,  constructed  a  few  years  since.  The 
Post-OJfice  is  in  this  building.  It  has  also  an  extensive  reading- 
room,  su])plied  with  papers  and  periodicals,  both  American  and 
foreign  ;  strangers  are  admitted  gratis. — The  old  statehouse  is 
now  converted  into  a  Museum,  for  the  reception  of  the  geological 
cabinet  formed  under  the  direction  of  the  state  geological  sur- 
veyors.— The  Albany  Female  Academy,  a  fine  building  in  North 
Fearl-st.  This  school  enjoys  a  high  reputation. — Stanwix  Hall, 
built  of  Quincy  granite,  is  surmounted  by  a  large  dome. — The  re- 
ligious institutions  of  Albany  are  numerous.  The  principal  hotels 
are  the  American,  City,  Clinton,  Columbian,  Congress  Hall, 
Delanan  House,  (Temperance,)  Eastern  R.  R.  Hotel,  Franklin 
House,  Mansion  House,  Stanwix  Hall,  United  States  Hotel, 
and  Washington  Hall. 

Routes  from  Albaisv. — During  the  season  of  navigation,  nu- 
merous steamboats  ply  on  the  Hudson  between  Albany  and  New 
York,  and  also  the  principal  places  on  the  river.  There  are  both 
morning  and  evening  boats.  The  icinter  route  from  Albany  to 
New  York  is  over  the  Albany  and  West  Stockbridge  and  Hou- 
satonic  railroads  to  Bridgeport ;  thence  by  steamer  to  New  York 

From  Albany  to  Boston. — Cross  the  ferry  to  Greenbush  ;  there 
take  the  cars  for  Boston  via  Springfield  and  Worcester.  (See 
route  from  Boston  to  Albany.) 

From  Albany  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  and  from  Al- 
bany to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  Saratoga  Springs,  &c.,  (see  lu- 


.»■• 


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s  'ft  '     *;i-    ■JW'  "'J 
1. 1  •  *  !:■  1  •*" 


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166 


nAlI.KOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


dex.)     Stages  run  to  all  the  principal  places  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany. 

KOUTES  FROM  AlBANY  AND  TrOY  TO  BaLLSTO.N  SpA  AND  SARA- 
TOGA Springs,  (see  Map  No.  19.) — Those  fashionable  resorts  are 
easily  reached  by  the  cars  both  from  Albany  and  Troy.  From 
Albany f  by  the  Albany  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  16  miles  ; 
thence  by  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad  to  Ballston 
Spa,  14  miies  ;  thence  to  Saratoga  Springs,  7  miles :  total  37 
miles.  Fare  $1.02.  From  Troy,  the  traveller  has  his  choice  of 
two  routes, — either  by  way  of  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
road, 20  miles,  and  thence  as  by  the  former  route  :  total  41  riiles  • 
Fare  ,^1.62; — or,  by  the  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Rai  road, 
via  Mechanicsville,  terminating  at  Ballston  Spa,  24  mile.',  there 
connecting  with  the  railroad  to  Saratoga  Springs:  total  32  miles. 
Fare  {$1  50.     (See  Index  for  these  routes  resj)jctively.) 


TROY   AND   GREENBUSH   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road  is  six  miles  in  length,  and  was  opened  for  public 
travel  in  1845.  The  cost  of  construction  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  was 
$276,276,  and  the  total  income  during  the  year  was  $63,828. 
The  travel  over  this  road  is  constantly  increasing,  and  its  stock 
is  amon  •  the  best  in  the  country.  It  is  united  at  Greenbush  with 
the  Western  Railroad  to  Boston,  and  also  with  the  Ilousatonic 
at  the  state  line,  terminating  on  Long  Island  Sound.  At  Troy 
it  is  connected  with  the  Troy  and  Schenectady,  and  the  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  railroads  ;  the  former  uniting  with  the  chain 
of  railroads  to  Buffalo,  and  the  latter  with  routes  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

This  road,  and  the  Schenectady  and  Troy,  and  the  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  roads,  all  pass  through  the  main  street  of 
Troy,  and  take  up  passengers  at  the  door  of  each  of  the  principal 
hotels,  the  Mansion  House,  Troy  House,  &lc. 

Troy  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tidewater  on  the  Hudsi>;.,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  six  miles  above  Albany.  It  is  a  port  of 
entiy,  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Rensselaer  county.     It  received 


lity  of 

Sara- 

rts  are 
From 
miles ; 
luUstou 
otal  37 
loice  of 
/  Rail- 

1  rallies  • 
lilroad, 
!fi,  there 

2  miles. 


)T  public 
848,  was 
^()3,828. 
its  stock 
)ush  with 
ousatouic 
At  Troy 
le  Rens- 
he  chain 
e  Cham- 
he  Rens- 
I  street  of 
principal 

ludsu;-,  ^>n 

I  a  port  of 

received 


RENSSELAER  AND  SARATOGA  RAILROAD. 


167 


its  city  charter  in  1816.  Troy  is  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and 
healthiness ;  most  of  its  streets  are  wide,  laid  out  at  right  aufjles, 
and  planted  with  trees.  Mount  Ida,  directly  in  the  rear  of  the 
s.  part  of  the  city,  and  Mount  Olympus  in  the  n.,  are  distin- 
jjuished  eminences,  affording  fine  views  of  the  country.  The 
city  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water,  by  subterranean  pipes  of 
iron,  from  a  basin  in  the  noijrhboring  town  of  Laui^ingbiirg,  72 
feet  above  the  plain  of  the  city.  It  has  numerous  hotels,  several 
of  which  are  well  kc{)t  ;  the  principal  are,  the  American  Hotel, 
Manftinn  House,  Troy  Hmise,  National  Temperance  House, 
Northern  Hotel,  Washinirton  Hall,  and  the  York  Hotel.  The 
cnrs  leave  Troy  and  Groenbush  every  hour  during  the  day  and 
evening.  Fare  12^  cents.  Steamboats  and  stages  also  run  be- 
tween Albany  and  Troy.     Fare  12^ — by  stage  2.'5  cents. 

West  Troy,  a  suburb  of  Troy,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
is  a  rapidly  growing  place.  The  inhabitants  are  employed  prin- 
cipally in  manufactures.  A  fine  macadamized  road  leads  from 
West  Troy  to  Albany,  a  distance  of  six  miles. 

At  Gibhonsville  is  a  United  States  Arsenal,  where  is  kept  a 
large  and  constant  supply  of  small-arms,  and  the  various  muni- 
tions of  war.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  national 
depots,  and  is  worthy  the  attention  of  the  traveller. 


THE   RENSSELAER   AND   SARATOGA  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road  extends  from  Troy  to  kSaftoga  Springs,  32  miles. 
It  was  opened  in  1835,  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1, 
1848,  was  $475,801.  It  leaves  Troy  for  Mechanicsville  and 
the  Springs,  from  the  vicinity  of  some  of  the  principal  hotels, 
and  crosses  Hudson  river  to  Green  Island  by  a  bridge  about 
1,600  feet  long  and  35  wide,  resting  on  piers  of  solid  stone  ;  and 
thence  taking  a  direction  north  to  Waterford,  five  miles,  it  crosses 
several  branches  of  the  Mohawk  on  substantial  bridges  resting  on 
stone  abutments. 

Waterford,  157  miles  from  New  York,  and  12  above  Albany, 
is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rivers,  on 


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168 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAMOX. 


the  Champlain  Canal,  and  on  the  railroad  above  described.  This 
is  the  extreme  head  of  Kloop  navigation.  Waterford  is  connected 
v/ith  Lansingburg,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  river,  by  a  bridge. 

Cohoes  Falls,  on  the  Mohawk  river,  about  2^  miles  w.  of  Wa- 
terford, near  the  village  of  Cohoes,  and  in  view  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
is  much  resorted  to  by  visiters  from  all  parts.  The  falls  have  a 
perpendicular  descent  of  75  feet.  The  banks  of  the  river  vary  in 
height  from  50  to  150  feet,  and  present  grand  and  romantic 
scenery.  A  short  distance  below  the  falls  the  river  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge  about  800  feet  in  length. 

From  Waterford,  the  railroad  passes  for  eight  miles  along  the 
w.  side  of  the  Hudson  river  to  Mechanicsvillc,  a  small  but  thri- 
ving village:  it  then  crosses  the  canal,  and  in  about  four  miles 
passes  Round  Lake,  on  its  way  to  Ballston  Spa.  Here  it  con- 
nects with  the  routes  from  Schenectady,  and  the  cars,  after  a 
short  detention  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  pass  on  to  Sara- 
toga Springs. 


THE   SARATOGA   AND   SCHENECTADY   RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road,  constructed  in  1832,  at  a  cost  of  $.300,000,  com- 
mences at  Schenectady,  near  the  Erie  Canal,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad  from  Albany,  the  Troy 
and  Schenectady  Railroad  from  Troy,  and  the  railroad  to  Utica 
and  the  West.  It  crosses  the  city  to  the  bridge,  which  it  traverses 
without  interruption  to  the  ordinary  travel ;  thence  nms  across 
the  Mohawk  Flats,  for  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  ;  then  takes 
a  northeasterly  course,  in  full  view  of  the  river,  for  about  four 
miles  ;  then  a  northerly  course,  along  the  banks  of  Ballston 
Lake,  and  enters  the  village  of  Ballston  Spa.  Leaving  Ballston, 
it  crosses  a  creek,  by  a  substantial  bridge,  and  is  thence  contin- 
ued to  Saratoga.  The  scenery  along  the  whole  line  is  beautiful, 
and  the  country  remarkably  level ;  the  greatest  inclination  on  the 
line  of  the  road  being  16  feet  to  the  mile. 

Ballston  Spa,  situated  on  Kayaderosseros  creek,  a  small 
stream  which  flows  through  the  village,  25  miles  from  Troy,  and 


SARATOGA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


109 


32  from  Albany.  Its  mineral  waters,  which  were  discovered  in 
1769,  are  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qualities,  althouj^h  not 
so  popular  as  formerly,  those  of  Saratoga  being  generally  prefer 
red.  The  Sans  Souni  Hotel,  a  handsome  building  situated  near 
the  centre  of  the  village,  is  IGO  feet  long,  w-ilh  wings  extending 
back  153  feet,  and  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  pleasure-grounds. 
It  is  a  well-kept  house,  capable  of  accommodating  150  visiters, 
and  is  a  place  of  fashionable  resort.  Lang  Lake,  five  miles 
south  of  the  Springs,  afTords  fine  sport  for  the  angler. 

Saratoga  Springs,  184  miles  n.  of  New  York,  39  from  Alba- 
ny, and  32  from  Troy,  is  the  most  popular  watering-place  in  the 
United  States,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  the  world.  It 
is  a  great  resort  for  people  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  also 
from  Europe.  During  the  summer  months,  particularly  July  and 
August,  the  hotels  and  other  places  of  accommodation  are  much 
thronged,  the  number  of  visiters  being  very  great,  2,000  having 
arrived  here  in  a  week.  The  waters  are  useful  in  many  diseases, 
and  have  an  almost  mag- .  effect  upon  the  system  relaxed  or  ex- 
hausted by  disease  or  sedentary  habits.  After  drinking  the  waters 
for  a  short  time,  which  is  usually  done  before  breakfast,  the  ap- 
petite improves,  and  the  entire  system  feels  their  invigorating 
etTects. 

Here  are  a  number  of  splendid  hotels  and  boarding-houses, 
some  of  which  are  on  a  scale  of  great  magnificence.  The  United 
States  Hotel,  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  depot,  and  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  chief  mineral  springs,  is  built  of  brick,  is  four 
stories  high,  with  n.  and  s.  wings,  and  can  accommodate  between 
300  and  400  persons.  Congress  Hall,  near  the  Congress  Spring, 
is  a  popular  establishment.  It  has  a  spacious  piazza  in  front,  en- 
twined with  evergreens,  and  in  the  rear  a  beautiful  grove  and  a 
garden.  Union  Hall,  near  Congress  Hall,  the  American,  and 
several  other  houses,  furnish  excellent  accommodations. 

Congress  Spring,  the  most  celebrated,  was  discovered  in  1792, 
by  a  member  of  Congress  named  Gillman,  issuing  from  an  aper- 
ture in  the  side  of  the  rock  that  formed  the  border  of  a  little  brook, 
which  rises  from  the  earth  50  rods  to  the  west.  For  several  years 
it  could  be  collected  only  in  limited  quantities,  as  it  came  in  a  small 
stream  from  the  rock.    The  supply  not  being  sufficient  to  satisfy 


i>i 


:•  :•*' 


170 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT    COMPANION. 


the  wants  of  visiters,  attempts  were  made  to  lemove  tlio  obstrue- 
tious  which  prevented  a  larger  supply.  In  excavating  for  its 
t^ourco  the  spring  disappeared,  and  was  supposed  to  bo  forever 
lost ;  but  in  a  short  time  after  gas  was  observed  rising  through  the 
water  of  the  brook,  near  the  old  fountain,  which  inspired  the  hope 
of  again  recovering  it  by  turning  the  stream  from  its  course  ;  and, 
^y  *^'ffff'"S  eight  feet  through  marl  and  gravel,  the  fountain  was 
again  discovered,  over  which  was  placed  a  tube  of  plank  10 
inches  square,  rising  to  the  surface,  from  whence  flows  an  abun- 
dant supply  of  the  finest  mineral  water.  In  the  spring  of  1842, 
this  fountain,  after  being  thoroughly  cleansefJ,  was  renovated  by 
putting  down  a  new  tube,  extending  to  the  rock  from  which  the 
water  issued,  which  restored  it  to  its  original  strength.  The  fol- 
lowing  is  an  analysis  of  the  water  of  this  spring,  made  by  Dr. 
Chilton,  of  New  York,  May  1,  1843.  One  gallon,  of  2.*31  cubic 
inches,  contained  chloride  of  sodium,  .3()'i.829  grains  ;  carbonutt 
of  soda,  7.200  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  8G.143  ;  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, 78.621  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  .841  ;  sulphate  of  soda,  .651  ; 
iodide  of  sodium  and  bromide  of  potassium,  5.920;  silica,  .472; 
alumina,  .321 :  total,  543.998  grains.  Carbonic  acid,  284.G5  ; 
atmospheric  air,  5.41  :  making  290.06  inches  of  gaseous  con- 
tents. 

Within  the  last  year  or  two,  a  new  spring  of  many  medicinal 
virtues  was  discovered,  and  has  been  named  the  "  Empire,"  in 
honor  of  the  state.  It  is  nearly  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  cele- 
brated "  Congress"  Spring.  The  following  is  the  analysis,  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Emons,  one  of  the  state  geologists.  Chloride  of 
sodium,  269.696  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  30.848  ;  bicarbonate  of 
lime,  141.824;  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  41.984;  hydriodate  of 
soda,  12.000. 

The  other  springs  are  numerous,  many  of  which  have  the 
same  properties.  Columbian  Spring  is  a  short  distance  s.  w. 
from  the  Congress  ;  Washington,  50  rods  from  the  Columbian  ; 
Hamilton,  the  second  discovered,  lies  directly  in  the  rear  of  Con- 
gress Hall ;  Flat  Rock  Spring  lies  100  rods  n.  e.  from  the  Ham- 
ilton, and  High  Rock,  100  rods  further  n. 

Persons  visiting  the  Springs,  either  at  Saratoga  or  at  Ballston 
Spa,    should   have  their  letters  directed   either  to    Saratoga 


bstruc- 
for  its 
forever 
Lijfh  tl»e 
tie  hope 
<i ;  and, 
ain  waH 
unk  10 
11  abun- 
)f  1842, 
ated  by 
lich  the 
The  fol- 
by  Dr. 
31  cubic 
arbonutt 
f  mague- 
la,  .651  ; 
ca,  An ; 
I  284.G5  ; 
ous  con- 


ne 


dicinal 
pi  re,"  in 
the  cele- 
y^sis,  pre- 

loride  of 
)onate  of 

iodate  of 

lave  the 
nee  8.  w. 
uinbian  ; 
of  Con- 
6  Ham- 

Ballston 
Saratoga 


SARATOGA  AND  WASHINGTON  RAILROAD. 


m 


Springs  or  Ballston  Spa  ;  otlierwiso  they  may  have  diflicuti/ 
in  obtaining  them. 

Sarnlnga  Lake,  a  beautifnl  sheet  of  water,  hes  six  miles  si 
from  Saratoga,  and  the  same  distance  from  Ballston  pa.  It  is 
nine  miles  long  and  three  wide,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  com- 
piiny  at  the  watering-places,  foY  fisfiinff,  fowlijig,  and  boatin<r. 
The  shore  of  this  lake  is  accessible  in  a  few  j>laces  only,  on  ac- 
count of  tlie  marshes  which  border  it.  The  country  around  the 
lake  rises  gradually  into  elevated  ridges,  forming  a  vast  amphi- 
theatro  of  picturesque  landscape  embellished  by  cultivation.  On 
Ihe  eastern  shore,  three  miles  from  the  s.  end,  Snake  Hill  pro- 
jects into  the  basin,  and  rises  20  feet  above  its  surface. 

LonfT  Lake,  five  miles  s.  from  Ballston  Spa,  another  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  situate  iu  the  midst  of  very  agreeable  scenery,  is 
five  miles  long  by  one  wide,  and  teems  with  fish.  The  surround- 
ing country  abounds  in  game. 

SARATOGA  AND  WASHINGTON  RAILROAD.— (See  Map  No- 
19.) — This  road  will  extend  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Whitehall, 
42  miles,  and  will  be  one  of  the  most  important  roads  in 
the  country,  as  all  the  travel  between  the  South  and  Canada 
will  pass  over  this  route.  Surveys  were  made  of  this  road  as 
early  as  1835,  and  grading  was  commenced  in  1836,  but  owing 
to  embarrassments  of  the  company,  attributable  to  the  deranged 
state  of  the  monetary  affairs  of  the  country,  its  construction  was 
discontinued.  In  Feb.,  1847,  the  directors  entered  into  a  con- 
tract to  complete  the  road,  including  grading,  superstructing  a 
bridge  over  the  Hudson  river,  a  heavy  iron  rail,  and  the  laying 
thereof,  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Fort  Ann,  a  distance  of  about 
30  miles,  by  the  1st  of  July,  1848,  for  the  sum  of  $448,000.  In 
July  thereafter,  the  directors  made  a  further  contract  to  complete 
the  road,  in  like  manner,  9  52-100  miles  farther,  by  the  1st  day 
of  October  next,  for  the  sum  of  $176,165 ;  .and  in  November 
thereafter,  a  further  contract  was  made  to  complete  the  road  to 
Whitehall,  a  distance  of  about  two  miles.  As  the  estimates  for 
grading  were  at  difTerent  prices  by  the  cubic  yard,  depending  on 
the  nature  of  the  excavation  and  embankment,  the  amount  there- 
of cannot  be  fully  determined  till  the  work  is  done. 


^M-n.'  • 


•'. 


i..-f1' 


l>^ 


172 


RAILROAD  AND  STF,AMI1')AT   ((CirAMON'. 


Tho  present  capital  of  the  coinpuny  is  $."ir>O,O0n— on  .«|fiOO,000 
of  which  75  per  cent,  has  ht-en  callrd  in,  and  nearly  all  that 
anionnt  paid.  Of  tho  reniaininjf  ^ti^UiOOO,  wliirh  is  now 
stock  authorized  by  an  act  of  tho  lejrislature  to  be  created,  tho 
payment  of  ^100,000  is  secured  to  the  company,  and  10  per 
cent,  has  been  paid  oil  about  $GO,000 — leaving  about  »^1)0,000  to 
bo  disposed  of. 


h^    ■    i; 


ROUTES  FROM  SARATOGA  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 
— Travellers  can  proceed  by  stafro  from  Saratojra  Sprin^rs  to 
Glen's  Falls,  on  tho  HudKon  river,  18  miles  ;  and  to  Caldwdl, 
at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  six  miles ;  there  taking  the  steam- 
boat down  the  lake  to  Ticonderoga,  3G  miles,  where  steam  pas- 
sage-boats, on  their  way  from  Whitehall,  stop  to  receive  passen- 
gers for  St.  John  and  Montreal. 

Or  they  may  proceed  from  Saratoga  to  Sandy  Hill,  18  miles  ; 
thence  to  Whitehall^  22  miles  ;  thence  by  steamboat  down  I^ako 
Champlain  and  the  Sorel  river  to  St.  Johns,  Canada,  156  miles; 
thence  by  the  railroad  to  La  Prairie,  15  miles  ;  and  thence  down 
tho  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal,  a  further  distance  of  nine  miles. 
At  Montreal,  those  destined  for  Quebec  take  the  steamer  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  William  Henry,  45  miles  ;  Lake  St.  Peter, 
53;  Three  Rivers,  90;  St.  Anne,  153;  Cape  Rouge,  176; 
thence  to  Quebec,  180  miles  from  Montreal. 

The  stage  route  from  Albany  and  Troy,  during  the  winter 
season,  and  when  the  navigation  is  closed,  is  to  Saratoga  by  rail- 
road, as  before  given  ;  thence  by  stage  to  Glen's  Falls  and 
Caldwell,  62  miles  from  Albany  ;  thence  to  Warrensburg,  69  ; 
Schroon  Lake,  96  ;  Elizabeth,  127  ;  Keesville,  148  ;  Peru,  154 ; 
Plattsburg,  165 ;  Rouse's  Point,  190  ;  Napierville,  207 ;  St. 
Philip,  217  ;  La  Prairie,  223  ;  thence  dovvn  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  Montreal,  making  the  entire  distance  232  miles,  which  is  usu- 
ally performed  in  about  40  hours. 

Caldwell  lies  at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  on  its  s.  w.  part, 
62  miles  n.  from  Albany,  and  24  fro.T>  Saratoga  Springs.  This 
village  and  the  lake  are  ordinarily  taken  in  the  circle  of  the 
northern  tour,  and  commonly  sought  by  visiters  to  the  Saratoga 
Springs.     There  are  few  places  in  the  country,  where  two  or 


EXCUnsiON  ON  LAKE  GEORGE. 


173 


tlirco  (lays,  dnriiij;  tho  opprrssivc  lit'at  of  siinuiicr,  ran  he  wpput 
more  airreoahly  tlum  on  tlio  niar^'jiM  of  this  hcaiitilul  lak«'.  The 
inr,untaiiis  which  lioidt  r  it  cau.-iiij^j  th(^  prevailinj;  wiiidH  to  taU« 
tho  (lirf'Ctioii  of  the  hns',\\,  thcro  ih  a  miistaiit  nMrrshinj;  hrtTZo 
from  tho  n.  or  ».,  which  ph-asantly  tfiiJitrra  thti  atinosphoro  Tho 
villa;fo  of  Cal(lw«^ll  is  hoidcrcd  hy  a  raii^rp  «)f  hills  upon  the  w., 
tlio  hiijhf'st  of  whici  .  I'rospcct  or  Itattlrsiiakn  lldl,  attains  an 
clfvation  of  near  1. .")()()  fcit.  Thrrc  is  a  path  (»f  (liUknilt  ascent 
to  its  siniunit,  yet  wh.cn  this  is  once  attained,  the  extensive  and 
(Iversilied  view  it  all'ords  fully  compensates  for  the  troul)^^  '*  IJe- 
licath  is  the  vllla;:;e,  and  its  n«'iifhl)orinff  farms:  in  the  dcej)  val- 
ley on  the  N.  the  lake  stretches  away,  decked  with  its  hundreds 
of  fairy  islets  visihN?  for  17  miles;  its  shores  rij^ht  and  left  sur- 
mounted i)y  cra;;}Ty  ridj^es,  rlsin;;  gently  from  the  water  for  a  few 
rods,  then  by  a  bolder  acclivity  to  the  height  of  f!00,  800,  and  iu 
some  places,  1,200  feet,  tufted  with  dwarf  everjjreens."  Tho 
visiter  hero  may  derive  enj'iyment  from  numerous  sources, — sail- 
ing on  the  clear  waters  of  tho  lake,  riding,  fishing  for  salmon 
trout,  perch,  and  bass,  fowling,  or  in  exploring  the  beauties  of  tliis 
locality,  which  abounds  in  «lie  most  diversified  and  ])ictures(pie 
scenery.  The  lioke  George  Jlmtsr,  at  Caldwell,  a  spacious  Jio- 
tel,  cajjable  of  receiving  upwards  of  100  persons,  atlbrds  superior 
acconmiodations.  A  steand>oat  plies  daily  down  the  lake,  to  meet 
the  boat  running  on  Lake  ('hamplain.  Two  miles  from  the  hotel 
is  a  sheet  of  water,  known  since  the  French  war  by  the  name  of 
"  Bloody  Pond,"  from  tho  fact  that  after  a  battle  fought  near  it, 
1,000  French,  English,  and  American  dead  were  thrown  into  it. 
A  mile  distant  is  to  be  seen  the  rock  on  which  Major  Williams 
was  slain  by  the  Indians  about  the  same  time.  At  the  south  end 
of  Lake  George  are  tho  ruins  of  forts  George  and  William  Henry. 


:  w 

:« 

•^ 

.!< 

1 4 

1 

1  ^ 
11 

i 

i 

if 

.,.•1 

f  !' 


EXCURSION   ON    LAKE    GEORGE. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  9  and  10.) 

Lake  George,  or  Horicon,  a  pure  mountain  lake  230  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  is  3G  miles  in  length,  and  varies 
from  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  four  miles  in  breadth.     In  somo 


:  111'*? 


j« -V.'v,iiiJSfci' ,■".'& 


I'.t       I 


^'.i\\ 


i."      ■ 


174 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  CO.MrANlON. 


parts  it  has  a  depth  of  400  fcot,  and  its  waters  aro  so  clear  that 
fish  may  be  seen  swiinmin^r  ut  a  depth  of  30  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. It  is  said  to  contain  305  islands ;  many  of  them,  however, 
are  very  small,  mere  rocks,  with  scarce  soil  sufficient  to  produce 
the  meanest  vegetation.  The  passage  of  the  lake  has  nuich  in- 
terest from  the  beauty  of  its  waters,  the  wild  and  varied  scenery 
of  its  shores,  and  from  its  deeply  interesting  historical  reminis- 
cences. On  leaving  Caldwell  in  the  steamboat,  we  pass  a  num- 
ber of  islands.  Sea,  Diamond,  Limg,  «fec.,  when  the  lake  becomes 
wid«r,  and  its  course  less  interrupted.  Occasionally  the  angles 
of  the  mountains,  which  are  covered  with  foliage,  protrude  far 
into  the  lake.  After  continuing  our  course  for  twelve  miles,  we 
reach  Twelve-Mile  Island,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  lake, 
containing  20  acres,  and  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface 
A  mile  farther,  on  the  n.  w.  side  of  the  lake,  is  Tongue  Moun- 
tain ;  and  on  its  w.  side  is  Northwest  Bay,  which  extends  in  a 
northerly  direction  six  iniles.  Hero  the  iVarroir*  commence,  and 
continue  for  about  seven  miles,  the  lake  being  only  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  wide,  and  very  deep.  Black  Rock,  or  Mountain,  18 
miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  and  situated  on  the  east  side, 
raises  its  cloud-capped  summit  2,200  feet  above  its  surface,  and 
is  on  all  sides  surrounded  by  rolling  hills,  and  covered  with  ver- 
dure. Half -Way  island  is  directly  opposite  ;  and  a  short  distan«;o 
beyond,  the  traveller  will  behold  the  choicest  mountain  scenery 
on  the  lake.  Twenty-four  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake  is 
Sabbath-day  Point,  a  projection  on  the  w.  shore,  noted  as  the 
place  where,  on  the  Sabbath,  a  sanguinary  conflict  occurred  du- 
ring the  French  war,  between  a  party  of  English  and  the  Indians. 
The  small  island  called  the  Scotch  Bonnet,  is  three  miles  beyond, 
and  three  miles  further  on  is  the  village  of  Hague.  Hero  the 
lake  attains  its  greatest  width,  being  four  miles  across.  Another 
stretch  of  three  miles  brings  us  to  Rogers^  Slide,  a  rock  200  feet 
high,  standing  at  an  angle  of  25  degrees  with  the  lake.  Here 
during  the  French  war  the  intrepid  Major  Rogers,  a  partisan 
ofllccr,  made  his  escape  from  the  Indians,  by  whom  he  was  pur- 
sued. It  was  winter,  and  his  feet  were  shod  with  snow-shoes. 
When  on  the  verge  of  this  precipice,  and  nearly  in  their  grasp, 
he  slid  down  the  declivity,  and  lauded  safely  on  the  ice,  leaving  the 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


175 


Indians  standing  ag^hast  and  shrinkinfr  with  amazement  from  the 
daring  feat  which  they  had  just  witnessed. — Anthony^ s  None,  one 
of  those  peculiar  prominences,  similar  in  shape  to  a  projecting 
rock  of  the  same  name  in  the  "  Highlands"  of  the  Hudson  river, 
is  nearly  opposite  to  Rogers'  Slide.  It  rises  from  50  to  100  feet 
above  the  lake.  The  shores  here  are  bold,  and  contracted  amid 
huge  masses  of  rocks.  Two  miles  beyond  is  Frisoncr\s  Island, 
where,  during  the  French  war,  those  taken  captive  by  the  Eng- 
lish were  confined  ;  and  directly  w.  is  Lord  Howes  Point,  where 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe,  consisting  of  10,000  men, 
landed  previous  to  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga.  Wo  nov/  ap- 
proach the  termination  of  our  excursion  on  this  beautiful  lake, 
and  in  a  mile  reach  the  steamboat  landing  near  the  village  of 
Ticonderoga,  whence  stages  run  a  distance  of  three  miles  over 
a  rough  and  romantic  road  to  Fort  Ticonderoga,  the  steamboat 
landing  on  Lake  Champlain.  Here  passengers  can  take  the 
steamboat  for  places  either  down  or  up  the  lake. 

ROUTES  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROY  TO  MONTREAL  AND 
QUEBEC— Passengers  by  the  Champlain  Canal  take  the  packet 
boats  at  Albany,  and  continue  through  to  Whitehall ;  or  they 
can  go  by  railroad  from  Albany  and  Troy  to  Mcchanicsville, 
where  the  cars  connect  with  the  boats  bound  to  Whitehall. 
There  is  also  a  stage  route  from  Albany,  passing  through  Troy,  7 
miles;  Lansingburg,d',  Schaghticoke,l6',  Easton,2G;  Grecn- 
wich,  36  ;  Argyle,  46  ;  Hartford,  57  :  Granville,  6.3  ;  and 
Whitehall,  73  miles  from  Albany.  By  the  canal,  after  leaving 
Albany,  the  route  is  through  West  Troy  to  Cohoes  Falls  and 
Mcchanicsville,  to  Whitehall. 

At  Cohoes  Falls,  the  Mohawk  presents  a  sublime  scene.  Here 
the  Eric  and  Champlain  canals  unite,  the  former  having,  within 
a  short  distance,  17  locks. 

Stillwater,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  four  miles  n.  of  Mcchan- 
icsville, is  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the  state.  The  town  is  dis- 
tinguished as  containing  the  battle-ground  of  the  armies  com- 
manded by  generals  Gates  and  Burgoyne.  It  was  on  Bemus 
Heights  that  the  latter  general  was  defeated  by  Gates,  ill  1777, 
after  a  fierce  and  san^juinary  struggle. 


>, 


1.  J.1 


tr" 


.}fA 


176 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Fort  Miller  and  Fort  Edward,  places  on  the  canal,  are  inter- 
esting from  their  historical  reminiscences.  The  latter  is  memo- 
rable as  being  the  spot  where  the  young  and  beautiful  Mitss 
McCrea  met  her  tragical  fate. 

Sandy  Hill,  incorporated  in  1810,  lies  upon  a  high  sandy  plain, 
on  the  upper  bank  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  Baker^s  Falls,  where, 
in  a  space  of  less  than  half  a  mile,  the  water  has  a  fall  of  76  feet, 
affording  useful  water-power. 

Glen's  Falls,  three  miles  w.  of  Sandy  Hill,  lies  partly  on  the 
N.  and  partly  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  Hudson.  The  falls  in  the  river, 
which  have  given  name  to  the  village,  have  a  descent  of  70  feet. 
Tlie  waters  flow  in  one  shoi't  over  the  brink  of  a  precipice,  900 
feet  long,  and,  in  floods,  rush  in  one  mass  down  the  cataract  ; 
but  in  ordinary  seasons  tliey  are  immediately  divided  by  rocks 
into  three  channels,  with  an  angular  descent  of  several  hundred 
feet. 

Fort  Ann,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  is  fil  miles  above  Albany 
From  this  place  the  canal  bus  a  descent  of  54  feet  to  the  lake, 
and  30  only  to  (he  Hudson. 

Whitehall  is  73  miles  n.  from  Albany,  22  from  Sandy  Hill,  40 
from  Saratoga  Spriufrs,  218  frou)  New  York,  and  180  s.  of  Mon- 
treal. It  derives  its  importance  from  its  favorable  situation  for 
trade — on  the  canal  and  Lake  ('hamplain — by  which  it  com- 
mands the  business  of  a  very  extensive  country.  Its  situation  \> 
low  and  unpleasant,  the  village  being  built  on  almost  naked  rock. 
The  population  is  about  4.000.  This  ]>lace  will  be  the  termina- 
tion of  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad.  Canal  packets 
and  stages  leave  daily  far  Troy  and  AlLany ;  and  during  ih/^ 
summer  stages  run  to  Saratoga  Springs.   ■. 

At  Wliitehall  passengers  take  the  steamboat  down  the  lake 
and  the  Sorel  river  to <S'/.JoA//.9, 15t)  miles  ;  there  take  the  cars 
to  La  Prairie,  15  miles  ;  thence  pass  by  steamboat  down  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  Montreal,  9  miles  farther  ;  from  which  place  they  aro 
taken  by  steamboat  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Quebec,  180  miles, 
making  the  entire  distance  from  Albany  to  Quebec  360  miles. 


LAKE  OHAMPLAIN,  (see  Map  No.  10,)  lying  between  the  states 
of  New  York  and  Vermont,  is  13"2  luilcs  lou;^.     In  its  s.  part  it  i^ 


:.    'H 


3  inter- 
mcnio- 

il    Miss 

y  plain, 
,  where, 
7  G  feet, 

f  on  the 
ne  river, 
'  70  feet. 
►ice,  9U0 
•dtaract  ; 
3y  rocks 
hundred 

I  Albany 
the  lake. 

r  Hill,  40 
of  Mon- 
ation  for 
it  com- 
timtion  i- 
ked  rock, 
termina- 
packets 
ling  the 

the  lak*^ 

the  cars 

\\  the  t^t. 

-  they  aro 

80  miles, 

miles. 

Ilho  states 
part  it  is 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


177 


generally  narrow.  From  Whitehall  to  the  s.  part  of  Orwell,  Vt., 
about  20  miles,  it  has  an  average  breadth  of  half  a  mile,  though 
in  one  place  it  is  contracted  to  80,  and  in  another  to  40  rods.  To 
the  N.  of  this  it  gradually  expands.  The  widest  part  unobstructed 
by  islands  is  opposite  Burlington,  Vt.,  where  it  is  9J  miles  wide, 
and  has  a  depth  varying  from  54  to  282  feet.  Still  farther  n.  it 
embodies  several  large  islands,  and  has  a  width  of  about  14  miles. 
Its  outlet  is  through  the  Sorel  river,  which  enters  the  St.  Law- 
rence 45  miles  below  Montreal.  Below  St.  Johns  the  navigation 
is  interrupted  by  the  Chambly  rapids.  The  principal  islands  in 
the  lake  are  South  Hero,  13  by  4  milos,  North  Hero,  11  by  2 
miles,  separated  by  a  narrow  strait,  and  '  Motte,  G  by  2  miles. 
Several  important  rivers  flow  into  this  lake,  both  on  the  Vermont 
and  New  York  sides.  The  lake  abounds  with  fish  of  various 
kinds.  It  is  generally  entirely  frozen  over  in  winter,  and  passed 
on  the  ice.  The  wide  part  of  the  lake  usually  closes  about  the 
first  of  February,  and  opens  about  the  last  of  3Iarch  ;  those  parts 
that  are  narrow,  remaiji  frozen  some  time  longer.  S»^veral  fine 
steamboats  ply  between  Whitehall  and  St.  Johns,  stopping  at  in- 
termediate places.  The  excellent  accommodations  of  these  boats, 
the  picturesque  scenery  on  the  shores  of  the  lake,  crowned  by 
lofty  mountains,  and  the  interesting  localities,  celebrated  in  former 
and  the  late  wars,  render  this  excursion  delightful. 

Fort  Ticonderogdy  24  miles  li-oni  Whitehall,  of  which  the 
ruins  only  aro  visible,  was  erected  by  the  French  in  1756,  and 
called  by  them  "  Carrillon."  It  was  originally  a  place  of  much 
strength  ;  its  natural  advantages  were  very  great,  being  surround- 
ed on  three  sides  by  water,  and  having  half  its  fourth  covered 
by  a  swamp,  and  the  only  point  by  which  it  could  be  approached, 
by  a  breastwork.  It  was  afterwards,  however,  easily  reduced  by 
an  expedient  adopted  by  Gen.  Burgoyne, — that  of  placing  a  piece 
of  artillery  on  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Defiance,  on  the  s.  side  of 
Lake  George  outlet,  and  750  feet  above  the  lake,  and  entirely 
commanding  the  fort,  from  which  shot  was  thrown  into  the  midst 
of  the  enemy's  works.  Fort  Ticonderoga  was  one  of  the  first 
strongholds  taken  from  the  English  in  1775,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  of  Vermont, 
at  the  head  of  83  Green  Mountain  Boys,  surprised  the  unsus- 

12 


\C  ^ 


i5;? ;'' 


"i 


-'M;/: 


178 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


pectiiig  garrison,  jnMietrated  to  tlie  very  bedside  of  the  command- 
ant, and  waking  him,  demanded  the  surrender  of  tlie  fort.  "  In 
whose  name,  and  to  whom  ?"  exclaimed  the  surprised  officer. — 
•*  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Con- 
gress !"  thundered  the  intrepid  Allen,  and  the  fort  was  imme- 
diately surrendered. 

Mount  Independence  lies  in  Vermont,  opposite  Ticonderoga, 
about  a  mile  distant.  The  remains  of  military  works  are  still 
visible  here. — Mount  Hope,  an  elevation  about  a  mile  n.  from 
Ticonderoga,  was  occupied  by  Gen.  Burgoyne,  previous  to  the 
recapture  of  Ticonderoga,  which  took  place  in  1777,  nearly  two 
years  after  its  surrender  to  the  gallant  Allen.  St.  Clair,  the 
American  commander,  being  forced  to  evacuate,  it  again  fell  into 
the  possession  of  the  British,  and  was  held  during  the  war.  The 
picturesque  scenery  and  historical  interest  of  this  neighborhood 
recommend  it  to  the  tourist. — Five-Mile  Point,  so  called  from 
its  distance  from  Ticonderoga,  extends  some  way  out  from  the 
E.  or  Vermont  side,  in  the  town  of  Shoreham  ;  and  in  nine  miles 
the  boat  reaches  Crown  Point,  and  also  the  landing  at  Chimney 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  half  a  mile  distant. — 
Crown  Point,  the  name  of  the  ancient  fort,  is  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  extremity  of  a  point  of  land,  formed  on  one  side  by  a  deep 
bay,  and  on  the  other  by  the  body  of  the  lake.  The  French 
built  a  fort  here  in  1731,  but  it  was  afterwards  destroyed,  and  its 
site  is  now  marked  by  a  heap  of  ruins  which  may  be  seen  from 
the  boat  when  opposite  Chimney  Point.  A  new  fortress  was  af- 
terwards constructed  hero  by  Lord  Amherst,  of  wood  and  earth, 
16  feet  high,  22  feet  thick,  enclosing  an  area  of  1,500  square 
yards,  surrounded  by  a  deep  and  broad  ditch  cut  in  the  solid 
granite,  with  immense  labor.  There  were  hero  a  double  row  of 
strong  stone  barracks  to  contain  2,000  troops,  with  a  gate  on  the 
N.,  a  drawbridge,  and  a  covered  way  to  the  lake.  These  works, 
which  are  said  to  have  cost  the  British  government  two  millions 
sterling,  are  now  a  heap  of  ruins.  Near  Crown  Point,  on  the 
13th  Oct.  1776,  terminated  the  expedition  against  Canada,  by  the 
destruction  of  the  American  fleet  under  Arnold. 

Port  Henry  is  a  small  village  and  place  of  landing,  44  miles 
from  Whitehall. — Westport,  at  the  head  of  Northwest  Bay,  11 


kli    ^. 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


179 


miles  from  Port  Henry,  is  a  thriving  village,  surrounded  by  a 
well-cultivated  country.—  Essex,  a  village,  and  landing-place  on 
the  w.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  is  68  miles  n.  from  Whitehall. 
The  town  contains  iron  ore  of  good  quality. — Split  Rock  is  a  post- 
office  in  Essex  township,  near  wliich  is  the  Split  Rock,  a  part  of 
a  rocky  promontory,  projecting  into  the  lake  about  150  feet,  and 
elevated  40  feet  above  the  water.  The  part  broken  ofl',  contain- 
ing half  an  acre,  covered  with  trees,  is  separated  from  the  main 
rock  about  20  feet ;  the  opposite  sides,  if  brought  together,  would 
fit  closely,  as  the  prominences  of  the  one  correspond  with  the 
cavities  of  the  other.  Through  the  intervening  space  a  line  has 
been  dropped  to  the  depth  of  500  ft.,  without  finding  bottom. 

Burlington,  Vt.,  is  83  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and  74  miles 
s.  from  St.  Johns,  Canada.  It  is  built  on  a  bay  on  the  e.  side  of 
the  lake.  The  shore  in  the  s.  part  of  the  village  is  low,  but  to- 
wards the  N.  rising  to  an  elevation  of  about  300  feet,  the  town 
appears  to  good  advantage  when  approached  by  the  lake.  The 
streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles. Near  the  centre  is  u  public  square,  on  which  the  Court- 
House  is  built,  surrounded  by  fine  brick  stores,  and  the  principal 
hotels.  The  University  of  Vermont ,  which  occupies  a  fine  ele- 
vated situation  on  the  e.  of  the  village,  was  founded  in  1791.  It 
has  a  president  and  five  professors,  and  a  library  of  about  10,000 
vols.  This  town  is  of  greater  commercial  importance  than  any 
other  in  the  state  w.  of  the  Green  Mountains,  and  owns  more 
vessels  navigating  the  lake  than  any  other  place  on  its  borders. 
Its  trade  will  be  much  increased  by  the  completion  of  the  Ver- 
mont Central  and  the  Rutland  railroads,  whose  termini  will  be 
here.  (See  Index  for  these  routes.)  Steamboats  stop  daily  at 
Burlington,  on  their  way  from  Whitehall  to  St.  Johns,  and  a  steam- 
ferry  connects  this  place  with  Port  Kent  and  with  Plattsburg, 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  the  former  being  10  miles,  and  the 
latter  24  miles  distant.  The  travelling  from  the  e.  through  Bur- 
lington to  Canada  is  very  great,  and  will,  of  course,  be  much 
increased  by  the  opening  of  the  above  railroads. 

Port  Kent  is  finely  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake.  The 
broad  view  here  of  the  water,  islands,  headlands,  and  places  on 
Ihe  opposite  shore,  is  most  beautiful. — Keeseville,  a  few  miles  t» 


m 


^'•-5 


mmu 


J--V 


180 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


the  w.  of  Port  Kent,  is  a  village  of  about  2,000  inhabitants,  situ- 
ated on  a  river  which  here  affords  great  water-power. — Birming- 
ham, at  Adgato's  Falld,  two  and  a  half  miles  below  Keeseville, 
and  three  w.  of  Port  Kent,  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Au 
Sable  river.  Its  channel,  which  here  resembles  a  canal  cut  in 
the  solid  rock,  with  many  falls  or  locks,  retreating  as  we  advance, 
is  au  object  of  much  curiosity  to  visiters  ;  the  whole  forming 
scenery  of  the  most  picturesque  character.  The  water  falls  over 
a  precipice  80  feet  high  into  a  narrow  channel,  whose  walls  of 
rock  rise  perpendicularly  from  60  to  100  feet,  with  a  breadth  of 
70  feet.  Half  a  mile  below,  the  falls  are  contracted  to  a  width 
of  27  feet.  Here  the.water  again  falls  over  a  high  precipice,  and 
enters  a  deep  ravine  of  much  romantic  beauty. 

Plattsburg,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Clinton  county,  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  .Sar  nac  river,  at  the  head  of  Cumberland 
Bay,  108  miles  from  Whitehall.  It  is  prettily  laid  out,  and  con- 
tains the  county  buildings,  a  lyceum,  several  churches,  and  a 
populatior  of  about  fi,500.  This  place  is  famous  as  the  scene  of 
the  victor)'  of  McDonough  aiid  Macomb  over  the  British  naval 
and  land  forces  under  Commodore  Downie  and  Sir  George  ^ro- 
vost.  Here  the  American  commodore  awaited  at  anchor  the  ar- 
rival of  the  British  fleet,  which  passed  Cumberland  Head  about 
8  in  the  morning  of  the  11th  Sept.  1814.  The  first  gun  from  the 
fleet  was  the  signal  for  commencing  the  attack  on  land.  Sir 
George  Provost,  with  about  14,000  men,  furiously  assaulted  the 
defences  of  the  town,  whilst  the  battle  raged  between  the  fleets, 
in  full  view  of  the  armies.  Gen.  Macomb,  with  about  3,000 
men,  mostly  undisciplined,  foiled  the  repeated  assaults  of  the  en- 
emy ;  until  the  capture  of  the  British  fleet,  after  an  action  of 
two  hours,  obliged  him  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of  2,500  men  and 
a  large  portion  of  his  baggage  and  ammunition.  The  American 
force,  on  the  lake,  of  86  guns  and  820  men,  was  opposed  to  one 
of  95  guns  and  1,050  men.  The  British  commodore,  a  brave 
and  skilful  officer,  was  killed  by  the  concussion  of  air  caused  by 
the  passage  of  a  cannon  ball. 

Rouse's  Point,  132  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and  24  miles  s, 
from  St.  Johns,  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  and  is  the 
ast  landing-place  before  we  enter  Canada.    The  stone  forti  com- 


,  situ- 
mng- 
eville, 
lie  Au 
cut  in 
vance, 
)rming 
Is  over 
alls  of 
dth  of 
1  width 
ce,  and 

situated 
berland 
nd  cou- 
I,  and  a 
scene  of 
h  naval 
■ge  ?ro- 
r  the  ar- 
d  about 
rom  the 
ad.     Sir 
Ited  the 
e  fleets, 
It  3,000 
the  en- 
iction  of 
nen  and 
merican 
to  one 
a  brave 
lused  by 

miles  B. 

is  the 

bit,  com- 


MON  niEAL. 


:8i 


mciiced  hero  by  the  U.  States  government  in  1815,  was  discov- 
ered, after  a  large  amount  of  money  had  been  expended  upon  it. 
to  be  on  British  territory,  and  was  in  consequence  abandoned. 
Afttr  a  lapse  of  27  years,  however,  the  territory  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Washington 
by  Lord  Ashburton  and  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  in  184:2. 

Wo  now  enter  the  Canadian  waters,  and  in  our  passage  down 
(he  Sore!,  (Richelieu  or  St.  Johns  river,)  which  is  the  out- 
lit  of  Lake  Champlain,  we  glide  past  an  uninteresting  portion 
of  country,  the  shores  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  for  some  miles 
being  low  and  damp,  and  almost  even  with  the  water's  edge. 

Isle  wx  Noix  and  Fort,  11  miles  from  Rouse's  Point,  is  the 
place  at  which  we  receive  on  board  a  custom-house  officer,  and 
passengers'  baggage  is  duly  submitted  to  inspection  before  being 
removed  on  shore  at  St.  Johns,  to  which  we  are  fast  approaching. 
We  must  now  prepare  to  resign  the  steamboat  for  th.'i  railroad 
cars,  which  will  convey  us  hence  to  La  Prairie,  15  miles. 

(S^  Jo  Arts  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Sorel  river,  and  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Champlain  and  St. 
Lawrence  Railroad,  over  which  we  pass  in  about  an  hour,  the 
country  being  generally  very  level.     Usual  fare  f*^1.00. 

La  Prairie,  the  termination  of  the  railroad  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence river,  is  a  town  of  good  size,  with  narrow  streets,  and  con- 
taining a  nunnery.  There  is  nothing  here  worthy  the  attention 
of  a  stranger.  From  this  place  we  proceed  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  in  9  miles  reach  Montreal. 


MONTREAL. 


This  city  stands  on  the  s.  e.  side  of  the  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  180  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river 
from  Quebec,  in  N.  Lat.  45°  30',  and  in  W.  Long.  73°  25'.  Its 
population,  including  the  suburbs,  is  about  00,000.  Though 
Quebec  has  the  advantage  in  position,  it  is  in  other  respects  sur- 
passed by  Montreal.  The  latter  city  is  less  crowded  than  the 
former ;  and  even  of  its  older  streets,  some  have  a  convenient 
breadth.    Unlike  Quebec,  it  is  distinguished  for  its  cleanliuess. 


••  •  pi.  4  -i  ■^''^ 
'  'til*  \' ^-''% 


.1. 


4.  m\ 


»• 


^■' 


1  i^!''  nil 


182 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMPOAT   COMPANION 


Vijw  of  Montreal  from  the  Mountain. 


The  houses  in  the  suburbs  are  handsomely  built  in  the  mod- 
ern Ktyle,  and  mostly  inhabited  by  the  principal  merchants. 
Including  its  suburbs,  of  which  it  has  several,  the  city 
stretches  along  the  river  for  two  miles  from  s.  w.  to  n.  e., 
and,  for  some  distance,  extends  between  one  and  two  miles 
inland.  It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  battlemented  wall; 
but  this  having  fallen  into  decay,  it  is  now  entirely  open.  Paiil- 
st,  the  chief  commercial  thoroughfare,  extends  along  the  river 
the  whole  length  of  the  city.  Notrc-Damc-st.  is  the  fashionable 
promenade. 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  most  remarkable  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral,  in  Notre-Dame-st.,  constructed  in  the  Cinthic 
style,  with  a  length  of  25.5 Jj  feet,  and  a  breadth  of  13^^.  It  hns 
six  towers,  of  which  three  belonging  to  the  main  front  are  2:^M)  ft. 
high.  The  view  from  these  towers — embracing  the  city  and  its 
suburbs,  the  river,  and  the  surrounding  country — is  exceodin'j;ly 
beautiful.  The  principal  window  of  the  Cathedral  is  C4  fett 
high  and  32  broad.  Of  the  vastness  of  the  interior  of  this  rdifico 
an  idea  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that  it  is  capable  of  acconi- 


the  mod- 
lerchunta. 
the    city 

to     N.     E., 

[two  niilcrt 
^ited  wull; 

■11.  Taul- 
tlie   river 

fashionable 

he  "Roman 
(the  (inthic 
1^.     It  has 
lare  ^'2i)  ft. 
Ity  and  its 
cceedin'Jy 
lis    C4  iVrt 
Ithis  oditico 
of  acconi- 


iM(  Nr;:r,AL. 


18;; 


modating  from  10,001)  to  r2,000  persons.  This  immcnso  assem- 
bly may,  by  numerous  outlets,  disperse  in  five  or  six  minutes. — 
The  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  adjoinin<j  the  Cathedral,  is  13:2 
feet  long  and  l2i)  deep,  and  is  surrounded  by  spacious  gardens. — 
The  principal  edifice  of  the  Church  '-^  England  is  handsomely 
built  in  tlio  Grecian  style,  and  suiiiiounted  by  a  beautiful  spiro. 
Tluro  are  also  a  Scotch  kirk,  an  American  Protestant  church, 
and  chapels  belonging  to  the  Methodists  and  the  Scotch  dissent- 
ers. The  Ilotcl-Dicu  is  a  largo  conventual  structure,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  sick  and  indigent. — The  extensive  convent 
of  the  SoBiirs  Noircs  is  devoted  to  the  education  of  young  girls. — 
The  General  Hospital  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best 
regulated  institutions  of  the  kind  in  America. — The  other  princi- 
pal buildings  arc  the  govermnent-housc,  bank,  barracks,  and 
ordnance-ofhcc. 

Montreal  also  possesses  a  college,  erected  in  1819,  which  is  at- 
tended by  several  hundred  students ;  an  English  university,  charter- 
ed in  18:21  ;  and  many  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  learn- 
ing,— French  and  English  seminaries,  a  royal  grammar-school, 
with  parochial,  union,  national,  Sunday,  and  other  public  schools. 
It  has  numerous  societies  for  the  advancement  of  religion,  sci- 
ence, and  industry  ;  several  public  libraries,  an  excellent  news- 
room, &-C. 

The  harbor  of  Montreal,  though  not  large,  is  secure,  and  ves- 
sels drawing  15  feet  may  lie  close  to  the  shore.  The  quay  here, 
about  a  mile  in  length,  is  said  to  rival  in  beauty  and  strength  of 
masonry  most  of  the  celebrated  works  of  the  same  kind  in  Eng- 
land. No  feature  of  Montreal  will  so  charm  the  visiter  as  a 
promenade  along  the  edge  of  the  quay. 

From  its  position  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  near  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Ottawa, 
as  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  the  United  States,  Montreal 
has  trading  facilities  of  a  high  order.  Hence  it  has  become  the 
chief  seat  of  the  commerce  of  Lower  Canada.  The  citizens  are 
enterprising,  and  great  activity  prevails  among  all  persons  con- 
nected with  trade.  During  the  summer,  a  regular  steamboat 
communicatiou  is  kept  up  with  Quebec  ;  and  at  this  season,  come 
down  vast  rafts  of  timber,  sweeping  by  Quebec  ;  while  scows, 


rr.f 


:!,••■•!*.'«  1 

^mmttm 

184 


RAILiKJAl)  AM)  STKAMIJOAT  CUAIl'ANION. 


battcaux,  Jiiul  Durliain  boats  pour  into  tbo  lap  of  Montreal  tbc 
produce  of  Upper  ('aiiada.  Montn'ul  is  tbc  o^'lllr(^  of  tbo  com- 
inercc  betvvt'Cii  Canatla  and  tbo  United  States,  carried  oii  l)y 
Lake  Cbain|)Iaiii  and  tbo  Hudson  ;  and  not  only  is  it  tbe  depot 
of  all  tbo  adjacent  country,  but  most  of  tbo  business  done  in  Que- 
bec is  carried  on  by  brandies  from  tbe  Montreal  bouses. 

Tbe  hotels  in  Montreal  are  y^enerally  very  pood,  and  accom- 
modations e(pial,  })( rbnps,  to  tbe  best  in  tbe  United  States.  Tbe 
following  are  some  of  Ibem  :  Donrfrfnias  Ilutcl,  Montreal  House, 
Grant's  Hotel,  Ottaicu  House,  Exchange  Hotel,  Swords"  Ho- 
tel, &C.  itc. 

From  Montreal,  tbe  '*  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad"  is 
conHtruclin<r  to  tbe  boundary  line  of  the  province,  at  wbicb  place 
it  will  meet  tbe  '*  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad"  from 
Portland,  tbereby  openiiifr  ji  communication  with  tbe  Atlantic. 
Tlie  entire  distance  is  2d0  miles,  of  which  130  are  in  Canada 
and  150  in  tbe  United  States.  'I'be  cost  of  construction  of  tbe 
joint  lino  is  estimated  at  £1,750,000,  and  that  of  tbo  Canada 
section  at  jC8'25,000. 

There  are  also  several  lines  pervading  the  states  of  New  IIuuip- 
shire  and  Vermont,  some  of  wbicb  are  in  a  forward  state,  and  ap- 
proaching completion,  that  will  make  Montreal  their  termini.  (For 
these  routes,  more  particidarly,  tbe  reader  is  referred  to  the  In- 
dex.) From  Montreal,  a  railroad  has  been  recently  completed  to 
La  Chine. 

An  excursion  througb  the  Island  of  iMontreal  is  recommended 
to  tourists.  From  the  summit  of  Mttntreal  Mountain,  wb'cb  is 
two  miles  back  of  tbc  city,  the  view  is  very  extensive.  From 
ibis  elevation  is  seen  tbe  St.  Lawrence,  in  all  its  grandeur ;  while 
the  city,  and  the  Island  of  St.  Helens,  are  immediately  beneath 
the  eye.     This  view  is  represented  in  our  engraving. 

La  Chine  is  nine  miles  from  Montreal,  and  on  the  island  of  the 
same  name.  A  railroad  now  connects  the  two  places.  Tbe  canal 
was  made  in  order  to  pass  boats  round  tbe  rapids.  St.  Anne  is 
at  the  southwest  extremity  of  the  island,  20  miles  above  La 
Chiwe.  Varennes,  15  miles  below  Montreal,  is  a  handsome  vil- 
lage, and  is  much  visited.  It  can  be  reached  either  by  steam- 
boat or  by  stage,  over  3  road  en  the  bank  of  the  river. 


sr 


(kH     xVi 


ROUTE  FROM  MONTREAL  TO  QUEBEC. 


185 


cal  tho 

0  cotn- 

1  on  by 
je  depot 
ill  Qiu.'- 

accom- 
8.  The 
I  Iloniip, 
ds    Ho- 

ilroud"  is 
ieli  pliicc 
Ad"  from 
Atlantic. 
.  Canudu 
on  of  the 
5  Canada 

w  Ilamp- 
e,  and  ap- 
nini.  {Vot 
to  the  In- 
npleled  to 

|)inmond('(l 

,  wh'.ch  is 

k'c.     From 

ur ;  while 

y  beneath 

and  of  the 
The  canal 
t.  Anne  is 

above  La 
idsome  vil- 

by  steam- 


Tho  Caledonia  Sprinf;^s  aro  situated  about  75  miles  from  Mon- 
treal, in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  river,  in  tho  Ottawa  dintrict. 
They  aro  much  visited,  and  form  a  i)lcasant  excursion  during 
the  hot  weather. 

Route  from  Moxtrkal  to  Qlkhkc. — Numerous  larjjo  and 
elegant  steamers  navigate  tho  St.  Lawrence  between  tho  above 
important  places.  Tho  distance  is  180  miles,  and  tho  time  usual- 
ly occupied  in  making  the  excursion  is  about  1:2  hours. 

On  leaving  Montreal  for  our  passage  down  the  St.  Lawrence 
we  pass  Longueilf  a  village,  on  the  opposite  side  of  tho  river, 
which  is  connected  with  Montreal  by  a  steam-ferry.  Gliding 
past  the  lovely  Island  of  St.  Helens,  and  its  fortifications,  wo 
enter  tho  Rapids  of  St.  Mary,  where  the  current  runs  with  such 
velocity,  that  steamers  frecjuently  have  much  d.fiiculty  in  passing 
over  on  their  way  up  tho  river.  Point  aux  Trembles  on  our 
loft,  and  Doucherville  on  our  right,  aro  soon  passed.  The  mouth 
of  the  Ottawa  is  seen  on  leaving  tho  island  upon  which  Montreal 
is  built.  The  attractive  village  of  Vareunes,  with  its  neat  build- 
ings, is  seen  on  our  right,  when  15  miles  on  our  journey.  This 
place  was  formerly  celebrated  on  account  of  tho  mineral  springs 
in  its  neighborhood. 

William  Henry,  or  Sorel,  45  miles,  is  on  the  s.  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sorel  river.  It  is  an  old  town, 
built  on  the  site  of  a  fort  erected  as  early  as  1G65,  by  one  Sorel, 
an  engineer.  In  the  next  few  miles  wo  pass  a  number  of  islands, 
and  find  ourselves  gradually  entering  Lake  St.  Peter,  50  miles 
from  Montreal :  it  is  about  25  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth 
of  nine  miles,  and  is  generally  smooth,  tho  water  here  having 
little  apparent  motion. 

Three  Rivers,  called  by  the  French  Trois  Rivieres,  is  a  land' 
Ing-place  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  half-way 
between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  town  is  regularly  built, 
with  generally  straight  but  narrow  streets,  and  the  houses  seldom 
over  two  stories  high.  In  23  miles  farther  we  reach  St.  Anne^s, 
a  place  situated  on  our  left,  and  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Anne's  river. 

The  Richelieu  Rapids  extend  about  nine  miles.  This  is  con- 
sidered the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  navigation,  although 
Steamboats  pass  it  in  safety.    The  channel  is  here  somewhat 


'..^ 


11 


:,-H  K' 


"■;:'. '  1 


180 


HAILUOAD  AND  STEA.MllOAT  COMPANION. 


m 


coiitr.ii'tcd  from  fornior  ;)n)()()rti()ns,  and  tlic  curnMit  riishos  tlirmifrh 
with  {rr(nit  impetuosity  u::ioiijrHt  rovfn  q(  rock,  Honio  simkcn,  and 
others  projectiutjr  above  the  wutor.  It  is  not  unlVeqiiently  thn 
case  that  stoandjoatK,  at  Quebec,  destined  up  tlio  river,  vary  tho 
time  of  departure,  on  acconnt  of  the  current  prcvaihnj:^  her(<  at 
cil)b-tid«s  so  as  to  have  the  flood-tide  throujrh  the  rapids. 

('(ilic  RitusfH,  Ko  tertned  from  its  color,  is  within  eii^ht  miles  of 
Quebec  ;  and  as  wo  approaf'h  that  city  the  scene  increases  in  in- 
terest. In  two  miles  we  reach  the  mouth  of  the  Chan  lure  river, 
on  wiiich,  a  short  distance  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  to  be  seen 
its  bejintiful  falls.  It  is  also  a  great  hnnber  depot ;  anJ  here  ships 
take  in  their  cargoes  of  hnnber,  bound  for  English  ports. 

Sillcri/  Cove.  Near  this  place  was  fought,  in  17.')!),  the  final 
battle  between  tin;  French  and  Knglish,  which  comj»letely  anni- 
hilated the  i)ower  of  the  former  in  North  America.  WoljVa 
Cove  is  the  j)lace  where  (Jen.  Wolfe  landed,  in  the  night,  previous 
to  the  battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

As  we  approach  the  city,  the  first  view  is  striking  in  the  ex- 
treme : — the  long  line  of  shipping,  extending  a  distance  of  two 
miles  or  more,  with  '  .^  forest  of  masts — the  powerful  batteries, 
upon  which  the  greatest  ingenuity  and  military  skill  have  been  ex- 
pended, to  render  them  impregnable, — the  houses  of  the  city, 
with  their  glittering  tin  roofs  reflecting  the  brightness  of  the  sun, 
and  a  variety  of  minor  objects,  all  combine  to  render  the  scene 
one  of  pleasing  interest. 


QUEBEC. 

This  city  occupies  the  extremity  of  a  ridge  terminating  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivers  St.  Lawrence  and  St. 
Charles,  340  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  former,  in  N.  Lat.  46° 
48'  49",  and  in  W.  Lon.  71°  10'  45".  Pop.  about  40,000.  The 
promontory,  heie  called  Cape  Diamond,  is  surmounted  by  the 
Citadel,  a  fortress  occupying  the  most  elevated  point  of  the  ridge, 
from  wliich  the  town  extends  down  to  the  water's  edge.  From 
the  difference  of  elevation,  the  city  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 
the  Lower  Town  ;  the  former  including  all  that  is  below  the  ram- 


n,  nnd 

ily  the 
try  thn 
hero  ut 

uilrs  of 
's  ill  in- 
•('  river, 
he  seen 
ire  bliips 

[he  final 

ly  nnni- 

\rr>//V''.s 

pre  V  ions 

the  ox- 
e  of  two 
latteries, 
heeu  ex- 
ho  city, 
the  sun, 
lio  scene 


ig  in  the 
\g  and  St. 
Lat.  46° 
)0.     The 
by  the 
Ithe  ridge, 
|e.     From 
ijpper  and 
the  ram- 


gi;KBEC. 


187 


parts  or  fortified  hnes — the  latter  einhracini;  till  that  iH  ahovo 
and  within  that  harrier.  'I'he  streets  of  the  Old  Town- are  nar- 
row, ir'-egular,  and  dirty;  hnt  those  of  the  liower 'I'owii  are  gen- 
erally clean,  and  tolerahly  well  paved  or  ujacadaini/ed. 

*'  On  landing  at  Qnehecr,  the  traveller  linn  to  wind  hi.s  way  np 
through  steep,  narrow,  and  tortnous  str(  ets,  with  still  narrower 
ulleyn  on  his  right  and  left,  till  he  reaches  the  fortdicd  line  or 
harrier.  Here  he  enters  hy  I'reseott  (iate,  on  the  right  of  whieli, 
after  passing  throngh  it,  ho  sees  the  inijjosing  strnctnre  of  the 
New  ParliamfMit  House,  with  its  lofty  cupola  and  fine  front,  and 
on  the  left  a  douhle  lll;::l:t  of  mean  and  straggling  woixU-n  steps, 
It-ading  to  one  of  the  oldest  streets,  as  an  avenue  to  tin-  IMaco 
d'Arine.^.  (Joing  across  the  last,  he  passes  the  lwiy;lish  and 
I'Veiudi  ('athe<lrals,  the  (Joverninent  Ollices,  and  Palace  of  Jus- 
tice, on  the  right  ;  and  has  the  site  of  tlie  okl  crastle  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  plat  form  c/verlooking  llu^  harhor,  on  his  left.  Passing  by 
these,  and  (•ontinuing  for  ahout  half  a  mile  heyond,  he  reaches 
the  ramparts  and  gates  on  the  njtper  side  of  the  city  :  and  going 
through  these,  he  comes  to  the  open  lawn  in  front  of  the  glacis, 
beyond  which  is  the  snbnrh  of  St.  Uoch,  on  the  level  ground 
along  the  southern  hank  of  the  St.  Charles  river." 

This  city,  celebrated  alike  for  its  fonnidahlei  defences  and  the 
deeply  interesting  military  events  of  which  it  has  been  tlio  the- 
atre, has  a  conwnanding  position,  and,  together  with  its  vast  and 
beautiful  harbor,  presents,  from  whatever  (piarter  it  is  approached, 
a  magnificent  view.  It  has  been  called,  from  its  natural  and 
artificial  strength,  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  The  Citadel,  a 
work  of  stupendous  magnitude,  frowning  in  impregnable  strength 
from  a  height  of  350  feet  above  the  river,  will  first  attract  the 
attention  of  the  tourist.  This  work  includes  an  area  of  about  40 
acres,  and  is  constructed  on  the  most  approved  principles.  The 
line  of  fortification  has  an  inner  circuit  of  2^  miles,  and  is  inter- 
sected by  five  gates.  Besides  its  accommodaticns  for  the  garrison, 
it  contains  depots  for  stores,  an  ample  parade-ground,  «&c.  Tick- 
ets of  admission  can  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  adjutant- 
general,  in  St.  Louis,  near  Ursula-st. 

The  public  buildings  of  Quebec  are  substantial  rather  than  ele- 
gant.    The  Parliament  House,  the  most  perfect  of  its  edificesj 


m 


liF 


*       ..    ■  ■»  i  1*1 


!.  ! 


t»   ■.!■ 


rM 

Mm 


f 


«'-\>3 


fi 


188 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMrANION. 


■  't*-] 


^)S 


is  supposed  to  stand  upon  tlio  first  spot  of  ground  cleared  by 
Chaniplaiu  for  his  fort,  on  foundiufr  the  city  in  1608. — The  Ro- 
iMiau  Catholic  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  a  massive  stone  struc- 
ture, with  a  lofty  tower,  fronts  the  e.  side  of  Market  Scpiare,  in 
the  centre  of  the  town.  The  Cathohcs  l:avo  four  other  churclies. 
— Tlio  Church  of  England  has  a  cathedral  and  four  chapels. 
There  are  two  churches  belonging  to  the  Scotch  dissenters ;  and 
the  Wesleyau  Methodists  have  two  ciiapels. — The  Hotel  Dieu 
is  both  a  nunnery  and  an  hospital. — The  Ursulinc  Nunnery,  for 
the  education  of  young  females,  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Catholic 
Cathedral  and  the  Place  d'Arrncs.  The  body  of  Montcalm  was 
deposited  within  the  walls  of  this  convent. 

The  ])rincipal  establishment  for  educational  purposes,  is  the 
F'rench  college.  There  are  also  a  royal  grammar-school,  a  class- 
ical academy,  and  a  national  school  ;  a  Royal  Institution  for  the 
promotion  of  learning  in  the  province  ;  a  Literary  and  Historical 
Society  ;  and  a  Mechanics'  Institute.  The  Public  Library  con- 
tains upwards  of  6,000  volumes  of  valuable  and  standard  works. 
There  is  also  a  good  library  attached  to  the  garrison. — The  city 
has  tiiree  banks,  a  savings-bank,  and  numerous  benevolent  insti- 
tutions. 

Though  on  the  whole  good  and  healthy,  the  climate  here  is  in 
extremes.  The  heat  of  summer  resembles  that  of  Naples,  while 
the  cold  of  winter  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  Moscow.  Travelling  in 
winter  ip  effected,  as  in  Russia,  by  moans  of  sledges  and  carricoles. 

The  majority  of  the  population  being  of  French  descent,  the 
French  language  predominates,  and  is  spoken  in  some  of  the  best 
circles  with  great  propriety.  Society  here  has  much  refinement. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  etiquette.  From  the  seductive  exam- 
ple of  the  mimic  court  established  among  them,  all  classes  are 
much  given  to  show,  and  living  is  consequently  expensive.  The 
citizens  of  Quebec  are  less  enterprising  than  those  of  Montreal, 
and  there  is  a  greater  spirit  of  improvement  in  the  latter  city 
than  in  the  former.  The  trade  of  Quebec,  however,  is  extensive  ; 
and  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world  may  be  seen  riding  at 
anchor  in  its  capacious  harbor,  which  has  in  general  a  depth  of 
28  fathoms,  the  water  rising  from  16  to  18  feet  at  neap,  and  from 
25  to  30  at  spring  tides. 


QUEBEC. 


189 


Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1750.  Its  capture  was 
the  result  of  the  victory  jriiiaod  by  the  En^rlish,  on  the  Plains  of 
Abraham.  The  British,  under  Gen.  Wolfe,  havinfj  etlected  a 
landing  near  the  city,  attacked  and  defeated  the  French  under 
Montcahn.  Wolfe  fell  in  the  moment  of  victory  ;  and  Mont- 
cahn,  who  was  wounded  in  the  battle,  expired  tioon  after.  Panic- 
struck  by  the  death  of  their  commander,  the  French  surrendered 
the  city,  before  a  sinjfie  battery  had  been  opened  against  it. 

An  attack  made  on  this  city  during  the  American  Revolution, 
by  an  army  under  Montgomery  and  Arnold,  was  attended  with 
results  widely  different  from  those  that  crowned  the  efforts  of  the 
liritish  in  their  contest  with  the  French.  The  attack  was  simul- 
tuneously  made  by  Montgomery  on  the  southern,  and  by  Arnold 
on  the  nortiiern  side  of  the  lower  town.  Both  attacks  failed, 
though  made  with  great  courage  and  impetuosity,  (ien.  Mont- 
gomery and  nearly  all  his  stafF  were  killed,  while  Gen.  Arnold 
and  most  of  his  men  were  made  prisoners. 

There  are  three  great  lines  of  railway  proposed,  and  in  course 
of  construction,  radiating  from  Quebec,  viz  : — 

1st.  The  hue  extending  from  Quebec  to  Toronto,  and  from 
that  city  to  Hamilton  ;  tiiere  uniting  with  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  that  will  terminate  opposite  Detroit,  Michigan. 

2d.  A  railroad  leaving  Quebec,  in  a  s.  w.  direction,  to  unite 
with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  already  in  prog- 
ress, which  is  to  connect  Montreal  and  Portland. 

3d.  The  railway  connecting  the  cities  of  Halifax  and  Quebec, 
and  passing  through  the  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick. 

There  are  other  important  lines  of  railway  proposed,  all  of 
great  utility  to  their  respective  localities,  but  their  routes  are  not 
yet  determined  on. 

There  are  many  places  of  resort  worthy  the  attention  of  tour- 
ists, in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  The  Falls  of  Montmorenci  are 
nine  miles  distant,  and  should  be  visited  by  all  who  delight  in 
looking  on  such  wonders.  The  C/iaudicre  Falls  are  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  10  miles  distant  from  Quebec. 
The  waters  of  the  Chaudiere  river,  which  is  here  about  400  feet 
wide,  fall  a  depth  of  125  feet  down  a  wild  chasm,  which  is  fear- 


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190 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


fully  grand.  A  visit  to  the  Saguenay  River  is  a  very  pleasant 
steamboat  excursion  from  Quebec.  The  banks  of  this  river  vary 
in  height  from  500  to  1,000  feet,  and  are  very  rocky.  Its  gen- 
eral breadth  is  from  two  to  three  miles,  but  is  contracted  at  its 
mouth  to  rather  less  than  one  mile.  Jts  depth  is  also  very  great ; 
attempts  have  been  made  to  fathom  it,  near  its  mouth,  with  a  500 
fathom  line  without  reaching  bottom.  In  some  places,  the  stream 
falls  over  intervenjng  precipices  from  40  to  60  feet  in  depth. 


GRAND  ROUTES  TO  THE  WEST  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROY 
TO  BUFFALO  AND  NLA.OARA  FALLS. 

The  traveller  to  the  West,  via  Buffalo  and  intermediate  places, 
has  the  choice  of  two  routes.  The  first  is  by  a  continuous  line  of 
railroads  to  Buffalo,  325  miles,  which  has  been  chartered  under 
different  names,  and  under  the  control  of  separate  companies,  viz : 
the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad,  16  miles  in  length  ;  the  Uti- 
ca  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  77  ;  the  Syracuse  and  Utica, 
54  ;  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse,  2G  ;  the  Auburn  and  Rochester, 
77  ;  the  Tonawanda  Railroad,  which  extends  from  Rochester 
to  Attica,  42,  and  the  Attica  and  Buffalo  Railroad  to  Buffalo, 
33  miles.  The  other  route  is  by  the  Erie  Canal,  which  extends 
to  Buffalo,  a  distance  of  364  miles.  The  former  route  is  the 
more  expeditious  and  agreeable,  but  those  travelling  at  leisure  will 
find  the  latter  a  very  delightful  one ;  the  canal,  passing  through 
a  highly  fertile  and  interesting  part  of  the  state,  affording  the 
traveller  a  succession  of  varied  and  beautiful  scenery. 

The  rates  and  the  time  between  the  principal  places  are  as 
follows: — By  railroad  from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  50  cents — 
time  one  hour  ;  from  Schenectady  to  Utica,  5^  hours,  ^3.00  ; 
from  Utica  to  Syracuse,  3^  hours,  $2.00 ;  from  Syracuse  to 
Auburn,  2  hours,  $1.00  ;  from  Auburn  to  Rochester,  6  hours, 
$3.00  ;  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo,  5  hours,  $2.50 :  time  be- 
tween Albany  and  Buffalo,  23  hours,  Fare  $12.00.  The  cars 
leave  Albany  and  each  of  the  principal  places  on  the  route  three 
times  daily — morning,  afternoon,  and  evening  ;  except  during  the 
winter  mouths,  when  they  leave  twice  daily.     Returning  from 


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ALBANY  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


191 


Buffalo,  the  regulation  is  the  same.     The  depot  in  Albany  is  in 
Maiden  Lane,  comer  of  Dcane-st. 

Persons  going  by  the  Erie  Canal  from  Albany  cr  Troy,  take 
the  railroad  cars  to  Schenectady  ;  there  taking  either  the  packet 
hoata,  which  go  through  in  about  three  and  a  half  days,  or  the 
line  boats,  which  occupy  seven  days.  By  the  former  the  charge 
is  $7.50  with  board,  and  $5.50  without  ;  and  by  the  latter,  one 
and  a  half  cents  per  mile  with  board,  and  one  cent  a  mile  with- 
out. From  Schenectady  to  Utica,  94  miles,  the  charge  by  the 
packets  is  $1.50  with  boa'-'  $1.00  without;  from  Utica  to 
Syracuse,  64  miles,  th(  ime  *,  )m  Syracuse  to  J'  'j. tester,  98 
miles,  $2.50  with  board— $2.00  without  ;  from  Rochester  to 
Buffalo,  95  miles,  $2.00  with  board— $1.50  without.  (For  de- 
scriptions of  Albany  and  Troy,  the  reader  is  referred  to  pages 
1G3  and  16G.) 

ALBANY  AND  S0H."3NE0TADY  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  19.) 
— This  road,  formerly  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  extends  from 
the  city  of  Albany  to  Schenectady,  IG  miles,  and  is  4,837  feet 
long.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1831,  and  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  was  $1,473,253.  Duringthe  year  229,401 
passengers  had  been  conveyed  over  it.  This  road  forms  a  con- 
nection at  Schenectady  with  the  chain  of  railroads  to  Buffalo,  and 
also  with  the  routes  to  Lake  Champlain. 

Schenectady,  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the  state,  and  the 
seat  of  Union  College,  is  16  miles  from  Albany,  and  18  from 
Troy.  The  compact  portion  of  the  city  is  on  the  s.  e.  side  of  the 
Mohawk  river.  The  prosperity  of  this  place  has  received  a  new 
impulse  by  the  railroads  which  pass  through  it  from  Albany  and 
Troy,  to  Saratoga  Springs  and  to  Buffalo  ;  and  also  from  the 
establishment  of  the  packet-boat  lines  on  the  Erie  Canal.  This 
is  the  point  of  embarkation  for  all  travellers  proceeding  west- 
wardly  by  the  canal.  Owing  to  the  length  and  tcdiousness  of 
the  way,  by  the  canal  to  Albany,  the  passage-boats  leave  this 
city.  The  cars,  on  leaving  Schenectady,  cross  the  Mohawk 
river  and  the  Erie  Canal  by  a  bridge  nearly  1,000  feet  long,  and 
an  embankment  of  considerable  length  ;  when  the  roads  diverge, 
that  for  Utica  to  the  West,  the  other  in  a  northeast  direction  to 


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RAILROAD  AND  S^'AMROAT    6v/>lPANi«n> 


tlie  Sprinjrs.     The  canal  is  contiiuH'd  on  the  south  bank   of  thj 
Mohawk  to  Rome,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  iilack  Uivcr  Cuual. 


pi' 


UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD,  (See  Ma|)s  Nos.  19 
and  ^0.) — This  road  is  properly  uu  extension  of  the  railroads  fronj 
Albany  and  Troy,  which  meet  at  Schenectady,  and  one  of  thw 
important  links  in  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Albany  to  Bnffalo 
It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1836,  is  78  miles  lonuf,  and  cost  np  to 
Jan.  1,  1847,  .^I'^.'if):),!  14.80.  The  atlairs  of  this  company  are 
in  u  i)rosj)erons  condition  :  it  is  one  of  the  most  productive  rail- 
roads in  the  state,  and  etpial  perhaps  to  any  in  the  country.  Its 
dividends  have  averajj«'d  about  10  per  cent.  ])er  annum,  and  its 
stock  at  the  j)resent  time  ranjrfs  from  15  to  !;20  j)ercent.  above  par. 

Amalprdnm,  on  the  railroad,  17  mMes  from  Schenectady,  is  a 
small  but  tlirivinj;  villajre.  The  Ciiuctawnunda  creek  passes 
throufjh  it,  with  falls  of  125  feet  near  its  month,  which  afford 
considerable  water-power.  Sla<rex  leave  this  place  daily  for  Fish 
Hoiise  villajife,  a  very  pleasant  place  on  the  Sacandajja  river. 
This  river  is  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge  125  feet  long,  with  three 
arches,  and  with  walks  on  each  side. 

Fonda,  the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  county,  contains  a  fine 
courthouse,  and  other  county  buildings. — Johnstown,  four  miles 
N.,  is  an  old  place,  having  been  laid  out  in  1784  ;  it  is  situated 
upon  a  fine  plain,  skirted  on  the  n.  and  w.  by  the  Cayadutta 
creek,  and  on  the  s.  by  a  hill  of  moderate  elevation,  and  contains 
the  courthouse,  prison,  and  county  offices. 

Palatine  Bridge,  on  the  railroad,  53  miles  from  Albany,  is 
connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  opp  site  side  of  the  river. 

Canajohurie  is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal,  69  miles  from  Al- 
bany. Its  name  is  derived  from  an  Indian  word,  signifying  *'  the 
pot  that  washes  itself,"  applied  to  a  whirlpool  at  the  foot  of  one 
of  the  falls  of  the  creek.  This  village,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1829,  is  a  place  of  much  trade,  and  has  a  population  of  about 
2,000.  From  this  place,  and  also  from  Palatine  Bridge,  stages 
are  in  readiness  for  Cherry  Valley  and  Sharon  Springs,  situated 
about  10  miles  in  a  s.  w.  and  s.  direction  from  Palatine  Bridge, 
the  route  being  over  a  fine  country.  The  Springs  are  situated 
near  the  village,  about  half  a  mile  n.  of  the  turnpike-road  ;  they 


UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


193 


are  pure  and  clear,  and  notwithstandinnr  they  flow  for  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  from  thrir  source  with  other  water,  preserve  their  dis- 
tinctive character.  The  water  fulls,  with  Huflicient  volume  to 
turn  a  mill,  over  a  ledge  of  rocks,  which  has  a  perpendicular  de- 
scent of  ahout  G5  feet.  There  are  two  8prin{]fs,  called  the  sulphur 
and  magnesia  springs,  the  former  being  highly  impregnated  with 
sulphur,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  of 
Virginia.  These  waters  have  an  exhilarating  effect  upon  the 
spirits,  invigorate  the  system,  purify  the  complexion,  and  are  efH- 
cacious  in  rheumatic  and  other  diseases. — The  Pavilion  House 
is  large,  well-constructed,  and  admirably  arranged  to  accommo- 
date a  great  number  of  visiters.  It  is  erected  on  an  eminence, 
with  large  columns  in  front,  and  presents  a  comfortable  and  invi- 
ting appearance.  The  prospect  from  the  piazza  towards  the  north 
is  unlimited,  and  few  views  surpass  it  in  grandeur.  The  air  here 
is  always  pure  and  bracing,  and  in  hot  weather  delightfully  cool 
and  refreshing. 

Cooper  stow  n  lies  at  the  s.  end  of  Otsego  Lake,  13  miles  s.  w. 
from  Cherry  Valley,  and  26  miles  s.  w.  from  the  Erie  Canal  at 
Canajoharie.  From  the  village  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  Otse- 
go Lake,  through  its  whole  extent, — a  delightful  prospect,  tlie  lake 
being  nine  miles  long  from  n.  to  s.,  and  from  one  to  three  wide. 
The  hills  which  encompass  it  have  an  elevation  of  from  400  to 
500  feet  above  its  surface.  The  purity  of  its  water,  and  the 
rich  and  varied  scenery  around,  give  it  the  highest  claim  to  the 
attention  of  the  lovers  of  natural  beauty.  It  is  replenished  with 
several  small  streams  and  numerous  springs,  and  affords  an 
abundant  supply  of  salmon-trout,  pike,  pickerel,  and  bass, — the 
last  of  which  have  a  remarkable  delicacy  of  flavor,  and  are  said 
to  be  peculiar  to  this  lake. 

Palatine,  59  miles  from  Albany,  on  the  railroad  and  Mohawk 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Garoga  Creek,  is  one  of  the  stopping- 
places  on  this  route.  St.  Johnsville  is  a  small  settlement  three 
miles  distant.  East  Canada  Creek  joins  the  Mohawk  three 
miles  above  :  the  cars  cross  it  by  means  of  a  substantial  bridge. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  stream,  and  within  the  last  two  miles  of  its 
course  falls  200  ft.  Its  descent  near  the  outlet  is  by  six  cataracts, 
which,  with  the  intermediate  rapids,  occupy  three-fourths  of  a  mile. 

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194 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Little  Falls,  on  the  Mohawk  river,  72  miles  from  Albany,  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  and  owinjj  to  the  facilities  afibrdedby 
the  railroad,  canal,  and  river,  is  constantly  increasing.  The  pop- 
nlation  is  about  2,700.  The  village  is  supplied  with  water  brought 
fium  a  spring  in  the  granite  mountain,  the  elevation  of  the  spring 
being  306  feet  above  the  tops  of  the  houses.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  passage  of  the  Mohawk  river  through  the  mountain  bar- 
rier, for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery,  and  for  the  difiiculties 
which  have  been  overcome  in  constructing  the  Erie  ('anal 
through  the  pass.  This  defile,  which  extends  for  two  miles,  is  a 
deep  cut  through  the  solid  rock,  and  presented  obstacles  inferior 
to  none,  save  the  deep  excavation  at  Lockj)ort.  This  j)lace  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Little  Falls  in  contradistinction  to  the  (Jreut 
Falls  at  Cohoes.  The  falls  extend  upon  the  river  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile,  descending  in  that  distance  42  feet,  and  consiist 
of  two  long  rapids,  separated  by  a  stretch  of  deep  water,  each 
occupying  about  the  fourth  of  a  mile.  The  np{)er  rapids  are  the 
most  considerable.  Above  them,  a  dam  across  the  stream  ren- 
ders it  placid,  over  which  the  waters,  separated  by  a  small  island, 
form  beautiful  cascades  falling  into  a  deep  pool  beneath,  whence 
the  current  rushes,  murmuring  and  foaming,  over  ridges  and 
masses  of  rock, — flowing  with  comparative  gentleness  beneath 
the  overarching  bridge  and  aqueduct,  and  thence  hurrying,  with 
now  impetuosity,  over  the  stony  bed  below.  The  Erie  Canal 
descends  the  pass  by  five  locks,  40  feet  in  the  distance  of  one 
mile  ;  and  the  time  occupied  in  passing  it  affords  travellers  in 
boats  ample  time  to  view  leisurely  the  natural  scenery  and  artifi- 
cial improvements.  Here  are  to  be  seen  vast  works  of  art,  as 
well  as  of  nature,  costly  viaducts,  aqueducts,  locks,  raceways, 
waterfalls,  mills,  machinery,  and  a  noble  stream  urging  its  rapid 
course  over  its  rocky  bed  in  the  very  midst,  and  giving  life  and 
animation  to  all  around.  Here  is  the  beautiful  aqueduct  that 
spans  the  entire  volume  of  the  Mohawk,  (that  is  at  this  place 
compressed  into  its  narrowest  limits,)  resting  on  three  arches,  two 
of  50  and  one  of  70  feet  span,  and  thus  forming  a  navigable 
feeder  for  the  canal,  170  feet  song.  If  ihe  traveller  has  time  to 
tarry  here,  if  only  to  wait  for  the  next  train,  he  will  be  highly 
gratified  by  descending  to  the  stone  bridge  and  viewing  the  cen- 


UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


19A 


tral  arch,  with  the  basin  beneath,  and  then  clinibinfj  up  to  the 
top  of  the  mountain  to  catch  a  view  of  the  Mohawk  valley  for  an 
extent  of  i20  or  30  milea. 

Herkimer,  seven  nnles  w.  from  Little  Falls,  is  the  county  town 
of  Herkimer.  The  villapre,  which  is  mostly  built  on  two  parallel 
Bfrects,  contains  the  courthouse,  jail,  and  other  public  buildings, 
and  a  population  of  about  900. 

Richfield  Sprinirs  are  situated  in  Otsego  county,  on  the  n. 
side  of  Schuyler's  Lake,  one  mile  distant  ;  they  are  reached  from 
llie  north,  east,  and  west,  by  raiboud  or  the  Erie  Canal  to  Ihr- 
kimer,  where  post-coaches  and  other  conveyances  are  in  constant 
rpiuliness  to  convey  visiters  to  the  Springs,  12  miles  distant. 
Their  location  is  in  the  vicinity  of  beautiful  lakes  that  afibrd  the 
finest  variety  of  fish  ;  wliile  their  shores  and  the  neighboring 
hills  and  woods  alK)und  in  game.  At  the  lake,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Springs,  pleasure-boats  and  fishing  aj)paratus  are  always  kept 
in  readiness  for  visiters.  The  ride  to  Otsego  Lake,  six  miles 
distant,  is  over  a  fine  road.  Six  miles  farther  is  Cooperstowu,  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Cooper,  the  novelist.  Cherry  Valbij,  Spritig^- 
field,  and  other  pleasant  villages,  are  within  the  circuit  of  a  few 
miles.  The  accommodations  at  tho  Springs  for  visiters,  whether 
in  search  of  pleasure  or  health,  have  recently  been  greatly  im- 
proved ;  and  the  hotels,  which  are  of  the  first  class,  furnish  every 
luxury  and  comfort  usually  found  at  those  resorts.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  analysis  of  the  Sulphur  Springs,  made  by  Professor 
Reed,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  now  consult- 
ing chemist  in  the  city  of  New  York :  bicarbonate  of  magnesia, 
20  grains  ;  bicarbonate  of  lime,  10  grains  ;  chloride  of  sodium 
and  magnesia,  1.5 ;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  90  ;  hydro,  sulph.  of 
magnesia  and  lime,  2  ;  sulphate  of  lime,  90  ;  solid  matter,  15.3.5  ; 
Bulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  20.8  inches  per  gallon. 

Utica  is  situated  93  miles  from  Albany  by  railroad,  and  232 
from  Buffalo :  by  the  Erie  Canal  it  is  110  from  the  former  place, 
and  254  from  the  latter.  The  city  is  beautifully  located  on  the 
8.  side  of  the  Mohawk  river,  on  an  inclined  plane  rising  from  the 
river,  so  as  to  command,  from  its  elevated  parts,  many  fine 
views.  The  stre-ets  are  generally  laid  out  with  regularity,  are  of 
good  width,  and  well  paved.     The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick, 


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196 


RAII-nOAn  AND  STHAMnoAT  rOMPAMON. 


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are  mostly  of  u  HiijH'rior  kind.  Its  population  \h  ithont  15,000, 
It  contuinH  n  conrtliouHc,  and  otlior  cniinty  linil(lin<j;H,  hanks,  nn- 
niProns  cluirrlifs,  and  has  several  charitahlo  and  oIIht  institu- 
tions. The  Slafc  LiLuntic  A'<(/lum,  situated  on  t'U'vattMJ  frroiuid, 
ahoiit  a  inilo  west  of  the  (M'utro  of  the  city,  l;as  lino  huiidiufrH, 
with  a  lar((o  farm  attached  to  it.  Tiiis  institution,  which  is  an 
honor  to  the  state,  was  estahlished  for  persons  of  unsound  mind 
rcsideiit  within  its  limits.  Frif  nds  of  this  unfortunate  class  can 
always  ohtain  admission  for  them  hy  applying  to  the  proper  au- 
thorities. 

Utica  is  a  central  point  for  canals,  railroads,  and  tnrnpikep, 
which  radiate  from  it  in  all  directions.  The  railroads,  and  the 
ICrie  Canal,  (whi»,'h  is  hero  70  feet  wide  and  -even  feet  deep,) 
pass  through  it,  on  the  east  to  Alhany,  and  on  the  west  to  Buf- 
falo;  and  the  CherMugo  ('anal,  which  is  here  joined  with  the 
Erie,  extends  8.  to  ninghamton,  in  Itniome  county,  0(1  miles  dis- 
tant. The  country  around  is  fertile,  popidous,  and  rich,  and  is 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade.  There  are  many  w«'ll-kept 
hotels  situated  on  Genesee-street,  the  princi|)al  street  of  the  city. 
Stages  leave  Utica  for  all  the  rhief  places  within  a  circuit  of 
many  miles ;  and  for  Il/iaca,  04  miles  from  Utica,  three  times  a 
week.  » . 

Trknton  Falls,  situated  on  West  Canada  Creek,  15  miles  in 
a  N.  K.  direction  from  Utica,  are  yearly  growing  in  interest  with 
twirists.  They  can  be  reached  by  conveyances  from  Little  Falls, 
Herkimer,  and  Utica :  they  are,  however,  nearer  to  the  latter 
place,  and  by  leaving  early  in  the  morning,  the  visiter,  if  ho  in- 
tends devoting  but  one  day  to  them,  will  have  an  opportunity  of 
returning  in  the  evening.  These  falls,  which  are  six  in  number, 
commence  a  short  distance  above  the  High  Bridge,  on  the  Black 
River  road,  and  terminate  at  Conrad's  Mills ;  embracing  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  fall  of  312  ft.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  falls  varies  greatly  with  the  state  of  the  water. 
The  scene,  which  at  all  times  possesses  great  interest,  is  in  sea- 
sons of  freshet  extremely  wild  and  exciting. 

There  is  a  well-kept  hotel  near  the  falls,  where  visiters  meet 
with  every  accommodation  ;  and  the  fine  trout  dinners  which  are 
usHally  served  up  here  are  in  high  repute.     From  this  house  you 


15,000. 
uks,  nu- 

institu- 

{rround, 
tuildiii^H, 
ch  IH  an 
nd  mind 
'.\nm  can 
roper  uu- 

airnpikep, 
,  and  the 
eet  df'cp,") 
t  to  IJuf- 

vvitij  lU<' 

inilfs  dis- 
ich,  and  is 

wt'll-kopt 
f  the  city. 

circuit  (if 
ee  times  a 

5  miles  in 
:orcst  with 
iittle  Falls, 
the  latter 
I,  if  he  in- 
Jortunity  of 
111  number, 
the  Black 
|in<T  a  dis- 
The  ap- 
Ithe  water. 
;,  is  in  sea- 

Isitere  meet 
which  are 
house  you 


UTK'A    AM)    sriIF.NF.lTADV    HAILU(UD. 


107 


View  of  Trenton  Falls. 

(IcsroiKJ  a  j)iitluvay  ItJulinj^  to  a  lon^j  staircase  down  the  steep 
])d\\k  of  thf  Wfst  ('anadii  Creek,  which  has  worn  a  friglitful 
rliasin  throui^h  a  rocky  range,  in  some  places  150  ft  de.  p  ^ 
t  'Mice  yoii  proceed  lip  the  stream,  and  follow  the  wiiidin<(  f  »ot- 
[nih  to  .S!ierman"s  Fall,  which  has  a  descent  of  35  ft.,  with  its 
^ri'  atest  fall  towards  the  west,  from  the  foot  of  which  the  stream 
pn.iis  along,  with  less  rapidity  desceiidinjr  to  Conrad's  Falls, 
ulilch  have  a  |)itch  of  about  X.M)  ft.  The  High  Falls  hav?  a 
jx'rpi'iuiicular  pitch  of  lUI)  ft.,  and  are  divided  by  rifts  in  the  rock 
ii.lo  three  d.ilrrent  and  splendid  cascades, — forming,  with  tlio 
cliii-iin.  l!ie  high  banks  covered  with  foliage,  and  the  rocky  clitTs, 
a  scene  of  the  wildest  grandeur.  I'lie  Mill-Dam  Fall,  from  the 
r-gniarity  and  smuotlines.s  of  the  rock,  has  a  uj-'^'orm  pitch  of 
aliDiit  1()  ft.,  with  a  width  of  175  ft.  The  waters  •>''  the  Upper 
l''u!lf{,  which  have  an  abrupt  descent  of  a])0ut  20  ft.,  are  received 
iut!)  a  caj)acious  busin,  lliat  passes  off  through  a  wild  ravine  along 
l!;e  rocky  bed  of  the  river,  for  about  a  mile,  tov  urds  the  Cascades, 
wliioh  have  a  fall  of  about  18  ft. 

A  few  years  ago,  two  young  ladies  lost  their  lives  here,  in  con- 
poqiienco  of  the  unprotected  state  in  which  a  narrow  ledge  of 
rocks  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  precipice,  and  on  the  brink 
overlooking  the  rushing  waters,  from  whence  they  fell  into  the 
boiling  stream.     After  this  unfortunate  circumstaiico  it  was  made 


II 


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'  Ml] 


.i. 


..^n 


i 


¥  ■  I' 

» ■ .  • 


'    'IS  {? 


198 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


secure,  by  guarding  it  with  a  chain,  supported  by  iron  standards, 
made  fast  to  the  rock. 


R 


■if: 


•'it  I .') 

r  I  *  u', 


/i^. 


SYRACUSE  AND  UTICA  RAILROAD.- (See  Map  No.  20.)— 
This  road  is  properly  an  exfension  of  the  Utica  and  Schenectady 
Railroad,  and  like  that  road,  is  one  in  the  chain  uniting  the  Hud- 
son with  Lake  Erie,  It  is  54  miles  in  length,  and  was  opened 
for  travel  in  1839,  and  cost,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1S48,  ,$1,350,000. 

White  shorn',  four  miles  w.  of  Utica,  is  a  pleasunt  village,  sur- 
rounded by  rich  and  cultivated  land.  Pop.  about  2,000. — Oris- 
kaiiy,  situated  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Mohawk,  is  a  small  but  thriving  place  seven  miles  from 
Utica. 

Rome,  15  miles,  and  from  Albany  by  railroad  108,  and  by  the 
Erie  Canal  125  miles,  is  situated  between  the  Mohawk  river  and 
Wood  Creek,  and  is  haiidsoinely  laid  out,  having  wide  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  iinglos,  and  two  squares.  It  contains 
a  courthouse,  jail,  county-offices.  United  States  arsenal,  a  num- 
ber of  workshops,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants.  The  village, 
which  is  a  semi-capital  of  the  county,  is  built  on  the  site  of  Fort 
Stanwix,  erected  in  1758,  and  rebuilt  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Schuyler,  on  the  summit-level  be- 
tween the  ocean  and  Lake  Ontario.  Hnwley^s  Basin,  on  the 
canal,  four  miles  distant,  is  a  small  but  growing  place. 

Verona  Centre,  Oneida  Depot,  and  Wampsville,  are  small 
and  unimportant  places  on  the  route.  At  the  second  of  these, 
the  passenger  cars  usually  stop  a  few  minutes. 

SvKACiJSE,  54  miles  from  Utica,  situated  on  both  railroad  and 
canal,  is  147  miles  from  Albany  and  178  from  Buffalo,  by  the 
railroad,  and  171  miles  from  Albany  and  193  from  Buffalo,  by 
the  canal.  It  was  incorporated  in  1825,  and  now  contains  about 
?^,000  inhabitants.  The  village  and  surrounduig  country  are 
celebrated  for  ihe  manufa'iture  of  salt,  made  from  brine  springs 
which  abound  here.  These  works  are  an  important  source  of 
revenue  to  the  state,  which  receives  six  cents  per  bushel  on  all 
that  is  manufactured  here.  Fine  f.!!!  is  made  by  evaporation  by 
Keat,  and  coarse  salt  by  solar  evaporation.  The  Oswego  Canal 
connects  Syracuse  and  the  Erie  Canal  with  Lake  Ontario.    The 


nji  i: 


OSWEGO  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD. 


199 


Syracuse  House,  an  excellent  hotel  near  I'le  railroad  depot,  and 
the  Empire  House,  which  has  recently  been  built  and  elegantly 
furnished,  are  the  principal  hotels.  Omnibuses  leave  Syracuse 
for  Salina  every  hour.  The  canal-boats  stop  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
s.  of  the  railroad  depot. 

At  Syracuse,  the  railroad  and  canal,  which  have  kept  in  close 
proximity  with  each  other  from  Schenectady,  take  a  separate 
course,  each  winding  and  twisting  about  until  they  again  meet  at 
Rochester,  tl  railroad  crossing  the  canal  at  Pittsford  ;  whence 
they  again  diverge,  the  Erie  Canal  taking  a  westerly  direction  to 
Lockport,  and  thence  a  southerly  one  to  Buffalo,  The  railroad 
takes  a  course  s.  w.  to  Batavia ;  thence  southerly  to  Attica ; 
thence  almost  due  west  to  BuUalo.  Those  journeying  west,  can 
select  either  of  the  above  routes,  or  the  canal  route  from  Syra- 
cuse to  Oswego,  38  miles, — the  Uiiual  time  being  seveji  hours,  and 
the  fare  ^1.50, — and  there  take  the  steamboat  to  llie  I'louth  of 
the  Cienesee  river.  (See  the  following  route.)  Travellers  can  also 
go  from  Oswego  to  Niagara  Falls.  Fare,  including  meals,  ^4.00 
io  ^5.00.     (For  continuation  o{  the  western  route  see  page  200.) 


«<! 


OSWEGO  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD.— The  opening  of  this 
road  will  complete  the  chain  of  conununication  which  is  to  con- 
nect Lake  Ontario  by  railroad  and  steamboat  with  the  Atlantic 
cities.  It  extendi  from  Oswego  on  the  lake  to  Syracuse,  there 
uniting  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Bos- 
ton to  Buffalo.  Its  entire  length  is  35  miles:  its  highest  grade 
does  not  exceed  11)^  feet,  and  that  only  for  a  short  distance,  and 
most  of  the  grades  are  under  14  feet.  It  is  in  a  great  degree  free 
from  curves,  and  those  which  exist  are  of  a  radius  varying  from 
400  to  11,000  feet  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at  $437,500,  or 
i^l2,50O  per  mile  ;  it  is  to  be  constructed  in  the  best  possible  man- 
ner, and  of  heavy  rail,  and  will  be  opened  for  travel  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1848. 

Oswego,  a  port  of  entrj',  and  semi-capital  of  Oswego  county, 
N.  Y.,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  river,  at  its  confluence 
with  Lake  Ontario.  Its  location  affords  great  facilities  for  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  (tJio  great  water-power  of  the  river  be- 
uig  applied  to  the  lattsr  purpose  J  commanding,  as  it  does,  the 


H' 


200 


EAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


«■';' 


I: 


f 


markets  of  the  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river ;  also  the  inte- 
rior of  the  state,  and  the  city  of  N.  York  hy  the  railroad  and 
canal  from  Oswego  to  Syracuse,  and  hero  with  the  Erie  Canal 
and  the  railroads  diverging  from  thence  hoth  on  the  e.  and  on  the 
W.  The  harbor,  if  we  except  that  of  Sackett's  Harbor,  is  the  best 
port  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  it  is  formed  by  a  pier  or  mole  tilled  with 
Btone,  1,219  feet  long  on  the  w.  side,  and  250  feet  on  the  e.  side, 
with  an  entrance  between  them  sufficient  for  the  egress  and  in- 
gress of  vessels.  The  depth  of  water  within  the  pier  is  from  10 
to  20  feet.  The  entire  cost  of  this  work  was  {^93,000.  The 
population  of  Oswego,  according  to  a  census  just  completed, 
(1848,)  is  9,j.?n  ;  East  Oswego  having  4,*]41,  and  West  Oswego 
5,198.  Li  1840  the  entire  population  was  4,500,  and  in  1845  it 
was  6,818.  Steamboats,  during  the  period  of  na^  gation,  run  to 
the  principal  j)lace8  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  also  to  Rochester  and  Lew- 
iston.  ^ 

AUBURN  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD,  w  estern  route  continued 
from  page  199. — (See  Mup  No.  21.) — 1  his  short  road  runs  from 
Syracuse  to  Auburn,  2G  miles,  and  is  the  fourth  separate  line  on 
the  route  from  x\lbany  to  ButFalo.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in 
1839,  and  cost  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  ^820,000. 

Skaneateles,  five  miles  s.  of  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse  Rail- 
road, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad,  is  delight- 
fully situated  at  the  foot  of  Skaneateles  I^ake.  The  site  of  the 
village  is  one  of  surpassing  beauty,  conmianding  a  view  of  the 
lake  for  seven  or  eight  miles,  and  of  the  country  rising  gently 
from  the  shore  into  hills  100  feet  high,  the  sides  of  which  are 
highly  cultivated,  and  surrounded  by  fine  farms  and  country  res- 
idences. Ihe  lake  is  16  miles  long,  and  from  half  a  milf  to  one 
and  a  half  wide,  and  abounds  with  trout,  salmon-trout»  and  other 
fish.  Its  water  is  deep  uuA  remarkably  pure,  its  bottom  gravelly, 
and  its  shores  bold  and  picturesijuc,  rising,  towards  the  head  oi 
the  lake,  abruptly  several  hmidred  feet. 

Auhurn,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  thriving  villages  iu  the 
state,  is  situated  on  the  Outlet,  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Owasco 
Lake.  This  lake,  which  is  12  miles  long  and  about  one  wide, 
contains  an  abundance  of  excellent  fish,  and  is  a  great  resort  for 


\) 


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AUBURN  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


201 


anglers.  The  shores  of  the  lake  are  surrounded  by  rugfjed  and 
picturesque  scenerj'.  Auburn  is  173  miles  w.  from  Albany,  and 
152  £.  from  Buffalo,  and  contains  about  6,000  inhabitants.  Tho 
streets  are  wide,  well  paved,  and  there  are  handsome  ranges  of 
«toue  and  brick  stores,  and,  in  tho  retired  parts,  some  tasteful 
dwellings  and  ornamented  grounds.  The  Auburn  State  Prison^ 
located  on  the  n.  side  of  tho  Owasco  Outlet,  is  a  splendid  edifice 
of  its  kind,  erected  at  a  cost  of  more  than  half  a  million  of  dollars 
The  enclosure  forms  a  square,  500  feet  on  a  side,  surrounded  by  a 
stone  wall  2,000  feet  long,  and  from  16  to  40  feet  high.  The 
Owasco  Outlet  runs  along  the  outside  of  the  s.  wall,  and  moves 
a  water-wheel  attached  to  a  shaft,  which  extends  throuf'h  the 
wail,  and  sets  in  ^notion  the  machinery  W'"iin  the  prison.  The 
building  forms  three  sides  of  a  square,  the  front  of  which  is  276 
feet  long,  and  the  wings  242  feet  long  and  45  wide.  The  main 
building  faces  to  tho  e.  The  \.  wing  is  divided  into  solitary  cells 
and  a  hospital,  and  the  s.  wing  into  cells.  Between  the  wings 
is  an  area  of  grass  and  gravelled  walks  ;  to  the  w.  of  this  is  the 
interior  yard,  surrounded  with  workshops  built  against  the  outer 
wall.  In  tiie  front  part  of  the  main  building  is  the  residence  of 
(lie  keeper,  and  offices  for  the  clerk  and  agent.  The  walls  that 
form  the  enclosure  are  35  feet  high,  4  thick,  and  2.000  in  extent, 
or  500  feet  on  each  front.  The  prisoners  labor  together  in  silence 
when  at  work,  and  when  not  employed  are  confined  in  solitary 
cells.  Visiters  can  obtain  admission  within  the  walls  by  paying 
a  small  fee. 

AUBURN  AND  ROOHESTER  RAILROAD,  ^See  Map  No.  21.) 
— This  road  forms  the  fifth  link  in  the  Great  Western  line  of 
railroads  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  It  joins  with  the  Auburn  and 
Syracuse  Railroad,  and  extends  from  Auburn  to  Rochester,  a  dis- 
tance of  77  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1840,  and  cost, 
up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $2,087,797. 

Cayuga  village  lies  on  tho  n.  k.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  and 
contains  about  350  inhabitants.  The  celebrated  "  Cayuga  Bridge," 
a  mile  and  eight  /ods  in  length,  hero  crosses  the  lake,  and  gives 
the  traveller  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  of  this  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, and  its  highly  cultivated  shores,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 


'\  f  *\ 


.1:'  im 


in 


»' 


202 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  railroad  brid((e,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  is  carried  over  its  n 
end.  Cayuira  Lake  is  a  beautiful  expanse  of  very  transparent 
water,  40  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  four  broad.  Its  outlet  is 
about  2i)  miles  s.  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  surrounded  by  well- 
cultivated  farms  and  thriving  villages,  and  abounds  with  nalmon- 
trout,  pickerel,  perch,  white-fish,  pike,  6lc.  Owing  to  its  depth, 
which  is  said  in  some  places  to  exceed  500  feet,  it  is  rarely  closed 
by  ice,  even  in  the  most  rigorous  winters.  Steamboats  ply  be- 
tween Cayuga  IJridge  and  Ithaca  in  its  s.  part,  a  distance  of  40 
miles,  stopping  at  intermediate  places.  These  boats  run  in  con- 
nection with  the  cars  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester,  and  the 
Ithaca  and  Owego  railroads,  and  also  with  the  various  stage 
routes  in  this  vicinity.  The  boats  leave  Ithaca  at  an  '!y  hour 
in  the  morning  daily  for  Cayuga  Bridge,  arriving  in  time  for  the 
trains  going  either  east  or  west.     (For  Ithaca,  see  page  151.) 

Seneca  Falls  village,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  outlet  of 
Seneca  Lake,  is  IG  miles  w.  from  Auburn.  The  water-power 
aftbrded  by  the  outlet  is  very  great,  the  descent  in  12  miles  be- 
ing about  80  feet.  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal,  which  unites 
with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Montezuma,  passes  through  the  village. 

Waterloo  lies  on  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Lake,  along  which  runs 
the  Seneca  Canal,  and  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad, 
which  passes  through  the  village.  It  contains  grist  and  saw  mills, 
tanneries,  and  other  evidences  of  industry,  and  is  a  busy  place, 
with  a  population  of  about  2,500. 

Geneva,  situated  at  the  n.  w.  corner  of  Seneca  Lake,  which  is 
here  about  two  miles  wide,  is  52  miles  w.  from  Syracuse,  51  s.  e. 
from  Rochester,  109  from  Albany,  and  12G  from  Buffalo.  It  is 
built  upon  the  side  and  sunnnit  of  an  eminence  rising  up  from 
the  lake,  the  plane  of  which,  elevated  more  than  100  feet  above 
the  lake,  affords  a  fine  view  of  this  beautiful  expanse  of  water, 
the  high  and  sloping  shore  beyond  it,  and  the  valley  of  its  outlet. 
Upon  the  w.  it  is  bounded  by  low  hills,  rising  by  terraces,  highly 
cultivated,  and  adorned  with  handsome  dwellings.  The  principal 
street  of  the  village  runs  near  to,  and  parallel  with  the  lake  shore, 
and  the  mansions  on  the  eastern  side  have  hanging  gardens  reach- 
ing to  the  water's  edge.  The  business  part  of  the  village,  which 
is  compactly  built,  extends  to  the  plain  that  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 


^kM.. 


r  its  N 
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utlet  is 
y  well- 
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36  of  40 

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village. 

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w  mills, 
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AUBURN  AN)    ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


203 


lake,  and  contains  many  fine  stores,  &c.  7'ho  accommodutions 
at  the  several  hotels  are  very  good,  and  the  charges  moderate. 
Conveyance  can  readily  be  obtained  to  any  part  of  the  village 
or  vicinity.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  on  the  lake,  connecting 
with  stage  routes  to  Elmira  and  Corning,  and  at  the  latter  place 
with  the  railroad  to  Blossburg,  in  the  n.  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

Seneca  Lake,  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  and  the  largest  of  the 
lakes  of  Western  New  York,  is  40  miles  long,  and  varies  in  width 
from  two  to  four  miles.  From  its  great  depth,  which,  \2  miles 
from  its  outlet,  is  5G0  feet,  it  is  never  entirely  frozen  over.  It  is 
elevated  4.31  jeet  above  tidewater.  Its  outlet,  which  is  at  the 
northeastern  angle,  affords  great  water-power  at  Waterloo  and 
Seneca  Falls.  The  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake  enters  Soneca  Lake 
12  miles  8.  of  Geneva,  having  a  descent  of  26')  feet.  A  canal 
extends  from  its  north  end  to  the  Erie  Canal,  and  another  con- 
nects it  with  C'rooked  Lake. 

Canandaigua,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad,  221 
miles  from  Albany,  104  from  Buffalo,  74  from  Syracuse,  and  29 
from  Rochester,  is  finely  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  n.  end  of  Ca- 
nandaigua  Lake.  The  ground  descends  gently  towards  the  lake, 
presenting  a  fine  view  of  it  from  the  village.  The  town  is  beau- 
tifully built,  lying  chiefly  in  two  parallel  streets,  running  n.  and 
s.,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  a  number  of  others.  At  the 
centre  is  a  fine  public  square,  on  which  stands  the  courthouse  and 
other  public  buildings.  No  town  in  the  state  excels  this  in  pic- 
turesque beauty,  or  is  a  more  desirable  place  of  residence,  it  being 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  producing  every  luxury 
and  comfort. — Canandaigua  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
14  miles  long,  and  from  a  mile  to  a  mile  and  a  half  wide,  presents 
on  its  shores  much  delightful  scenery.  Its  waters,  which  are 
elevated  670  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  very  deep,  beautifully 
clear,  and  contain  a  variety  of  excellent  fish.  The  Burning 
Spring  is  situated  in  a  ravine,  on  the  w.  side  of  Bristol,  eight 
miles  s.  e.  from  Canandaigua.  The  gas  rises,  through  fissures  of 
slate-rock,  from  the  margin  and  bed  of  a  brook  :  where  it  passes 
through  the  water  it  is  in  bubbles,  and  flashes  only  when  a  flamo 
is  applied  ;  but  where  it  flows  directly  from  the  rock,  it  bums  with 
a  gteady  tnd  beautiful  flame.    In  winter  it  forms  openings  iu  tha 


!%>' 


F 


f 


•  'H 

m 

i 

mSil 

■  "Iffll  ' 

•  ^'  W' 

n 

i  1 

»' 

1    ; 

m 

ki 

v4 

w 

s 

i.wr-'!   1 


204 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


in 


snow,  and  being  set  on  Hrc,  presents  the  novel  spectacle  of  a  flame 
rising  out  of  the  snow.  In  very  cold  weather,  tubes  of  ice  are 
formed  around  these  currents  of  gas,  to  the  height  of  two  or  three 
feet,  the  gas  issuing  from  their  tops.  When  burning  in  a  still 
evening,  these  natural  gas-lights  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 

RociiESTKR  lie"  on  both  sides  ol  the  Genesee  river,  seven  miles 
s.  of  Ijako  Ontario;  by  railroad  w.  from  Albany  250  miles — by 
the  Erie  Canal,  2(19  ;  and  e.  from  BufValo,  by  the  former  route 
75  miles — by  the  latter,  95.  The  population,  in  1820,  was  1,502  ; 
in  IB.'iO,  9,261)  ;  in  1840,20,191.  It  was  founded  in  1812,  by 
Nathaniel  Rochester,  and  others,  all  of  whom  were  from  Mary- 
land;  and  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1817 — as  a  city  in 
1834.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  with  considerable,  though  not 
entire,  regularity.  The  e.  and  w.  parts  of  the  city  are  connect- 
ed by  three  bridges,  and  the  river  is  also  crossed  in  the  middle  of 
the  city  by  the  splendid  aqueduct  of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  rests 
on  1 1  arches,  is  804  feet  long,  and  cost  ^80,000.  The  streets 
are  spacious,  with  a  width  varying  from  00  to  80  feet,  well  paved 
in  the  centre,  with  convenient  sidewalks ;  and  there  are  also 
several  public  squares  which  are  enclosed.  Buffalo-st.,  which  is 
broad  and  straight,  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  city,  crossing 
the  river  on  a  bridge  :  on  the  east  side  it  is  culled  Muin-st.  The 
city  is  handsomely  built,  chiefly  with  brick,  and  a  large  number 
of  the  stores  and  dwellings  are  elegant  ;  many  of  the  houses 
have  fine  gardens,  ornamented  with  fruit-trees  and  shrubbery. 
Some  of  the  churches  and  public  buildings  are  handsome  struc- 
tures. 

Rochester  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  present  greatness  to  the 
vast  water-power  created  by  the  falls  in  Genesee  river,  which 
amount  to  268  feet  within  the  bounds  of  the  city,  in  which  are 
throe  successive  perpendicular  falls  of  96,  20,  and  105  feet,  be- 
sides rapids.  On  these  rapids  and  falls  are  many  large  flouring- 
mills,  not  surpassed  by  any  others  in  the  world,  and  numerous 
other  hydraulic  works.  These  mills  are  capable  of  manufactu- 
1  ug  5,000  barrels  of  flour  daily. 

As  a  seat  of  commerce,  the  city  is  meet  admirably  situated. 
]  I  is  the  port  of  entry  of  the  Genesee  collection  district,  and  by 
1  ( ike  Ontario  may  participate  in  all  the  trado  of  the  St.  Law- 


t> 


■% 


AUnTTRN  AND  ROCTIRSTRR  RAILROAD. 


205 


flame 

:e  are 

r  three 
a  Htill 

r  II  nee. 

n  miles 

lea— by 

t>r  route 

1  1,502; 

.812,  by 

1  Mary- 

a  city  in 

)ugh  wot 

connect- 

middle  of 

liich  rests 

le  streets 

^rell  paved 
are  also 
which  is 
,  crossing 
■St.    The 
;e  number 
^e  houses 
ihrubbery. 
.nitt  struc- 

less  to  the 

^er,  which 
I  which  are 
I5  feet,  be- 
le  flouriug- 
numerous 
lanufactu- 

situated. 

fct,  and  by 

St.  Law- 


ronce  basin.  Vessels  come  np  the  (ionese**  river  from  the  lake 
to  Carthajre,  2^  miles  n.  of  th«'  oentro  of  the  city,  where  sleatn- 
lioats  arrive  and  drpart  daily,  and  to  wliicfi  there  is  a  railroad 
Irom  the  city.  The  river  is  naviijahle  for  hoats  to  IJie  head  of 
tlio  rapids,  a  distance  of  53  miles,  and  steamboats  of  li^ht  burden 
may  ply  between  the  city  and  the  villa^je  of  Avon,  20  miles  s. 
The  Erie  C'anrd  passes  centrally  thronjrh  the  city,  iJfivinjj  it  ac- 
cess on  the  east  to  Albany,  and  thence  hy  the  Hudson  river  to 
Nt  \v  York  ;  and  on  the  wi'st  to  IJntV.do,  aiul  thence  to  the  npj)er 
!uk»'s  and  the  tjreat  West.  The  (ienesee  Valle\  Canal  is  tc 
(M)iinect  it  with  Olean  on  the  Al!e(rh;uiy  river,  and  thence  with 
l*.tfsl)ur<;.  The  cliain  of  railroads  from  Hoston  to  IJutlalo  passes 
ihroujjh  it,  givin^T  it  a  ready  access  to  hoth  sections  of  the  coun- 
try, and  intermediate  places.  It  has  several  well-kept  and 
eli'^antly  furnished  hotels,  where  the  traveller  will  find  every 
iKcommodation.  The  principal  ones  are  the  Eai[lr,  American, 
Nciv  Mansion  House,  Congvess  Hall,  Clinton,  Rochester,  &.C., 

The  Gknesek  Falls  arc  seen  to  the  best  advantage  from  tho 
K.  side  of  the  stream.  The  railroad  cars  pass  about  100  rods  s. 
of  tho  most  southerly  fall  on  (ieneseo  River,  so  that  passengers 
in  crossing  lose  the  view.  T'hese  falls  have  t/irec  perpendicular 
pitches,  .nd  two  rapids  ;  the  first  great  cataract  is  80  rods  helow 
tlio  a(jueduct,  the  stream  plunging  perpendicularly  9G  feet.  The 
ledge  here  recedes  up  the  river  from  the  centre  to  the  sides, 
breaking  tho  water  into  three  distinct  sheets,  unsurpassed  in 
beauty  by  any  waterfall  in  the  state,  although  those  of  Niagara 
and  Cohoes  »iave  more  sublimity.  From  'f'lhle  Rock,  in  the 
centre  of  these  falls,  Sam  Patch  made  his  last  and  fatal  leap. 
The  river  below  the  first  cataract  is  broad  and  deep,  with  occa- 
sional rapids  to  the  second  fall,  where  it  airain  deseends  perpen- 
dicularly 20  feet.  Thence  the  river  pursues  its  course,  which  is 
noisy  and  rapid,  to  tho  third  and  last  fall,  over  which  it  pours  its 
flood  down  a  perpendi^'ular  descent  of  105  feet.  Below  this  fall 
arc  numerous  rapids  which  continue  to  Carthage,  tho  end  of 
navigation  on  the  Genesee  river  from  Lake  Ontario.  The 
entire  descent  from  Rochester  to  Carthage  is  stated  at  2G8  feet. 

Mount  Hope,  a  rural  cemetery  amidst  wild  and  picturesque 


V'< 


I 
I 


r 


; 


206 


KAIMIOAII  AND  STKAMIJOAT  ( OiMI'ANION. 


iccnory,  \h  Mitiiated  two  milrs  s.  of  tlio   railroad  (lep«^    u.d  ix 
qnartrr  of  a  iiiilo  e.  of  tho  river  and  tlio  Oouchoc  Vullcy  •  ':  jial 
It  is  said  to  Hiirpass  in  IxMUty  oitlicr  (irconwood  at  IJrooklyn,  or 
Mt.  Anbnrn  urar  IJonton.     Omnibuses  leave  Kocliester  for  Ml 
Hope  nuiny  tinirs  daily.     Fare  li2i  cents. 

Tlio  Arun  NprimrH,  wliieh  uro  yearly  incrensinfr  in  public 
favor,  nro  sitnated  in  tlio  valley  of  tbo  Genesee,  ID  miles  from 
Rochester,  and  i25  from  C'anandaijrna.  Tho  villajje,  which  is  orj 
tho  ri},djt  bank  of  tho  river,  is  elevated  100  feet  above  it,  and  is 
delightfully  situated  on  a  terrace,  connnandiufj  an  ext"nsivc  view 
of  the  nei<rhborin«r  country.  Tho  waters  of  these  sprinjrs  have 
obtained  celebrity,  from  their  eflicaey  in  curiuj;  various  disorders; 
this,  added  to  the  rural  attractions  of  the  spot,  induces  thousands 
to  visit  them.  'I'he  hnlcla  are  tlie  Comstork  llouffc,  which  has 
recently  been  enlarj^ed,  and  finished  with  drawinjr  and  sleeping 
rooms  in  the  most  elejjant  modern  t-lyle  ;  the  Avon  Hold,  an 
excellent  house,  also  jjreatly  iniproved  ;  the  American,  Knicker' 
hacker  Hall,  and  the  Pavilion,  which  afford  fine  accommoda- 
tions. A  stn(re  leaves  Rochester,  during  tho  season,  every 
morning^,  and  packef-hoats  on  tho  Genesee  Valley  Canal  land 
passenjrers  within  two  miles,  from  which  point  carriages  are  in 
readiness  to  convey  them  to  the  Sprinj^s. 

From  Rochester  there  are  three  modes  of  conveyance  to 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls.  Tho  route  by  railroad  to  Buft'alo, 
74  miles,  is  the  most  expeditious ;  tho  canal  route,  95  miles, 
is,  however,  tho  cheapest.  Steamboats,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  run  daily  from  Carthage,  which  is  connected  with 
Rochester  by  railroad,  to  Lc/c/sfow,  on  tho  Niagara  river;  and 
thence  tho  passengers  are  conveyed  by  railroad  to  Niagara  Falls 
and  Buffalo.  Tiio  whole  distance  from  Rochester  to  Niagara 
Falls,  by  the  railroad,  about  to  bo  built,  is  81  miles,  26  of  which 
(from  Lockport  to  the  Falls)  are  already  in  operation.  When 
this  road  is  fniished,  it  will  complete  a  cliain  of  railroad  from  Bos- 
ton to  a  point  in  Canada  opposite  Detroit,  Mich. ;  and  when  the 
roads  from  New  York  to  Albany  are  finished,  it  will  make  a  line 
from  the  metropolis  to  the  same  point,  via  Niagara  Falls,  and 
through  Upper  Canada. 

Lockport f  on  the  Erie  Canal,  31  miles  n.  e.  from  BufTalo, 


:»^ 


xu'i  ii 


5okiyi»,  or 
er  for  Ml- 

ill   publK- 
iiiih^s  from 
vhich  is  oil 
)  it,  and  is 
•nJ'ive  view 

s  disorders ; 

H  thousands 

,  y!\\\c\\  has 

,nd  slet'piiig 

n  Hotel,  an 

f/j,  Knicker- 

acconimoda- 

'ason,  every 
Canal  land 
iages  are  in 

nveyance  to 
d  to  Buftalo, 
e,  95   miles, 
,e  season  of     | 
Innectcd  with 
[a  river;  and 
iagara  Falls 
|r  to  Niagara 
I,  26  of  which 
ition.    When 
[oad  from  Bos- 
.nd  when  the 
II  make  a  line 
Lra  Falls,  and 

from  Buffalo, 


ATTICA  AND  BUFFALO  RAILROAD. 


207 


contains  the  deep  excavation  for  the  canal,  cut  thronjjh  the 
mountain  ridjjo  for  the  distance  of  three  niiieH,  at  an  average 
depth  of  20  feet,  in  linieKtono  rock.  It  descends  in  a  natural 
ravine  from  the  hijriier  to  the  lower  plain,  by  five  double  locks  of 
12  feet  lift  each  ;  so  that  whilst  one  boat  ascends,  another  nmy 
descend  the  steep.  These  locks,  which  are  of  superior  workinau- 
sliijj,  with  stone  steps  in  the  centre  and  at  eitlur  side,  are  guard- 
ed with  iron  railinj^s  for  the  convenience  of  passfu^rcrs.  The 
canal  beini;  supplied  by  Tonawanta  creek  from  the  inexhaustible 
reservoir,  Lake  Erie,  distant  30  miles,  atFords  an  abundant  supply 
ol'  water  for  hy<lraulic  purposes,  whence  the  villa;:ro  chiefly  de- 
rives its  prosperity.  From  the  foot  of  tlio  steps  the  canal  con- 
tinues upon  one  level  of  CG  miles,  ending  two  niiles  e.  of  Rochester. 

TONA WANDA  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No.  2:2.)— This  road  ex- 
tends from  Rochester  to  Attica,  and  is  a  continuation,  from  tin 
former  place,  of  the  roads  from  Albany  to  BuilUlo  and  Niaj^ara 
Falls.  It  is  43  miles  in  leuirtb,  and  the  cost  of  construction  up  to 
Jan.  1,  1848,  was  ^l')'.i,335. 

This  road  passes  tliroufrh  the  villajrps  of  C/iili,  9  miles; 
Cfiurchcille,  13;  Bfraen,  11 ',  Bi/ron,2o',  Batacia,  32  \  AlcX' 
antler,  40,  and  to  Atticd,  43  miles. 

ATTIOA  AND  BUFFALO  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No.  22.)  - 
This  road  extends  from  Attica  to  ButTulo,  32  miles,  and  com- 
pletes the  great  chain  in  the  lino  of  railroads  extending  from 
Boston  to  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie,  and  by  the  Hudson  river  to 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1842,  and 
cost  in  its  construction,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  .^112,188. 

The  principal  places  on  this  route  are  Dnrien,  G  miles  from 
Attica;  Aldcn,  11  miles;  Lancaster,  2\  miles;  Checktawaga, 
Q6  miles.     We  now  arrive  at  Buffalo. 

Buffalo. — This  city,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  capital  of  Erie 
county,  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of 
Niagara  river,  and  at  the  mouth  of  BulFulo  creek,  which  forms 
its  harbor.  It  is  from  Albany,  by  railroad,  32.>  miles, — by  the 
Erie  Canal  3G4  miles ;  470  from  New  York ;  22  s.  s.  e.  from 
Niagara  Falls;  75  from  Roclusler,  by  railroad;  31  from  Lock- 


I'  •' 


-. 


''.5 


1^=^ 


ii 


'y 


208 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


f    ;  \ 


■  a , 


port;  103  N.  N.  K.  from  Clevrliiiid,  Ohio;  290  E.  by  N.  from  De- 
troit ;  and  r>'>7  from  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Hnllalo  was  orii^inally  laid  out  in  1801,  but  j;rew  slowly  until 
1812,  in  wliirli  year  it  became  a  military  post.  In  Dec.  1813, 
every  buildinjr  in  it,  save  two,  was  burnt  by  a  party  of  liritisli 
and  Indians.  It  .soon,  however,  rose  from  its  ashes,  and  in  four 
years  afterwards  contained  upwards  of  100  buildinj^s,  some  of 
them  l;ir<re  and  ele;rant.  Pop.  in  1^2."),  only  2,412;  in  18.3.'), 
l."),(i(il  ;  in  184;"),  2;). 773;  and  in  January,  1848,  it  contained 
10.000.  At  the  close  of  tlie  war  of  1812,  the  United  States 
p.iid  the  inhabitants  of  HiiOulo  a  (Hjmpeiisation  of  .S^80,000  for 
tile  lo-(Kes  they  had  sustained  by  the  conlla^ration  of  1813. 

liidKdo  owes  the  commencement  of  her  prosperity  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  I'^rio  C'anal,  whi<;h  was  opened  in  182.">.  It  wa;- 
in(!i)iporated  as  a  city  in  .\pril,  1S32,  is  divided  into  five  wards, 
and  'governed  by  a  mayor  and  common  council,  annually  elected. 
It  is  laid  out  partly  on  a  bluiror  terrace,  risinjr  oO  feet  above  the 
lake,  and  partly  on  the  low  f^round  or  marsh  towards  tiic  lako 
and  creek.  The  n)arsh  havin<r  been  drained,  's  now  bocome  thf 
business  part  of  the  city.  The  {rround  on  which  the  city  is  buill 
rises  }.rra(lually  from  the  civek,  which  runs  throu;;h  its  8.  part,  and 
at  the  distance  of  two  miles  it  becomes  an  extended  plain,  ele- 
vated ')()  fei  t  abdve  [iake  Erie,  whence  there  is  a  dclijrhtfid  vi(  w 
of  the  lake,  t!ie  Nia;i^ara  river,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Canadri 
i-hore.  Tile  c'.ty  is  rejridarly  laid  out,  with  broad  and  .straii>hl 
[Streets  t!ial  intersect  usually  at  riiijiit  angles.  Main-st.,  more  than 
two  miles  loni>  and  120  feet  broad,  is  occupied  on  either  side  with 
.me.  lolly  stores,  dwellin;rs,  and  hotels,  which  present  an  imposiny 
appearan(re.  The  three  pub!C  s<ji:ares,  Niagara,  Franklin,  and 
\Vashin;^ton,  which  are  planted  wit!',  trees,  add  iimch  to  the 
beauty  and  health  of  the  city.  IJutralo  has  a  courthouse,  jail, 
county-cIfM'k's  otrKje,  two  markets,  in  the  uj)per  story  of  one  of 
which  are  the  common-council  chamber  and  city  offices,  about 
twenty  churches,  several  bankinjr-houses.  a  theatre,  and  many 
spacious  and  elejrant  hotels. 

A  pier,  of  wood  and  stone,  extends  1  ,.')00  feet  on  the  s.  side  of 
the  mouth  of  the  creek,  forming!;  a  breakwater,  for  tiie  protection 
of  vessels  from  the  violent  gales  occasionally  e.vporienced   here. 


roni 


De- 


wly  vintil 
ec.  IHIS, 
3f  British 
1(1  in  four 
,  some  of 
in   1835, 
contiiined 
od    Stutfs 
::<(), 000  for 

)  the  coni- 

).       It    NVIU 

five  wards, 
lly  elected. 
L  above  the 
Is  tlio  lako 
become  tlif 
-Ity  is  buill 
s.  part,  and 
plain,  elc- 
rhtfid  vi(  \\ 
he  Cauadn 
lud  strainh) 
|,  more  than 
r  side  vvilh 
|in  imposino 
mklin,  and 
lueh   to  the 
house,  jail, 
of  one  of 
Ihces,  about 
and  many 

[\e  s.  side  of 

protection 

[need  here. 


BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS  RAILROAD. 


209 


The  lijrhlhouse,  40  feet  hii^li  ;  nd  '2\)  in  diameter,  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  j)ier,  is  a  substantial  and  beautiful  structure,  built  of 
dressed  yellowish  limestone. 

IhitValo  has  already  become  a  preat  commercial  mart,  from  tlie 
tradinjjf  facilities  atVorded  by  the  canal  and  railmud,  in  connection 
with  the  lake  navijijation,  which  lias  an  extent  of  soimi  thousands 
of  miles.  It  has  conmmnication  on  the  u.  by  canal  with  Albany, 
and  thenco  by  a  chain  of  railroads,  5:^r»  miles  lun<r,  with  IJoston 
It  is  also  connected  by  railroad  with  Niajrara  Falls  and  Lewiston, 
oil  the  north. 

The  j)rincipal  hot(>ls  in  BufTilo  are  the  Aniciicari,  Munsinn 
Hou.tCf  Wcsirrn,  IJnitrd  Sfairs,  Commercial,  Ejcchatigr,  and 
Ihijf's.  There  are  also  other  excellent  houses,  where  the  wants 
of  travellers  are  well  attended  to.  (For  routes  from  liidlalo  to 
Detroit,  Chicago,  &^c.,  see  Index.) 

BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS  RAILROAD.— This  road 
extends  from  ButValo  to  Niagara  Falls,  2:2  miles;  it  was  opened 
for  travel  in  IB.'iG,  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1,  1848, 
was  .*j$'J()4,902.  The  total  number  of  passenrrors  carried  over  the 
road  durinjr  the  year  was  GO, .')()(). 

RoL'TKS    FROM     Ik^KlALO    TO    NlAGAKA     FaLI.S. —  (See     Map  No. 

20. — Visiters  can  reach  Niajjara  Falls  from  BuftUlo,  either  by 
tlie  Buffalo  and  Nini^ara  Falls  Railroad,  or  by  stcamhoat  to 
Chipjxtwa,  on  the  Canada  side,  or  to  Schlosser.  on  the  American 
side.  These  Falla  are  also  readied  from  Ror/it'stfr  by  the  Erie 
Canal  to  Lock  port,  and  thence  by  railroad  to  the  Falls  ;  there- 
hy  dispensinjj  with  the  route  throu<;h  Buffalo, — u  savinj;  of  both 
time  and  expense.  By  the  Jinffalo  and  Niatriira  Falls  Rail- 
road,  passen|Ter8  are  conveyed  direct  to  the  Falls,  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  22  miles  distant ;  and  from  the  steamboat-landinjr  at 
Srhlossrr,  either  by  the  cars  or  stoi^r,  runnin<r  direct  to  the 
Tails.  From  the  landinpf  at  Chippewa,  the  railroad  connecting; 
(iiieenston  with  that  place  takes  you  to  Niaixara  Falls,  a  short 
distance  v.  of  Chippewa,  stoppiuij  opposite  the  I'avilion  Hotel, 
and  al>out  half  a  mile  from  the  C'lifton  Ilon.se.  T/ic  fare  on 
each  of  t/ie  routes  from  liaff'alo  is  75  cents;  going  and  return- 
ing by  the  same  cunveyance,  ,*$1.25. 

14 


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•210 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAIMBOAT    ( OMPAMON. 


;'i!N 


>' 


View  of  Xi.veira  FaV.a 

FALLS  OF  NLA.GARA. 
(See  Map  No.  2'J.) 

TliPSP  Flails  nre  lirlievot]  to  be  the  most  sublime  object  of  the 
kind  in  the  world.  Lanjjiiiijre  is  incapable  of  conveyinjr  to  the 
mind  an  a<le(|nitfe  description  of  tlieir  bennties.  Their  immenpitv 
raises  cniotions  of  terror,  wo)vler.  and  deli<rht,  in  all  who  look 
upon  theni.  'I'here  are  other  falls  which  have  a  greater  perpeii- 
difidar  descent,  bnt  none  in  the  known  world  where  snch  a  mass 
of  water  is  precipitated  from  80  preat  a  heifxht.  It  has  been  cooi- 
ptiled  that  the  quantity  of  water  dischar<red  over  the  Falls  is 
<!7(),<l()(Mous  per  minute.  On  viewiu<r  this  ma<;nifjcent  w<<rk  ol 
nature,  the  words  of  the  Psalmist  are  forcibly  brought  to  mind  : 
"  I  will  remember  the  works  of  the  Lord.  Thon  art  the  (ioii 
that  doest  wonders.  The  waters  saw  thee,  ()  (Jod  ;  the  dej)llis 
also  were  troubled  ;  the  earth  trembled  and  shook.  Thy  way  is 
iu  the  sea,  and  thy  path  'n  the  great  waters,  and  thy  foosteps  are 
not  known." 

The  Falls  are  situated  on  tlie  Niagara  river,  14  miles  above 
Luke  Ontario,  and  23  below  Lake  Erie,  on  the  New  York  side. 


ihjort  of  tlio 
yinjr   to  tlu> 
r  inimensity 
11  who  look 
liter  perppM- 
Isuch  u  muss 
s  been  coin- 
Ithe    Falls  is 
out  work  ol 
lit  to  miiul : 
irt  llio  (io(i 
•,  the  depths 
Thy  wiiy  is 
foostcps  are 

Iniiles  above 
Iv  York  side. 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


2U 


The  riv(T  forms  the  outlet  of  lii*?  waters  of  the  jjreut  upper  lakes, 
which,  lo;j^etlirr  with  I'lr.o  aud  Ontario,  drain,  accordnij;  to  I'ro- 
lesHor  Drake  ol"  Kentucky,  au  area  of  country  c(pial  to  10,000 
sipiaie  mile.'*,  and  the  <xtent  of  their  surface  is  estimated  at 
'J.'I.DOO  s(piare  miles.  These  lakes  contain  nearly  one-half  of  the 
tresh  water  on  the  surface  of  the  j^lohe.  \,  the  distance  of  about 
lliree-fourths  of  a  nnle  above  the  Falls,  the  river  be<fins  a  raj)id 
descent,  makinjT  within  that  distance  a  succi'ssion  (tf  slopes,  i(pial 
to  r)J  fett  on  the  American  side,  and  .")?  on  the  op|)osite  one  ;  and 
Ibrminjj  a  pow«'rful  ciUTent  at  the  Falls,  it  turns  at  a  rijfht  ant^!e 
to  toe  N.  i;.,  and  is  then  suddenly  contracted  in  width  from  three 
miles  to  thr<-e-lourths  of  ii  mile.  He!(nv  the  cataract  the  river  is 
oidv  hall'  a  mile  wide,  l»ut  its  d<  ptli  exceeds  IJOO  feet.  Tlu^  cat- 
aract is  divided  mlo  two  parts  by  (ioat  or  Iris  Island,  containiu}; 
about  7.'»  acres  ;  but  the  |)rinc  pal  channel  is  on  the  western  or 
I'unadian  side,  and  lorms  the  (jln-at  Ilorse-Shoe  Fall,  over  wluch 
about  seveu-ei^iiihs  ui'  the  whole  is  thrown.  'I'he  eastern  channel 
between  (ioat  Island  and  the  State  of  New  Yoik  isa<,fain  dividcuj 
li\  a  small  island,  named  I'rospect,  forming;  ;i  beautitid  cascade, 
'i'he  descent  on  the  American  side,  as  ascertained  hy  measure- 
ment, is  11)4  bet,  and  on  the  Canadian  side  l.'iS  feet. 

The  chief  fealuri  «  of  this  sublime  s(,'eiie  are — the  (ireat  Ilorso- 
.•^hoe  Fall,  (Ioat  Island.  Table  U(»(k,  and  the  American  Fall 
The  best  sinjrU'  vi«'W  of  tiie  cataract  is  that  from  Tr.bM  Rock,  on 
the  C'anadian  side  ;  the  best  view  of  the  rapids  i.«  fro;!;  'ioat  Isl- 
and ;  and  of  the  American  Fall,  from  the  iVrry  u  slu  i:  d;su;Mco 
below  the  Falls,  on  the  American  side  :  but  the  lou  ;t  snblimo 
and  overpowerinjr  view  is  that  of  the  (ireat  llorse-Shoe  Fall,  on 
the  Caiuida  side. 

A  briiljre  connects  Hath  and  (ioat  islands  wit!i  the  main  laud, 
the  erection  of  which  was  a  work  of  noble  darin;;,  for  it  is  berr 
that  the  waters  rush  with  tremendous  vekxtity  towards  the  lear- 
l\d  abyss.  On  Hath  Islanil  is  a  toll-house,  where  visiters  are  re- 
tjuired  to  inscribe  their  names,  and  at  the  same  tinw  |)ay  a  fee 
of  ttcvntif-Jh-c  rents,  whi(di  entitles  them  to  visit  all  the  islands 
with  their  a|)i)enda^es,  as  often  as  may  be  wish(>d,  during  the 
visit  or  season,  without  any  adilitional  char<;e.  On  (ioat  Island 
the  visiter  will  (hul  {^uide-boards,  ilirr-ctin;;  to  all  tlie  most  iutor* 


I  •  ■ 


'     ri, 


.    .  \ 


212 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Hi  ■  H 


' '    1 , 


I 


estinjj  places  and  objects  around  the  island.  There  is  also  a 
bridjje,  called  the  Terrapin  IJridjjfe,  ubont  .'iOO  feet  in  lenjjth,  jut- 
l\n<r  out  from  the  w.  part  of  Goat  Island,  which  projects  10  feet 
over  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  On  the  rocks,  at  the  ver<re  of  the 
precipice,  is  a  stone  tower,  erected  in  IH'.VA,  which  is  45  ft.  high, 
wifh  winding  stairs  on  the  insid.',  and  an  open  gallery  on  the  top, 
surrounded  by  an  iron  balustrade,  from  which,  or  from  tho  end 
of  the  bridge,  the  effect  of  tho  Falls  upon  the  beholder  is  awfully 
sublime. 

The  descent  to  the  bottom  of  the  Falls,  on  Cioat  Island,  is  ac- 
complished by  covered  winding  stairs,  erected  in  the  year  18i29, 
by  tho  late  Nicholas  Diddle,  Es(j.,  of  Philadelphia  :  it  gives  visit- 
ers an  opportunity  of  descending  below  the  bank,  and  of  passing 
a  considerable  distance  behind  the  two  main  sheets  of  water. 
The  descent  from  the  island  to  the  margin  of  the  river  is  185  ft. 
A  common  flight  of  steps  leads  down  40  feet  to  tho  peri)en(iicular 
spiral  steps,  DO  in  number,  which  are  enclosed  in  a  building  in 
tho  shape  of  a  hexagon ^  resting  on  a  firm  foundation  at  the  bot- 
tom. From  the  foot  of  the  building  there  ar^^  three  ])atlis  leading 
to  the  most  important  points  of  observation,  one  of  which  leads  to 
the  river  below,  a  distance  of  bO  feet,  where  visiters  irill  fi/id  one 
of  t/ie  finest  lis!ti:iir  plwes  in  this  part  of  the  world.  Here  was 
Sam  Patch's  jiun[)ing-place.  The  path  at  the  left  of  the  stair- 
case leads  to  tho  great  Crescent,  or  Ilorse-Shoe  Fall,  where, 
when  the  wind  blows  up  the  river,  a  safe  and  delightful  passage 
is  opened  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  The  path  to  the  right  leads 
to  a  magnificent  cave,  appropriately  named,  on  its  discovery, 
yEolus'  Cave,  or  Cave  of  the  Winds  ;  it  is  about  1:20  feet  across, 
50  wide,  and  100  high,  and  is  situated  directly  behind  the  Centre 
Fall,  or  Cascade,  which  .-it  the  bottom  is  more  than  100  ft.  wide. 

About  100  feet  below  the  Falls,  on  tho  American  side,  is  an- 
other staircase  leading  to  the  ferry,  which  connects  with  the  Ca- 
nadian shore.  From  tho  ferry  a  very  near  view  of  the  highest 
Fall,  and  a  most  charming  j)rosj)ect  of  the  entire  Fall,  are  ob- 
tained. There  is  not  the  least  danger  in  crossing  th"  river,  com- 
petent persons  having  charge  of  the  boats ;  and,  for  a  short  one, 
the  excursion  is  delightful,  eight  minutes  being  the  usual  time  in 
crossing.     Persons  occasionally  swim   across  without  difficulty 


3  also  a 

nrlh,  jUt- 

"lO  feet 
e  of  the 
ft.  hish, 
I  the  top, 
the  end 
s  nw  fully 

nd,  is  ac- 
our  1829, 
ives  visit- 
of  pussing 
of  water. 
•  is  185  ft. 
jM'iulicular 

Duilthns  ill 
at  the  hot- 
tlis  leadiuj: 
;h  leads  to 
II  find  one 
I  lire  was 
the  stair- 
ull,  where, 
ad  passage 
riirlit  leads 
d.scovery, 
IVet  across, 
the  Centre 
UO  ft.  wide, 
side,  is  an- 
ith  the  Ca- 
Lho  highest 
|idl,  are  oh- 
1  river,  coni- 
\.  short  one, 
3ual  time  in 
It  difliculty 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


213 


The  visiter  on  hemi^  landed  will  proceed  up  the  bank  hy  a  car- 
ria<^e  road,  at  the  head  of  which  stands  the  Clifton  House  ;  here 
he  may  obtain  refreshments,  and  aft»'rwards  proceed  towards 
Table  liock,  where  will  be  found  a  spiral  staircase,  from  the  foot 
of  which  he  can  jjasa  If).']  feet  behintl  the  sheet  of  water.  A 
rfentlernan  has  the  charjxe  of  this  staircase,  and  furnishes  dresses 
and  a  jyjuide  for  visiters  who  wish  to  jjo  beiund  the  sheet.  'I'hero 
is  iiere  a  readinfj-room,  and  a  place  of  refreshment,  with  alliums, 
an  examination  of  which  will,  no  doubt,  prove  interestiivjf  A 
short  distance  from  Table  Rock  stands  Mr.  IJarnett's  very  inter- 
esting Museum,  a  visit  to  which  should  not  be  onntted.  'I'he 
Camera  Obscura.  a  short  walk  from  the  Museum,  is  also  worthy 
the  attention  of  visiters. 

From  Table  Rock,  a  view  of 
which  is  presented  in  the  en-  «^ 
graving,  there  is  one  broac'  and  |^ 
unposing  view  of  the  entire 
Falls,  and  much  of  the  scenery 
of  the  rapids  and  islands.  It  is 
generally  conceded  that  this 
view,  and  that  from  the  Terra- 
pin Bridge  and  Tower,  are  the 
best,  and  combine  more  of  the  ^t' 
beautiful  and  sublime  than  can 
be  obtained  from  any  other  point 
on  either  side  of  the  river.  In 
ascending  the  bank  from  Table 
Rock  to  the  iiotelis,  you  have  a 
lino  and  extensive  view  of  the 
siuTounding  country. 

One  of  the  grand  new  features  at  Niagara  is  the  runnin,'  of  u 
powerful  steamer  to  the  very  edge  of  the  cataract,  thereby  giv- 
ing visiters  an  opportunity  of  enjoying  a  near  and  entirely  new 
view  of  the  falls;  and  the  grand  scenery  of  the  "  (iuM."  (J-tat 
Island,  Table  Rock,  and  other  places  cf  interest  in  lli»'  vicinity. 
The  steamer  "  Maid  of  the  Mist"  runs  /"'>///•  limes  daily,  leaving 
her  wharf  at  the  lowrr  landinir,  and  touching  at  t!ie  land  n^-  on 
tlio  Canada  side,  and  thence  passing  along  in  front  of  the  Amer- 


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211 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


:»i 


ican  and  the  (Jreat  Ilorsc-Shoe  Falls, — so  closo  that  the  spray 
dashes  over  tlie  boat.  The  view  thus  aftorded  is  sublime.  The 
steamer  is  of  ]()()  tons  burden,  and  fitted  with  every  precaution 
ajjainst  aceidents,  and  so  carefully  jjuarded  as  to  Inspire  full  con- 
fidr'nce.  It  has  (wn  ciif^inet,  so  that  if  one  fails,  the  other  may 
bo  |)ut  in  irearinjj,  which  can  be  done  in  a  minute  and  a  half. 
She  is  found  with  two  anchors  and  chain  cables  ;  and  is  also 
provided  with  a  small  l)oal,  by  which  a  stronjr  lino  can  be  run 
ashore  the  moment  a  necessity  for  doinjj  so  exists.  Visiters  are 
taken  from  the  vilIa<;o  in  carrianes.  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  to 
the  sl#'amer.  The  road  down  the  bank  starts  from  the  j)oint  on 
the  American  side  which  has  been  fixed  upon  as  the  terminus 
of  the  Suspension  I?iid^e.  A  b;;nd  of  music  acconjpanies  the 
bo  It. 

'•'he  Niau;itrn  Su.ipnifdov  Briilisr  will  sjian  the  5i:»rrow  ji^orpro 
t.f  thf>  JN'iajjara  river,  between  the  cataract  and  the  whirlpool,  in 
v'ev;  of  both,  by  an  arch  bOO  feet  !on^,  40  wide,  and  2.'JU  abovi* 
'the  water.  It  will  be  supjKJrled  by  HJ  wire  cables,  1,100  ft.  loiijf, 
und  i  ;)wards  of  112  inches  in  circumference.  Itsstreu'^th  is  to  bo 
equai  to  (')yA){)  tons  tension  strain  ;  and  it  is  to  b*-  subjected  to  tho 
most  tHn-^re  ami  conclusive  tests,  t;o  as  to  render  it  safe  beyond 
any  possible  contingency.  A  railro;id  track  will  extend  thronfrli 
its  centre,  unilinij  the  roads  terminating  at  tho  falls  ;  there  will 
also  be  carriage-ways  and  a  footpath.  It  is  to  be  completed  by 
the  1st  of  May,  1811),  at  a  cost  of  ,S^190,000.  Tho  engineer  is 
Charles  Ellet,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Three  miles  below  the  Falls  is  the  Whirlpool,  resembling  in  its 
appearance  the  celebrated  Maelstrom  on  the  coast  of  Norway. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  river  tnaking  nearly  a  right  angle,  while 
it  is  here  n;irrower  than  at  any  othe-  ^lace,  not  being  more  than 
30  rods  wide,  and  the  current  rniuiing  with  such  velocity  as  tc 
rit'T  up  in  the  middle  10  r<>et  j.^ove  the  sides.  This  lias  been 
ascertained  by  measuremeM,  Tdere  is  a  path  leading  down  the 
hank  to  the  Whirlpool  on  U'lh  sides,  and,  uiough  somewhat  dilli- 
cult  to  descend  and  ascend,  it  is  accomplished  almost  every  day 
on  the  American  side. 

A  mile  below  the  Whirlpool  is  a  place  on  tho  American  sido 
called  the  "  Devil's  Hole,"   embracing  about  two  acres,  cut  ou 


he  spray 
r^e.  The 
recauliou 

full  con- 
)thcr  may 
(I  a  half. 
lul  is  also 
lu  be  run 
"isiters  aro 

a  half,  to 
le  j)oint  on 

0  lenninus 
iipanies  the 

irrow  eorne 
k'hirlpool,  m 

1  2:U)  above 
100  fl.  loa^r, 
u<^th  is  to  bo 
ectcd  to  Iho 

afe  boyoiul 

nd  thron;i;h 

there  will 

onipleted  by 

engineer  is 

mbliunr  in  its 
of  Norway, 
angle,  while 
jr  more  than 
^locity  as  tc 
lis  has  been 
iirr  clown  the 
Lewhat  dilVi- 
\ii  every  d^y 

lerican  side 
;res,  cut  ou 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


215 


laterally  and  perpendicularly  in  the  rock  by  the  side  of  the  river, 
and  1  ')0  ft.  deep.  An  anjyrle  of  this  hole  or  gulf  conieH  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  stage-road,  allbrding  travellers  an  opportunity,  without 
alighting,  of  looking  into  the  yawning  abyss.  Hut  they  should 
alight  and  pass  to  the  further  side  of  the  flat  j)rojecting  rock, 
where  they  will  feel  thenjselves  richly  repaid  for  their  trouble. 

The  Burning  Sprinir,  on  t!ie  Canada  side,  is  half  a  mile 
above  the  Falls,  and  within  a  short  distance  of  the  rapids  in  the 
Niagara  river.  (By  referring  to  INIap  21)  its  location  will  be  sfen.) 
The  water,  which  is  warm,  is  surcharged  with  sul|)hureted  hy- 
t'rogon  gas,  which,  on  introi'ucing  a  light,  inuuediately  takes  fire 
and  burns  with  a  clear  and  steady  flame. 

On  the  same  side  of  the  Falls  with  the  above  are  the  village  of 
Chippewa,  and  Lundifs  Ldnc,  noteil  as  baltle-grounds  of  the 
English  and  Americans  in  t!ie  war  of  IblxJ. 

DISTANCES. 

MUet. 

From  Sleaniboal  Landinpr  across  to  Chippewa »4 

From  Fori  Schlo.sser  to  Chippcnva IJ 

From  tlie  Falls  to  Ciuppevva 2 

Across  the  River  at  the  Falls J 

From  the  Eagle  and  Cataraet  Hotels  to  Table  Rock ]\ 

From  the  Falls  to  the  Mnieral  !S[)riiigs 2 

"               to  the  Whirlpool '^ 

"               to  the  Devil's  Hole 4 

♦•               to  Erie  Canal  at  Tonawanda 11 

"               to  Bulla lo 22 

"               to  Lockport 18 

"               to  Lewiston 7 

Hod: 

•«               to  Goat  Island  by  the  bridge .*)« 

Across  the  Falls  on  the  American  side 5(> 

Across  the  foot  of  Goat  Island 80 

Length  of  Goat  Island ItiO 

Across  the  Ilorse-lSlioe  Fall 114 

From  the  steps  of  the  Eagle  and  Cataract  Hotels  to  top  of 

the  bank 100 

From  top  of  the  bank  down  the  staircase  to  the  River  —  28 

Width  of  River  at  the  Ferry 76 

Distance  up  the  Canada  bank 76 

Ftit. 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Horse-Shoe 20 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Ferry 250 


,rs 


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i>lG 


RAIMIOAI)  AND  STEAHIBOAT  CO.MrAMOX. 


Qiirenstori  is  spveii  t)iilen  below  tlio  Fulls,  oil  the  Niuuara  rivfr, 
directly  ojjposiio  licvvisloii,  with  which  it  in  conncetpd  by  a  ferry 
This  place  was  alwo  the  theatre  of  a  battle  duriiijr  the  war  of  lt<l::2, 
and  it  contains  the  ninnunifnt  erected  to  the  memory  of  (icneral 
Ilrocli,  a  IJritish  otlirier,  who  received  a  mortal  wound  when 
about  to  lead  on  his  men  to  the  conflict.  It  is  now,  however,  in 
a  shattered  condition,  havin}^  been,  a  few  years  since,  blown  up 
by  fjunpowder,  by  some  unknown  individual. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  war  with  (ireat  Britain,  three  lartre 
British  ships  stationed  on  Lidte  Erie,  were  declared  unlit  for  ser- 
vice, and  condemned.  Permission  was  obtained  to  send  them 
over  the  Falls.  The  first,  torn  to  shivers  by  the  rapids,  went 
over  in  fra^^tnents  ;  the  second  filled  with  water  before  she  reached 
the  Falls  ;  but  the  third,  in  belter  condition,  took  the  leapjrallant- 
ly,  and  retained  her  form  till  hidden  in  the  mist  below.  A  re- 
ward of  ten  dollars  was  offered  for  the  larp'st  fraj^ment  of  wood 
wliich  should  be  found  from  either  wreck,  five  for  the  second, 
and  so  on.  One  piece  only  was  seen,  and  that,  about  a  foot  lonj;, 
was  mashed  as  by  a  vice,  and  its  edges  notched  like  the  teeth  of 
a  saw. 

In  the  year  18i27  a  few  individuals  purchased  a  large  schooner 
of  1 10  tons  bur.len.  This  vessel  was  towed  down  tlui  river  to 
wilhin  half  a  mile  of  the  *'  rapids,"  when  it  was  cut  adrift  and 
left  to  its  fate.  The  rapids  are  caused  by  numerous  ledges  of 
ro(;ks  from  two  to  four  feet  high,  extending  wholly  across  the 
river,  over  which  the  water  successively  pitches  for  about  a  mile 
innnediutely  above  the  main  cataract.  The  vessel  got  safely 
over  the  first  ledge,  but  upon  pitching  over  the  second,  her  masts 
went  by  the  board.  Springing  a-leak,  she  filled  with  water,  and 
her  position  changed  to  stern  foremost,  in  which  manner  she  took 
her  last  plunge  over  the  main  fall,  her  bowsprit  being  tho  last 
part  that  was  visible  of  her.  She  of  course  never  rose  noTC,  but 
numerous  fragments  of  her  timbers  were  picked  up  some  miles 
below  in  very  small  i)ieces,  bruised,  torn,  and  shivered.  There 
were  two  bears  and  some  other  animals  on  board  of  hei,  but  the 
bears  seem  to  have  had  some  misgivings  of  the  safety  of  the 
voyage,  and  therefore  when  she  sprang  a-leak  and  floated  stern- 
foremost  they  stepped  overboard,  and  with  much  difficulty  sue- 


ROUTES  FROM  NIAC^ARA  FALLS. 


217 


ra  rivcf; 
a  ferry 
of  1«1~\ 
(icnorul 
id  wluMi 
vev»'r,  in 
iilovvn  up 

rco  large 
it  for  ser- 
ciul  them 
»;ds,  went 
c  reached 
ij)  gallaut- 
V.     A  re- 
t  of  wood 
le  second. 
L  foot  lonjr^ 
he  teeth  of 

schooner 
,0  river  to 
ladrift  and 
lodires  of 
across  the 
lout  a  mile 
I  got  safely 
her  masts 
,'ater,  and 
l?r  she  took 
[ig  tho  last 
nore,  but 
Lmo  miles 
Id.     There 
M,  but  the 
^ty  of  the 
ted  stern- 
Iculty  sue- 


jeeded  in  swimming  ashore,  after  having  been  carried  halfway 
down  towards  the  main  cataract  by  the  rapidity  of  the  ciurent. 
It  is  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  been  long  resident  near  the 
cataract,  that  net  even  the  fish  that  happen  to  ho  forced  down  the 
Fails  fver  escape  with  life  ;  and  in  corroboration  of  this,  nnmer- 
ons  dead  fish  are  daily  seen  below  the  gulf:  wild  fowl  too,  un- 
mindful of  their  danger,  or  floated  down  wliiie  they  are  ash-cj), 
liieet  destruction  if  onco  driven  within  the  verijo  of  the  main  cat- 
aract. 

RoUTKS  FROM    NiAGAKA   FaLI.S  TO   HAMILTON,   OkTIIuIT,   &.C. 

By  the  railroad  to  (^ueenston  is  seven  miles;  from  this  place  to 
Hamilton,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  50  miles,  which  may 
be  reached  either  by  stage,  or  by  crossing  the  river  tc  lewiston, 
and  taking  the  steamer  from  Ogdensbnrg,  which  stops  therv  to  land 
and  receive  passengers,  and  thence  proceeds  to  Hamilton.  From 
the  latter  place,  at  present,  the  conveyance  is  by  stage,  ever  an 
excellent  macadamized  road  to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  201 
miles,  passing  through  Woodstock,  liOndon,  Chatham,  and  other 
places.     Total  distance,  258  miles  ;  time  2^  days.     Usual  faro 

At  Windsor  the  river  is  crossed  to  Detroit,  from  which  place 
travellers  may  proceed  to  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  New  Orleans,  and  other  places  in  the  West  and  South- 
west. 

Hamilton,  Canada,  is  situated  on  Burlington  Bay,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lake,  and 
its  advantages  for  trade  are  very  groat.  A  regular  steamboat 
comnumication  will  be  opened  the  present  season  between  thiy 
place  and  Ogdensbnrg.  The  importance  of  Hamilton  will  be 
!;reaily  increased  by  its  becoming  the  terminus  of  the  Great  W^est- 
crn  Railway. 

Routes  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal  and  Qleaec, 
(see  Map  No.  28.) — Tourists  and  others,  at  this  fashionable  ra- 
sort,  wishing  to  proceed  to  the  above  places  in  Canada,  will  hava 
u  choice  of  several  routes,  as  follows  : — 

Ist.  From  Niagara  to  Leiciston,  7  miles,  at  which  place  W6 
take  the  steamboat,  and  cross  the  lake  to  Toronto^  50  miles ; 


til 


218 


i:a!LIH;a:)  and  >STKAMi50AT  <  oimianion. 


■«^v^..,.,    ■     ^ 


m 


l 

■1 

•1 

•* 

3 


Ihenro  to  KiniS-stoii,  17.'>  milt's,  and  to  Munlrral,  2ir»  miles: 
total  (li.-laiicc  111)  miles:  usual  timo  JS  hours.  Fair  about  ^lii. 
Thrrt^  is  aho  u  shitrr-iDiite  I'roiu  Toronto  to  IvinL''f*l<>i>  ;  uikI  also 
lup  I'rorn  'I'oronto  to  C^uconsloii  via  Hamilton,  !).')  miles. 

TdKinIn,  1"/.')  miles  \\.  Irom  Kin^^sion,  and  4')  riiik's  n.  f.  from 
JIamilton>  has  a  fiuo  situation  at  the  head  of  a  hay  v;h*«Mi  *"'ta 
n|)  from  J.ako  Ontario.  It  is  Iiandsonu'ly  huilf,  with  wii'i'  streets 
intorscctinjr  ruch  other  at  rij^ht  an}»!es.  Ilsfrrowth  has  hcen  vry 
rapid,  and  it  now  (l84Hj  contains  21,0:2.')  inhahitants.  Twenty 
years  ajjo  it  did  nnf  contain  2,000  inhabitants. 

Kinirstait,  on  Ijako  Ontario,  175  milos  from  Toronto  and  215 
8.  w.  Iroin  Montre.r  is  also  very  advantaireously  situated  for 
trade.  It  is  a  military  j)ost  of  {jreat  strenfrth.  The  Navy  Yard 
and  fctrtifiralions  hero  arc  worthy  the  attention  of  stranj^ers 
and  visiters  ;  an  ord*  ",  hftwever,  is  necessary,  which  may  hi»  pro- 
cured fro  the  chiot  ollicer  in  conunand.  The  Ridciiii  Cinial, 
conunences  at  Iviiif_fston,  and  extends  to  the  Ottawa  riv(  r,  100 
miles.  Tills,  with  the  Welland  C'anal,  comj)letes  the  navitjation 
from  the  ocean  to  the  great  lakes.  During  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion steamboats  ply  hetw  "i\  Kingston  and  the  principal  placet: 
on  Lake  Ontario  ;  and  boats  of  an  inferior  class  pass  through  the 
Kideau  C'anal  and  I'k   St.  T  twrcnce  to  Montreal. 

2d.  Ftoa  N!a;^ur;  Fulls,  by  railroad,  to  Lockjjort ;  and  tlience 
by  the  Erio  C'unal  to  Kochester  ; — or  from  the  Falls  to  Bufialo, 
and  thence  to  RocIie.-!ter  by  railroad,  and  on  the  Cieneseo  river 
take  the  steamboat,  and  thence  down  Lake  Ontario,  6ic.,  to 
Montreal. 

3d.  From  Niagara  Falls  proceed  to  Lewiston  ;  there  take  the 
steamer  down  the  lake  to  Ogdensburg  ;  thence  across  the  river 
to  Prescott  on  the  Canada  side  ;  thence  by  stage  and  steamboat 
to  La  Chine  ;  thence  by  railroad  lo  Montreal  ;  and  from  that 
city  to  Quebec  by  steamboat.  The  distance  to  Montreal  by  this 
route  is  about  420  miles.  At  Ogdensburg,  travellers  may  take 
the  stage  to  Montreal  via  Covington,  130  miles. 

4th.  Or  travellers  may  proce-  i  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Canada, 
by  the  chain  of  railroads,  or  the  Erie  Canal,  from  IJuffulo  ♦'">  Al- 
bany or  Troy  ;  thence  by  the  routes  to  Whitehall,  and  down 
Lake  Champlain   and   the  Sorel   river,  to  St.  Johns,  Canada ; 


it 


inileH : 
.t  !5$H). 
lud  also 

F..  from 
id  I  '^♦^ts 
,-  streets 
p«M\  v'^ry 
Twrnty 

and  215 
dialed  for 
ivy  Yard 
st  runners 

ly  Ix"  pro- 
iH  Canal, 
rivt  r,  100 
naviiiation 
of  luiviga- 
,;il   plane:; 

tnd  theiuo 
o  Buffalo, 
irsoc  river 
.,,    &i^c.,  to 

[c  take  i\w 

IS  the  rivcv 

slcaiuboat 

from  thai 

real  by  tb'i^ 

may  tako 

I  to  Canada, 
iftalo  to  Al- 
and down 
Canada ; 


ROUTES  FROM  SIA'iAKA  FAI.I.S. 


219 


Ihenco  by  railroad,  15  miK's,  to  the  St.  fjiwnjicr,  and  down  tliut 
Htrt'uiM  to  .Moiifrral.  At  tlio  latt»r  \)\\uw  take  tin*  Htcaihlxuit 
down  the  river  to  Qiu  boc.  'I'ho  distance  by  Ibis  runle  tVoin  Ni- 
iiijara  Fulls  to  Montreal  is  T)!!!)  miles,  an<l  to  (^nebec  I^U   miles 


larti 


ler. 


'I'liese  routes    are    tie.srnbed   at    IculMIi    Under  their 


re- 


hj»e(;tive  beads.) 


Port  (Icnv 


SI 


\  miles  from  riewiston,  is  situated  at  tbe  nicutli 


oflbe  (Jenesee  river.  It  is  a  port  tff  entry  and  delivery,  and  con- 
tains a  Custom-House,  (inat  Sidim  linif  \n  .'I.')  miUa  furilier  : 
O.^wriro,  'M)  miles  beyond,  is  desenb-d  at  pa^j*'  1!);). 

Sarkril's  llarh'jr,  U)  miles  still  lower  (!•'  ^ii  tbe  bdie,  is  !\ 
tlouri.sbinf;  villafre  on  I  be  s.  w.  side  of  Illark  river.  Its  barbor  is 
one  of  tbe  best  upon  Lake  ()ntario,  A  bill  j^  1  tbe  le;^i.-;lulure 
in  A|)rd,  lt^4&*,  for  tbe  constructiMn  of  a  rail,  i  under  the  name 
of  tbe  •' Saratn;,fa  and  Sackelt's  llarlxir  llailroad,"  wliieb  is  to 
connect  tbis  villa;^e,  at  tbe  nearest  and  best  point,  with  the  rail- 
roads at  Saratoija.     'I'lie  leii.;lb  Will  be  about  \'.\'t  miles. 

('iijte  Viiirriif,  xJU  miles  from  Sacketl's  Harbor,  a  <rro\vii);j  anc] 
prosperous  villu«je,  is  situated  on  Lake  Ontario.  o|)pos;te  toKniirs- 
ton,  and  near  llio  connnencement  of  the  "  Tbousand  Isle.s.'* 
Arraufrements  are  makin<;  to  connect  Cape  Vincent  by  nilroad 
witb  Rome,  on  tbo  ICrio  Canal,  and  tbe  Syracuse  and  Uticu 
Railroad. 

Tbe  T/ionaaiid  Isles  is  a  name  given  to  a  nmnlxr  of  islandsi 
in  tbe  St.  Jjawrence,  extendiu;,'  down  from  tbe  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario 30  miles.  They  are  of  every  size  and  form,  Ibouijb  never  at- 
tuinino'to  auv  sireat  elevation.    Tbescenerv  here  is  most  beautiful. 

Ogdcnshuii!;,  a  j)ort  of  entry  upon  tbe  St.  Lawrences  river,  at 
tbe  coniluence  of  tbe  Oswegatcbie  river  with  that  stream,  is  :2U4 
miles  N.  from  Albany.  It  lies  on  a  beautiful  plain,  and  is  rejru- 
larly  laid  out  and  well  built.  It  is  a  place  of  nmcb  trade,  and  its 
harbor,  an  excellent  one,  is  considered  as  at  tbe  toot  of  Lake  On- 
tario, because  tbe  river  at  tbis  point  has  little  descent,  allhougli 
it  is  in  reality  GO  miles  below  tbe  outlet. 

A  new  steamer  will  run  the  j)re.sent  summer  between  0|r, lens- 
burg  and  Hamilton,  liy  tbis  arrang'Mneut  a  direct  communica- 
tion will  bo  established  between  tbo  port  at  the  liead  of  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  far  as  vessels  can  go  without 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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220 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


|-; 


II 


encountering  rapids.  From  Iluniiltnn  lo  Detroit  is  201  miles, 
most  of  the  way  over  a  fine  plunk  or  macadamized  road.  Hith- 
erto it  has  been  usual  for  travellers,  j)articularly  from  the  s.  side 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  land  at  Lowiston,  then  cross  the  Niagara 
river  to  Qiiccnston,  and  travel  by  land  to  Hamilton,  about  50 
miles,  the  very  point  at  which  they  will  be  landed  by  the  steam- 
er between  Ogdensburg  and  Hamilton.  (For  Montreal  and 
Quebec,  see  pages  181,  180.) 


!•■ 


THE  OGDENSBURG  RAILROAD  will  extend  from  Ogdens- 
burg  on  the  8t.  Lawrence,  to  House's  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain. 
It  is  designed  to  connect  the  waters  of  liake  Champlain  with 
those  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  the  great  lakes.  This  work 
is  in  a  good  state  of  forwardness,  and  the  directors  believe  that  it 
will  bo  open  for  freight  and  travel  by  the  middle  of  Aug.  1849 
This  road  will  connect  at  Lake  (Hiamplain  with  the  railroads 
from  Boston  which  intersect  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont,  forming  a  continuous  line  from  Boston  harbor  to  the 
St  Lawrence  river. 

The  engineer  of  the  Ogdensburg  Railroad  states  that  the  length 
of  line  is  117^  miles  ;  the  distance  from  Ogdensb'irg  to  the  sum- 
mit being  82  miles,  and  thence  to  Lake  Champlain  35g.  The 
elevation  of  the  sunnnit  is  1,009  feet  above  Lake  Champlain,  and 
859  feet  above  the  place  of  departure,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  at 
Ogdensburg.  From  Ogdensburg  to  the  summit  the  maximum 
grade  is  2G.4  feet  per  mile,  or  one  foot  in  200,  there  being  in  this 
distance  1,195  feet  of  ascending  and  285  feet  of  descending  grade. 
The  distance  of  the  railroad  from  the  Canada  line,  near  the  sum- 
mit, does  not  exceed  2^  miles.  In  the  distance  from  the  summit 
to  Lake  Champlain  there  is  no  ascending  grade,  and  the  maxi- 
mum of  descending  grade  is  39.0  feet  per  mile.  Such  grades 
are  favorable  for  the  transport  of  heavy  trains  from  west  to  east, 
and  they  are  not  too  great  for  the  rapid  transport  of  passenger 
'  trains  in  other  directions.  The  wliole  lino  is  remarkable  for  its 
directness,  there  being  no  curvature  of  any  importance  of  a  less 
radius  than  5,000  feet.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  whole  line  is 
$2,229,270,  or  $19,000  a  mile,  $9,000  a  mile  being  allowed  for 
the  superstructure 


:■!>£ 


1 1  m'.les, 
1.  Hith- 
ic  s.  side 
Niagara 
ubout  50 
10  steam- 
treal    and 


Ogdens- 
hainplain. 
plain  with 
This  work 
?ve  that  it 
Vug.  1849 
3  raih-oads 
pshirc  and 
rbor  to  the 

the  length 
the  sum- 
|35|.     The 
plain,  and 
iwrcnce,  at 
maximum 
?ing  in  this 
[ding  grade. 
Ir  the  sum- 
|;he  summit 
the  inaxi- 
[ich   grades 
lest  to  east, 
passenger 
^able  for  its 
;e  of  a  less 
[hole  line  is 
lallowed  for 


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RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


MM  1 


RAILROAD   ROUTES   IN  NEV/   JERSEY. 
(See  Map  No.  23.) 

Route  fro.m  New  York  to  Patersox,  N.  J.— Puksohjjcis  for 
Patorson  take  the  ferry-boat  at  the  foot  of  C-oiutlaiid-sl.,  New 
Vcrk,  for  Jersey  City  ;  at  which  place  Ihey  lake  the  cars  of  th'i 
Patr.rson  and  Hudson  liailruad  for  Palensoii,  17  miles  distant 
Ftire  50  cents. 

The  citi/  of  Patirson,  an  important  mamifactiirin;jj  town,  is 
situated  in  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  river,  near  the  mvat  falls. 
By  a  dam  in  the  river,  four  and  a  half  feet  hiii'h,  and  a  canal 
around  the  falls,  a  va.st  water-power  is  created,  suflicient  for  the 
sujjply  of  numerous  manufactories.  The  l^T  jrris  Canal  passes  a 
little  to  the  s.  of  the  city.  'I'hv' Passaic  FalU  -ire  celebrated  for 
their  picturesque  beauty.  The  i^mount  of  water,  however,  taken 
from  llie  river  for  manufacturinj^  purposes,  has  jrrcatly  diminished 
their  tine  effect.  The  Paterson  and  Ramapo  Railroad  will  connect 
the  city  of  Paterson  with  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Ramapo,  and  ther(>by 
open  a  new  thoroughfare  for  travellers  over  the  Erie  Railroad  to 
New  York.     (See  Map  No.  18.) 

Route  from  New  York  to  Morristowx,  also  to  ''ciioolev's 
Mou-NTALX,  (See  Map  No.  23.) — Passenjijers  leaving  New  York 
for  places  on  this  route,  and  also  for  the  Springs,  take  the  ferry- 
boat at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st.  to  Jersey  City  ;  thence  by  rail- 
road to  Morristown,  '3'2  miles,  stopping  at  intermediate  places. 
Fare  ,$1.00. 

Passengers  by  the  morning  lino  to  Morristown  will  arrive  there 
at  11^  o'clock,  where  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey  them 
to  Schooley's  Mountain,  Washington,  Belvidero,  and  Easton, 
daily;  toOwego,  Milford,  Newton,  Stanhope,  andSuckasunny,ou 
Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays;  and  to  Rockaway,  Dover, 
Sparta,  ai.J  Newton,  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays  ; 
each  line  returning  on  the  following  days  to  meet  the  afternoon 
train  for  New  York.  A  stage  will  also  leave  for  Basking  Ridgo 
every  evening  on  the  arrival  of  the  cars  at  Morristown. 

By  a  line  recently  established,  a  stage  leaves  Morristown  for 
the  Delaware  Water  Gap  and  Stroudsburg,  via  Stanhope,  John- 


;i 


.'' 


'^*m.mibimim. 


m 


'^ii 


M  I 


222 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


fioiihiir;;,  Columbia,  nnd  Ulairstowii,  every  Tuesday,  Thursday 
and  Saturday,  on  the  arrival  of  the  morninjr  train  from  New 
York.  Returning  on  the  alternate  days,  the  stage  leaves  Strouds- 
burg  at  4  a.  m.  to  meet  the  afternoon  cars  from  Morristown. 

Passengers  go  through  to  and  from  Jersey  City  without  chan- 
ging ctirs.  On  leaving  the  city,  passengers  deposite  their  bag- 
gage in  the  car  at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st.,  where  an  agent  is  in 
attendance  to  receive  it. 

Morristown,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Morris  county,  is  one  of  the 
most  pojiulous  and  thriving  towns  in  New  Jersey.  The  houses 
are  generally  well  built,  and  surrounded  by  cultivated  gardens, 
imj)arting  to  it  an  nir  of  rural  beauty.  The  town  is  supplied  with 
water  from  a  eopioup  spring  two  miles  distant. 

Schoolcifs  Mountain,  18  miles  from  Morristown,  is  a  celebra- 
ted sunmier  resort,  owing  to  its  elevateu  situation,  its  pure  and 
bracing  atmosphere,  and  its  mineral  springs,  the  waters  of  which 
are  used  with  great  advantage  for  chronic  diseases  and  general 
debility.  They  contain  muriate  of  soda,  of  magnesia,  and  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  silex,  and  carbon- 
ated oxide  of  iron.  Visiters  to  this  healthful  region  will  find  the 
accommodations  equal  to  those  at  similar  places  elsewhere.  Bel- 
mont Hall,  and  Marsh's  Health-House,  are  fine  and  extensive 
establishments.     Usual  stage  fare  from  Morristown,  ^1.50. 

Philadelphia  passengers  leave  the  cars  at  New  Brunswick,  and 
there  take  the  etage,  via  Somerville,  for  the  Mountain. 

The  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  is  being  continued  from 
Morristown  through  Dover  and  Stanhope,  to  the  Delaware  Wa- 
ter Gap,  at  which  place  it  will  unite  with  the  Susquehanna  and 
Delaware  Railroad,  which  is  intended  to  start  from  the  coal-beds 
of  the  Lackawana,  some  20  miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  by  which 
means  New  York  will  obtain  her  supply  of  fuel  direct  from  the 
mines  of  Pennsylvania. 

Route  from  New  York  to  Somerville,  (see  Map  No.  23.) — 
Passengers  take  the  steamboat  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River, 
Battery  Place,  and  are  thence  conveyed  to  Elizabeth  port,  15 
miles  ;  from  which  place  they  proceed  in  the  cars  to  Somerville, 
stopping  at  the  following  places  on  the  route,  viz :  Elizabeth" 


RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


223 


ursday 
m  New 
■^trouds- 

ut  clian- 
eir  bajr- 
rent  is  IP 

ne  of  the 
le  houses 
gardens, 
plied  with 

a  celebra- 
pure  and 
s  of  which 
nd  general 
sia,  and  of 
ud  carbon- 
ill  find  the 
liere.    Bel- 
extensivo 

.50. 
iswick,  and 

inued  from 
iware  Wa- 
Ihanna  and 
coal-beds 
I,  by  which 
It  from  the 


No.  23.)— 
[orth  River, 
lethport,  15 
ISomerville, 

Elizabeth* 


towTiy  IG  miles  ;  Wesijield,  21  niiios  ;  Srntrh  Plains,  27  miles  ; 
Plninjicld,  29  miles  ;  Neiv  Market,  'M  miles  ;  Bound  Brook,  35 
miles,  and  arrive  at  Sorncrville,  40  niiles  from  New  York.  Fare 
$1.00. 

The  Somerville  and  Kaslon  Railroad  is  being  continued  west- 
ward from  Somerville  3^^  miles  to  the  Delaware  river  at  I'liil- 
lipsbiirg,  opposite  Easton,  Pa.,  with  a  brunch  to  Belvidere,  12 
miles  long. 

Easton,  Pa.,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Northampton  county,  i.s  sit- 
uated at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  rivers.  It 
is  G5  miles  from  N<'\v  York  by  land,  and  by  the  MorrLs  Caual 
112  miles;  from  Philiulclpliia  hy  land,  56  miles;  to  Bristol  by 
canal,  GO  miles  ;  and  thence  to  Philadelphia  20  miles  more. 
In  the  advantages  of  i^s  position,  and  the  beauty  of  its  surround- 
ing scenery,  it  can  vie  with  any  inluiul  town  in  the  state.  La- 
favette  Colleire  occupies  a  comrnandinjj  site  on  a  hijjii  hill  n.  of 
the  town,  from  which  a  superb  view  is  enjt.yed  of  the  fine  scene- 
ry of  this  vicinity.  A  splendid  bridge  crosses  the  Delaware  river, 
which  cost  {^65,000. 

Belvidere,  the  shire  town  of  Warren  county,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  river,  12  miles  above  Easton,  is  a  beautiful  town,  pos- 
sessing an  immense  water-power,  which  seems  destined  ere  long 
to  make  it  the  Lowell  of  New  Jersey. 

The  Delaware  Water  Gap  is  about  eight  miles  n.  from  Belvi- 
dere. The  scenery  here  is  of  the  most  magnificent  Hoscription. 
The  Delaware  river  appears  at  a  sliort  distance  as  it  uvvjisted  in 
its  course  by  the  mountains  on  either  side,  between  which  it 
flows  in  a  contracted  channel,  presenting  a  smooth  and  lake-like 
appearance. 

The  Lehigh  Water  Gap  is  25  miles  w.  from  Easton,  Pa.,  and 
six  s.  E.  from  Mauch  Chunk.  Here  also  the  scenery  is  ot  the 
highest  order.  Both  this  and  the  preceding  are  natural  cuiiosi- 
ties  worthy  the  attention  of  the  tourist. 


li'K' 


•ii 


i!-<^ 


III-  1 


r'! 


224 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAIMIJOAT   COMPANION. 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  PHILA- 
DELPHIA,  BALTIMORE,  AND   WASHINGTON. 

Sec  Map  Xo.  'JS.) 

Uailiioai)  Routi",  krom  Xkw  Vouk  to  Piiii.ADKi.riiiA. — 'riicrt' 
arc  two  jrrcat  routes  of  travel  Ijctwccn  these  iiii|)()rtaiit  and  popu- 
lous cilic's,  iinikhifT  four  lines  daily  each  way.  TIk'  first  of  which 
is  tho  railroad  line;  the  other  is  by  ateamhoat  and  railroad 
united,  described  hereafu-r ;  the  former  is  the  most  expeditious, 
and  tho  latter  (in  pleasant  weather)  tho  most  varied  and  inter- 
estJng. 

Tho  railroad  line  leaves  New  York  from  tho  foot  of  Liberty- 
Kt.  daily,  at  I)  o'clock  a.  m.,  and  4^  o'clock  p.  m.,  where  tickets 
for  tho  route  are  procured ;  thence  passengers  are  conveyed 
across  the  ferry  to  Jersey  City,  where  is  the  depot  and  starting- 
place.  Time  hetiueen  the  two  cities,  usually  jive  hours;  dis- 
tance 87  miles.  Fare  in  the  first  class  cars,  ^4.00  ;  second 
class,  $3M. 

Tho  route  from  Jersey  City  passes  through  Newark,  Elizabeth- 
town,  New  Brunswick,  Princeton,  Trenton,  and  crosses  the 
Delaware  by  a  substantial  bridge  into  Pennsylvania,  and  it  is 
thence  continued  to  Bristol  and  along  the  west  bank  of  the 
Delaware  River  to  "  Tacony,"  6  miles  above  Philadelphia,  at 
which  place  passengers  take  the  splendid  steamer  John  Stevens, 
and  are  conveyed  thence  to  that  city,  landing  at  the  foot  of 
Walnut-st. 

Jkksey  City  is  situated  on  tho  west  bank  of  Hudson  River, 
opposite  to  New  York,  and  is  connected  with  that  city  by  a 
steam-ferry,  over  a  mile  in  length,  the  boats  on  which  are  con- 
stantly plying.  According  to  the  census  of  1843,  its  population 
was  3,750,  being  an  increase  of  700  since  1840.  At  the  present 
time  (1848)  it  is  much  greater.  It  has  become  an  important 
place,  as  a  diverging  point  for  the  great  routes  connecting  tho 
North  with  tho  South.  It  is  also  the  starting-place  of  the  Pater- 
son  Railroad,  which  has  its  depot  here.  The  Morris  Canal, 
uniting  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  rivers,  and  which  is  101  miled 
long,  terminates  at  this  place. 


PHILA- 


.— TIht.' 
md  \)o\)\\- 

of  which 

ra'driHid 
ipcdillous, 
uud  hiter- 

,f  Liberty - 
ere  tickets 
conveyed 
,d  Btartiu}?- 
hours;  dis- 
00 ;  second 

Elizabeth - 
crosses   the 

,  und  it  is 
)ank  of  the 
adelphia,  at 
(hu  Stevens, 

the  foot  of 

dson  River, 
it  city  by  a 
ich  are  con- 
s  population 
,  the  present 
m  important 


0 


iraecting  the 
fthe  Pater- 
orris   Canal, 
is  101  miled 


GREAT   SOUTHERN    ROUTES   FROM   NEW  YORK.  225 


;fr 


■  -=^^»^.=-.- 


«i:^^' 


Tat'^rsou  Dt'pot 


riuia43lpliia,  Depot 


Jersey  City  is  now  the  stiition  for  t!ie  new  line  of  Britls!)  Hteam- 
sliips  sailiiiir  between  Xcw  York  and  rjiver])ool.  The  Cnnard 
(lock,  biillt  at  t!u'  fiot  of  (:}rui)d-.4.,  cost  upwards  of  •^'i^OjOOO. 

New.'/rk,  9  uiilfs  frotn  Jersey  City,  ol   from  Trenton,  and  78 


from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  on  the  Passaic  river,  and  is  tho 
most  poj)uious  and  ilourishinu:  }>iace  in  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 
At  llic  present  time  (Id-IH)  it  contains  30,000  people.  The  city, 
which  is  elevated  some  40  feet  above  the  river,  is  regularly  iiiii. 
out  with  broad  and  straiglit  streets,  many  of  which  are  bordered 
by  lofty  and  elegant  shade-trees,  and  contains  two  large  and 
handsome  public  stpiares.  It  is  well  built,  and  presents  a  very 
fin?  appearance,  many  of  the  dwellings  being  large,  and  finished 
in  a  superior  style.  The  courthouse,  in  the  north  part  of  the 
city,  is  built  of  brown  freestone,  in  the  Egyptian  stylo  of  archi- 
tecture. The  city  is  well  supplied  with  pure  water,  brought  from 
u  copious  spring  more  than  a  mile  distant. 

Newark  contains   numerous   churches,  some  of  which   have 
great  architectural  beauty,  three  banks,  an  apprentices'  library,  a 

15 


&  i 


;i; 


iii'tt'ii 
mmu 


-^*it.Mb,s*f^ 


) 


220 


RAILROAD  AND  STKA.MBOAT  COMrANION. 


M' 


H' 


% 


cirnulatiii}^  library,  with  literary  uiid  Kcientifie  institutions,  &.C' 
It  is  very  extensively  onjfairpd  in  mannfactnrcs,  a  ^jnat  part  dI" 
which  is  sent  to  distant  markets.  In  !>•  U),  tho  capital  invesftd 
in  this  species  of  industry,  amounted  to  upwards  of  ,*$l,r)()ll,Oni). 
In  two  articles  alone,  that  of  (larriajjes  and  leather,  there  was 
)i^r)0(),()0O  invested,  employing;  many  hundreds  of  workmen.  TIk' 
coiinnerc<»  of  Newark  is  also  (.-onsiderahlo,  there  heinj^  ovvnod 
here  upwards  of  70  vessels,  of  KM)  tons  ea(dj.  Th(»  Munis  ('itiinl 
runs  thrcnjj^h  the  city.  The  cars  of  tlu^  New  Jersey  Railroad,  on 
the  route  hetwe-en  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  pass  throuMrh  it 
twice  daily,  in  each  direction,  and  those  also  from  Jersey  City 
arrive  and  depart  several  times  daily.  Fiirc  2'}  cents.  A  steam- 
boat also  plies  between  Newark  und  New  York. 

Eliziihcfhtowti,  on  tho  New  Jersey  Railroad,  5  miles  from 
Newark,  14  from  New  York,  and  4()  from  Trenton,  is  situated  ou 
a  creek,  2^  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Statcn  Island  Sound.  It 
is  a  beautifid  town,  re^idarly  laid  out  with  broad  streets,  and 
contains  u  courthouse,  and  other  public  buildiiifjs,  with  saw-mills, 
oil-cloth  factories,  tanneries,  &cc.  Population  about  3,000.  Tlio 
railroad  from  Elizabeth  port  to  Somerville  passes  throu«rh  this 
place.  It  extends  26  i.iiles  to  Somcroille,  which  is  40  miles  from 
New  York. 

Rahw(n/,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Railway  river,  contains 
about  2,500  inhabitants,  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, which  are  in  daily  operation.  The  manufactures  consist 
of  silk  printing,  carriages  and  carriage  furniture,  hats,  shoes, 
clocks,  earthenware,  and  cotton  goods. 

New  Brunswick,  31  miles  from  New  York,  29  from  Trenton, 
and  50  from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Raritau  river,  and  15  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  Raritan  Bay  at  Amboy,  by  the  course  of  tho  river.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Rutgers  College  and  school,  founded  in  1770.  Thp 
streets  on  the  river  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  tho  ground  low; 
but  those  on  the  upper  bank  are  wide,  and  many  of  the  dwellin^^s 
are  very  neat  and  elegant,  surrounded  by  fine  gardens.  From 
the  site  of  Rutgers  College  on  the  hill,  there  is  a  wide  prospect, 
terminated  by  mountains  on  the  north,  and  by  Raritan  Bay  ou 
the  east.     The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  extends  from  New 


•^.''J 


GKEAT  SOUTHEIIN  ROUTKS   FROM  NEW  YORK. 


227 


tntions,  &-(■• 
rriit  part  ul 
ital  invested 
$l,r)OII,0()(l. 
■r,  there  was 
kin«Mi.    Till" 
Driiijj  owii<  (I 
lorris  CdiirJ. 
Railroad,  on 
ss   tllVDIILrll  it 
i  Jersey  City 
s.     A  steuin- 

5  miles  from 
is  situated  on 
\d  Sound.  Il 
1  streets,  and 
,'ith  sa\v-aiill!<. 
t  3,000.  The 
tliroujrh  this 
40  miles  from 

ivcr,  contains 
•injr  establish- 
ictures  consist 
3,  hats,  shoes, 

from  Trenton, 
of  steamboat 
Im  its  entrance 
Iriver.     This  is 
in  1770.     The 
lio  ground  low ; 
If  the  dvvellinjrs 
lardens.     From 
wide  prospect, 
laritan  Bay  on 
;uds  from  New 


Hrunswick  to  Hordentown  on  Delaware  river.  It  is  Tf)  feet  wide 
and  seven  deep,  admittinjr  the  pa.s.safro  of  sloops  of  75  or  100  tonB 
i)urden  ;  is  I'i  miles  Ion;;,  jnui  has  14  locks,  and  117  feet  of  lock- 
arfe,  the  locks  heinjj  1 10  feet  lon^j  and  '2{  wide.  The  entire  cost 
was  about  .$::2, 500,000.  A  railroad  is  about  to  bo  built  from  the 
.\ew  Jersey  road  at  N(!W  Hrunsvvick  to  unite  with  the  proposed 
Trenton  and  Easton  railroad,  via  Fleminf^ton. 

Priucetoiiy  \\  miles  from  Trenton,  is  the  seat  of  the  New 
Jersey  CuUrire,  lon<j  celebrated  as  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  re- 
spectable colleges  in  the  country.  It  was  originally  founded  at 
Elizabethtown  in  1740,  removed  to  Newark  in  174H,  and  in  1756 
was  permanently  located  here.  It  has  a  library  of  12,000  vol- 
umes. The  connuencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Sep- 
tember. The  Theological  Scniinanj  of  l\\o  Presbyterian  church, 
founded  in  1812,  is  also  located  hero.  Both  institutions  are  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  Princeton  is  a  neat  and  pleasant  villit^e, 
built  mostly  on  one  street,  and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants. 
In  this  vicinity  was  fought  the  memorable  battle  of  Jan.  3d,  1777, 
between  the  American  forces  under  Cleneral  Washington,  and 
those  oi"  the  British  under  Lt.  Col.  Mawhood,  in  which  the  former 
were  victorious. 

Trenton,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  Delaware  river,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  and 
sloop  navigation.  It  is  27  miles  from  Plnladeljibia,  and  60  from 
New  York.  The  population  in  1810  was  3,003  ;  in  1820,  3,942  ; 
in  1830,  3,925  ;  in  1840,  6,500,  and  in  Jan.,  1848,  estimated  at 
10,000.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  many  fine  stores 
and  handsome  dwellings.  The  State  House,  which  is  100  feet 
long  and  60  wide,  is  built  of  stone,  and  stuccoed,  so  as  to  resem- 
ble granite.  Its  situation,  on  the  Delaware,  is  very  beautiful, 
commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  vicinity.  The  Dela- 
ware is  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  covered  bridge  1,100  feet 
long,  resting  on  five  arches,  supported  on  stone  piers,  and  which 
is  considered  a  fine  specimen  of  its  kind.  It  has  two  carriage- 
ways, one  of  which  is  used  by  the  railroad.  The  Delaware  and 
Raritan  Canal,  forming  an  inland  navigation  from  Now  Bruns- 
wick, passes  through  Trenton  to  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown. 
It  is  supplied  by  a  navigable  feeder,  taken  from  the  Delaware  23 


Jpi**^ 


&*ii^tea%.i.%j*»: 


..'  ■■*«*..:--^*»«>i«;:.»- 


RAILKOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


miles  N.  of  TriMiton.  It  was  completed  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of 
JB:2,r)()0,(H)0.  The  New  York  and  Piiiladelphia  trains  pass 
'rrcnfou  twice  daily  in  each  direction.  A  train  also  leaves  the 
K('nsii);^rton  depot,  Pliiladelphia,  for  Trenton  every  morning, 
(Sundays  excepted,)  retnrninjjf  in  the  afternoon.  Fare  from 
Pli'd'idi  Iphia,  50  cents.  A  radroad  is  proposed  from  Trenton  to 
E:iston. 

On  Christmas  night,  in  ITTH,  and  during  the  most  gloomy  pe- 
riod of  the  revolutionary  war,  Gen.  Washington  crossed  the  Del- 
aware with  2,.")U0  men,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  the  2Gth 
commenced  an  attack  upon  Trenton,  then  in  possession  of  the 
British.  So  sudden  and  unexpected  was  the  assault,  that  of  the 
1,500  German  troops  encamped  there,  906  were  made  prisoners. 
This  successful  enterprise  revived  the  spirit  of  the  nation,  as  it 
was  the  first  victory  gained  over  the  German  mercenaries.  Gen. 
]M(M'cer,  a  brave  American  ofHcer,  was  mortally  wounded  in  the 
attack. 

Morrisville,  a  thriving  village  on  the  Delaware,  directly  oppo- 
site Trenton,  has  considerable  water-power,  which  is  derived  from 
tlie  river.     The  population  is  about  500. 

Bristol  is  a  beautiful  village  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
nearly  opposite  to  Burlington,  18  miles  n.  e.  from  Philadelphia. 
It  is  reorularly  laid  out  and  neatly  built,  and  contains  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  The  Delaware  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  Leliigh  Canal  at  Easton,  termi- 
nates here,  in  a  spacious  basin  on  the  Delaware.  This  canal,  in 
connection  with  the  Lehigh  Canal,  forms  an  uninterrupted  water 
communication  with  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Northampton 
county,  in  Pennsylvania.  Fare  to  Bristol  by  railroad  from 
Pliiladelphia,  25  cents ;  hy  steamboat,  which  runs  twice  daily 
in  each  direction  during  the  summer  season,  12^  cents. 

Andalusia  and  Holmesburg,  pleasant  places  a  few  miles  n.  e. 
from  Philadelphia,  are  much  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  during 
the  summer  months. 

Bridesburg,  a  beautiful  village  situated  on  the  Delaware  five 
miles  from  the  city,  and  elevated  about  25  fe-et  above  the  river,  is 
a  neat  and  attractive  p'ace.  It  is  the  residence  of  many  wealthy 
and  retired  citizens  of  Philadelphia. 


a  cost  of 
ains  pass 
leaves  the 
morning, 
^are  from 
rrentoii  to 


rloomy  pe- 
'd  tl)c  Del- 
f  the  2Glh 
siou  of  tlie 
that  of  the 
e  prisoners, 
latioii,  as  it 
iries.  Gen. 
nded  in  the 

•cctly  oppo- 
erivcd  from 

Delaware, 

hiladclphia. 

bout  2,000 

mia  Canal, 

ton,  termi* 

is  canal,  in 

kptcd  water 

rthampton 

road  from 

wico  daily 

miles  N.  E. 
lens  during 

llawarc  five 
the  river,  is 
Liy  wealthy 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


229 


Port  Richmond,  a  town  of  recent  date,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  and  at  the  eastern  tenninalion  of  the  Readinsf  Rail- 
road, is  three  miles  distant  from  Philadelphia.  It  has  become  an 
important  place,  owinjy  to  its  favorable  situation  for  trjule.  Coal 
l»roui;ht  over  the  Reading  Railroad,  from  the  productive  anthra- 
cite coal  re^rion  in  Pennsylvania,  is  shi[)ped  here  for  other  places. 

Taroni/,  the  terminus  of  the  railroad,  is  six  miles  from  Phila- 
(lelj)hia:  from  this  place  we  proeeed  in  the  steamer  to  that  city, 
for  a  description  of  which  we  refer  the  reader  to  pajre  2.30. 

Steamboat  and  Railroat)  Rol'te  bktwken  New  York  and 
Philadelphia. — (See  Map  No.  2.3.) — This  route  between  the  two 
cities  is  performed  both  by  steamboat  and  railroad  united  ;  the 
former,  leaving  from  the  j)ier  at  the  foot  of  Battery  Place,  con- 
veys US  to  South  And)oy,  28  miles,  the  terminus  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Railroad  ;  at  which  place  we  take  the  cars  for  Cam- 
den, G2  miles  distant,  and  from  thence  by  ferry  across  the  river  to 
Philadelphia.  It  was  formerly  usual,  at  Rordentown,  .35  miles 
from  South  xVmboy,  during  the  season  of  navigation,  to  resign 
the  cars  for  the  steamboat,  and  thence  pass  down  the  beautiful 
Delaware  to  Philadelphia.  We  understand  that  during  the  pres- 
ent season  this  route  will  be  again  resorted  to.  The  fare  is  ^3.00 
each  way.  The  boat  leaves  New  York  usually  at  5  a.  m.  in 
summer,  and  at  7  o'clock  in  the  fall  and  winter  season.  By  a 
recent  determination  of  the  company,  a  new  line  will  go  into 
operation  the  present  season  (1848)  between  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  starting  from  each  point  at  12  o'clock,  noon,  pro- 
ceeding by  the  way  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad. 

On  leaving  the  wharf,  the  traveller  is  conveyed  across  the  bay 
and  harbor  of  New  York.  The  beauty  of  the  scene  which  will 
here  arrest  his  attention  is  proverbial.  As  tlu  boat  proceeds  to- 
wards Staten  Lland,  and  shapes  its  way  through  the  narrow 
straits  between  the  island  and  the  New  Jersey  shore,  called  the 
"  Kills,"  many  beautiful  places  will  be  presented  to  his  view  ; 
among  others.  New  Brighton,  a  village  of  country-seats,  erected 
by  opulent  citizens  from  the  metropolis,  arrayed  in  all  its  attrac- 
tions of  fine  architecture  and  eligible  position,  and  commanding; 
views  of  the  city,  islands,  harbor,  and  adjacent  shores. 


I'  )■ 


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.oifcte-iJiVaiwA 


230 


RAILIIOAD  AND  STEA.'MliOAT  COMPANION. 


The  Sailors^  Snuir  Harbor,  a  short  distance  beyond,  an  asy- 
hiin  for  Rupcranunated  seanien,  is  the  most  imposing  edifice  on 
this  shoro. 

Stateii  Inland,  which  we  keep  on  our  left  as  we  proceed  to- 
wards Ambny,  abounds  with  beauties,  and  is  no  doubt  destined 
to  be,  ere  long,  a  favorite  place  of  residence  of  the  wealthy  and 
retiring  citizens  of  the  metropolis. 

We  now  approach  South  Ainhoyt  the  landing-place,  and  also 
the  terminus  of  the  Camden  and  Amhoy  Railroad.  Upon  our 
arrival  there  we  are  transported,  in  a  short  space  of  time,  from 
the  steamboat  to  the  railroad  cars  ;  and  after  a  slight  detention, 
we  proceed  on  our  journey  up  the  steep  ascent  from  the  river,  and 
soon  enter  a  line  of  deep  cutting  through  the  sandhills.  The  road 
is  then  continued  through  a  barren  and  uninteresting  region  of 
country,  towards  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown,  35  miles  from 
Amboy.  Here  are  the  extensive  groimds  and  mansion  formerly 
occupied  by  the  late  Joseph  Bonaparte,  ex-king  of  Spain,  which 
are  among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  place. 

Bordentown  is  situated  on  a  steep  sandbank,  on  the  e.  side  of 
the  Delaware.  Although  in  a  commanding  situation,  its  view  is 
greatly  obstructed  from  the  river.  This  is  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Philadelj)hiaus  during  the  summer  season.  The  Delaware  and 
llaritan  Canal  here  connects  with  Delaware  river.  A  branch 
road  running  along  the  canal  and  river,  connects  this  town  with 
Trenton. 

The  further  continuation  of  the  route  to  Philadelphia  from 
Bordentown  will  be  either  by  the  railroad  running  along  the  e. 
bank  of  the  Delaware  to  Camden,  or  by  steamboat  down  the 
river  to  Philadelphia,  landing  at  the  foot  of  Walnut-street. 


PHILADELPHIA. 

Philadelphia,  the  melropoKs  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  after  New 
York,  the  largest  city  in  tlie  Uuited  States,  is  situated  in  Lat. 
.39°  57'  9'  N.,  Long.  75°  10'  37"  W.  from  Greenwich,  and 
1°  50'  47"  W.  Long,  from  Washington.  It  is  87  miles  s.  w.  from 
New  York,  322  s.  w.  from  Boston,  97  s.  e.  from  Baltimore,  106 


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proceed  to- 
ibt  destined 
vealthy  and 

le,  and  also 
.  Upon  our 
f  time,  from 
it  detention, 
he  river,  and 
8.  The  road 
ing  region  of 
i  miles  from 
ion  formerly 
jpain,  which 

the  E.  side  of 

n,  its  view  is 

resort  of  the 

•elaware  and 

A  branch 

town  with 

elphia  from 
along  the  e. 

)at  down  the 

itreet. 


\,  after  New 
ated  in  Lat. 

nwicb,  and 
68  s.  w.  from 

Itimore,  106 


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View  of  Fairmount  Water- works.  Philadelphia. 

from  Harrisbiirjr,  and  135  from  Wasliinrrton.  Tho  population  iu 
1800  was  70,'J87;  in  ISIO,  !H),287  ;  in  18-20.  ]\\).3'2')  ;  in  IK'JO, 
1()7.325;  in  1840,  including  the  county,  2j8,r>JJl  ;  and  in  184c< 
not  less  than  330,000. 

The  city  is  situated  belween  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill 
rivers,  five  nules  above  their  junction,  and  is  about  100  miles  from 
the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the  former  river.  The  city  proper  is 
that  portion  which  is  bounded  by  the  Delaware  on  the  v..,  the 
Schuylkill  on  the  w.,  Vine-st.  on  the  n  ,  and  South-st.  or  Cedar- 
st.  on  the  s.  The  distrirts  are  the  Northern  Liberties,  Kensinj;- 
ton,  and  Spring  (iarden  on  the  n.  ;  and  Southwark,  Moy;inj<  ii- 
sing,  and  Passyunk  on  the  s.  These  districts,  vvluch  |)roperIy  he- 
long  to  Philadelphia,  have  municipal  authorities  of  their  own,  en- 
tirely distinct  from  that  of  the  city,  and  from  each  other.  'I'h*' 
densely  built  parts  of  the  city  and  districts  have  an  outline  of 
about  8^  miles  :  the  length  of  the  city  on  the  Delaware  is  4-5 
miles.  It  is  built  on  a  plain,  slightly  ascending  from  each  river, 
the  highest  point  of  which  is  elevated  G4  feet  above  high-water 
mark.  It  is  laid  out  with  much  regularity  ;  the  j-trcets,  which 
are  broad  and  straight,  with  a  few  exceptions  crossing  each  other 


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232 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


at  right  angles,  and  varying  in  width  from  50  to  120  foot.  The 
dwollingH,  which  aro  nrat  and  clean-looking  in  their  appearance, 
are  built  cliictly  of  brick,  the  ntyle  of  architecture  being  plain 
rather  than  showy  and  ornarnentui.  White  marble  is  generally 
used  for  the  door-st('j)s,  window-Kills,  the  basement  story,  and  not 
unfreqnently  for  the  entire  front.  A  stranger  on  visiting  this  city 
would  judge  it  to  bo  one  of  the  cleanest  in  the  world,  (which  it 
certainly  is,)  from  the  great  use  made  of  the  waters  of  the 
Schuylkill,  which  aro  visil)lo  in  washing  and  scrubbing  continu- 
ally. It  is  drained  by  common  sewers,  which  are  arched  culverts 
of  brick-work,  constructed  under  most  of  the  main  streets. 

This  city  is  celc^bratod  for  its  Hue  markets,  which  aro  well 
supplied  not  only  from  its  own  state,  but  from  the  states  adjacent, 
and  i)arlicularly  New  Jersey.  The  "  Neck,"  which  is  formed 
by  the  Dt^laware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  and  which  lies  south  of 
the  city,  is  divided  ofV  into  farms  and  gardens,  on  which  large 
quantities  of  vegetables  and  fruit  are  raised  for  the  Philadelphia 
markets. 

Phila(ielj)hia  has  the  advantage  of  a  double  port,  connected 
with  very  remote  sections  :  that  on  the  Schuylkill  is  accessible  to 
vessels  of  .'300  tons,  and  is  the  great  depot  for  the  coal  of  the  in- 
terior ; — the  other,  on  the  Delaware,  admits  the  largest  merchant 
vessels  to  the  doors  of  the  warehouses,  and  is  spacious  and  secure. 
As  might  be  expected,  it  has  a  large  foreign  and  domestic 
trade  ;  the  latter,  however,  predominates.  The  registered  ton- 
nage entered  from  foreign  ports  in  18  47,  was  148,071.  The 
value  of  imports  amomited  to  ,*^I2,14.'),!).'}7,  aud  that  of  the  ex- 
ports to  {iJ>8,.')7y,J2();').  The  commerce  of  Philadelphia  will  be  great- 
ly increased  by  the  recent  establishi  leut  of  a  line  of  steamships 
from  that  port  to  ('harleston,  S.  C.  A  line  is  also  contemplated 
between  Philadelj)hia  and  Liverpool.  This  city  is  also  distin- 
guished for  its  manufactures,  which  are  various  and  extensive. 
At  the  present  time  (1848)  the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  this 
branch  of  industry  exceeds  ^ir),000,000.  The  manufacture  of 
morocco  leather  (for  which  't  is  celebrated)  is  carried  on  more 
extensively  here  than,  perhaps,  in  any  other  part  of  the  country. 

Public  Squares. — In  the  city  are  many  public  squar3s,  orna- 
mented with  fine  shade  and  flowering  trees.     The  principal  one 


I'HII.AOKLrHlA. 


•J33 


is  ^^'  ishingtnn  Stpmrr^  u  little  s.  vv.  of  tho  Stato-IImisp :  it  h 
fmtiy  oriianicntod  with  trees  and  jiravclUd  walks,  is  siirroiindtMl 
by  a  haiidsonie  iron  railing,  with  fuiir  priix^ipal  entruiiers,  and  is 
kept  in  excellent  order,  liidependnicv  Sijwtrf,  in  the  rear  of 
the  State-IIoune,  is  Kurronnded  by  a  solid  hriek  wall  risinjr  thre«' 
or  four  feet  above  the  adjacent  streets,  sininonnted  by  an  iron 
railinfj.  The  entire  area  is  laid  off  in  walks  and  {:jrass[)lots,  sha- 
ded with  majestic  trees.  It  was  within  this  enclosure  that  the 
Declaration  of  Independeiieo  was  first  proinnlj^ated,  ami  at  the 
present  day  it  is  frequently  used  as  a  place  of  nieetinjj  for  politi- 
cal and  other  purposes.  Franklin  Siiuare,  between  Race  and 
Vine,  and  Sixth  and  Franklin  sts.,  is  an  attractive  promenade, 
with  a  splendid  fountain  in  its  centre,  surrounded  by  a  marble 
basin  ;  it  is  embellished  with  a  great  variety  oi  trees,  grassplots, 
•fee.  The  other  scjnares  are — Venn  Square,  at  the  intersection 
of  Broad  and  Market  sts.,  now  divided  into  four  parts  by  cutting 
Market  and  Broad  sts.  through  it;  Logan  Square,  hviween  Race 
and  Vnie  sts. ;  and  Riitenhuuse  Squuret  between  Walnut  and 
Locust  sis. 

Fairmount  Watkii-works. — The  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia 
are  liberally  supplied  with  water  from  the  Fairmount  Water- 
works, constructed  at  an  expense  of  about  ^450,000  ;  upwards 
of  100  miles  of  iron  pipe  convey  it  to  all  parts  of  the  cily  and 
districts.  These  water-works  are  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  th^ 
Schuylkill,  about  two  miles  in  a  n.  w.  direction  from  the  city, 
occupying  an  area  of  30  acres,  a  large  part  of  which  consists  of 
the  "  mount,"  an  eminence  100  feet  above  tidewater  in  the  river 
below,  and  about  CO  feet  above  the  most  elevated  ground  in  the 
city.  The  top  is  divided  into  four  reservoirs,  capable  of  contain- 
ing 22,000,000  gallons,  one  of  which  is  divided  into  three  bee- 
tions  for  the  purpose  of  filtration.  The  whole  is  surrounded  by 
a  beautiful  gravel-walk,  from  which  may  be  had  a  fine  view  of 
the  city.  The  reservoirs  contain  an  area  of  over  six  acres  ;  they 
are  12  feet  deep;  lined  with  stone  and  paved  with  brick,  laid  in 
a  bed  of  clay,  in  strong  lime  cement,  and  made  watertight.  Tlie 
power  necessary  for  forcing  the  water  into  the  reservoirs  is  ob- 
tained by  throwing  a  dam  across  the  Schuylkill ;  and  by  means 
of  wheels  moved  by  the  water,  which  work  forcing-pumps,  the 


:i 


'ii* 


234 


RAILROAD  AND  STF.AMnOAT  COMPANION. 


water  of  tho  rivor  is  raisod  to  tlio  rrsiTvoirs  on  tho  top  of  tlie 
'*  tnomit."  Tho  dam  is  l,(i()()  fct-t  lonjj,  uiul  tlif  raco  upwards  of 
•lOO  ftct  loiii;  and  iM)  wide,  cut  in  solid  rock.  The  inill-honsf  is 
of  stone,  U.'J8  foet  lonjr,  and  50  wide,  and  caj)al»!e  of  oontainiu;:; 
eijrlit  wheels,  and  earrfi  pump  will  raise  ahoul  l,Xi.')(),0()()  {jidjons 
in  yi  hours. — The  Sprinj;  (iarden  Water-works  aro  situated  on 
the  Schti)  Ikill,  a  short  disianfo  ahovo  Fairniount. 

The  SrhnijIlxiLl  J'jxciir,si'nift. — Two  enterprising  citizens  of 
Philadelphia  have  placed  a  line  of  steamboats  on  tho  Schuylkill, 
plyinii  between  Fairnioinit  and  ^lanyiujk.  Thedistaneo  is  seven 
miles,  and  tho  excursion  a  (leli<rhtful  one.  These  boats  aro  eon- 
Htrncted  in  a  peculiar  manner,  tho  wheel  l)ein<r  in  the  rear, — a 
novj'hy  that  creates  considerable  interest  with  those  who  have 
only  seen  tho  ordinary  steamers.  For  tho  accommodation  of 
stran;rers  who  may  wish  to  take  this  jaunt,  wo  };  ve  tho  places 
on  the  river  at  wliich  they  may  land,  witli  fares.  A  boat  leavcH 
Irom  above  the  "  Dam"  every  hour  for  Sweethrier  Fiirin,  ii 
mih's,  t>  cents  ;  It'turel-llili  ('cniftrri/,  4  niiles,  10  cents;  FalU 
of  S.-hiiijlkUl,  4  miles,  10  cents  ;  Wi.fsu/iiccDn  ('reck,  G  miles, 
and  Munijnnk,  7  miles,  \2^  cents  each. 

The  United  States  Nai-i/  Yard  is  located  in  Front-st.,  below 
l*rince,  and  contaii»s  within  its  limits  about  1'2  acres.  It  is  en- 
closed on  three  sides  by  a  hif^li  and  substantial  brick  wall ;  the 
east  side  fronts  on  and  is  open  to  tho  Delaware  river.  Its  en- 
trance is  in  Front-st.  The  Yard  contains  every  i>reparation  ne- 
cessary for  buildinjr  vessels  of  war,  and  has  marine  barracks,  with 
(jtiarters  for  the  oHicers. 

Pl'klic  lUnLDiNGs. — The  State-House  fronts  on  Chesnnt-st., 
and  including  the  winj^s,  v/hich  are  of  modern  construction,  oc- 
cupies the  entire  block,  extending  from  Fifth  to  Sixth  st.  In  a 
lown  in  this  building,  on  tho  4th  of  July,  177G,  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  was  adopted  by  Congress,  and  publicly  pro- 
claimed from  the  steps  on  the  same  day.  The  room  presents 
now  the  same  appearance  it  did  on  that  eventful  day,  in  furni- 
ture and  interior  decorations.  This  chamber  is  situated  on  tho 
first  floor,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  original  building,  and  can  be 
seen  by  visiters  on  apjjlication  to  the  person  in  charge  of  tho 
State- House,     ^n  the  Hall  of  Independence  is  a  statue  of  Wash- 


rHILADELl'IUA. 


235 


Vie-.v  c  1 


'iri  r>; 


.o-ro. 


ini;tnti,  ciirvoil  in  wood,  aiul  also  sovoral  fiiio  paiiitiufjs.  Tho 
mayor's  roiirl,  and  th*^  district  and  nircnil  courts  of  the  United 
.Stairs,  arc  hold  in  this  i)nildin;x-  Visih-rs  have  frco  aocoss  to  the 
cupola,  from  which  thoro  is  an  cxttMisivo  view  of  tho  city  and 
vicinity. 

The  Oirard  Collrvrc  is  situated  on  lh»*  Ridijp  R;)ad,  in  a  n.  w. 
d  rcclion  from  \\\p<  city  proper,  ahont  O^j  miles  from  the  Exchanijo. 
It  was  fonndcd  hy  the  !a1e  Slcp!)cn  (iirard,  a  nitivi^  of  France, 
w'no  (lied  in  1831,  iJiid  heqneathed  ;;f;'2,(J()(I.O()()  for  tho  j)nrpose 
of  erectin(T  snitahie  hnildinj^s  for  the  education  o{  o) plimis'.  ^loie 
than  one-half  of  this  sum  has  ah'eady  been  expended  upon  the. 
huildin<:js,  and  a  lar^e  amount  will  still  be  rcfpiired  for  th'-ir  com- 
pletion. It  occupies  a  commandiuLT  I'osition.  The  site  on  which 
it  stands  contains  about  4.')  acres  of  ^rronud,  bequoatlied  for  the 
j)urpose  by  the  foimdcr  of  the  institution.  Tiie  coHejre,  or  cen- 
tre biiildin<r,  which  is  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  education,  is 
one  of  the  mo-it  superb  buildinirs  in  the  country  ;  it  is  018  feet 
lonjj  from  x  to  s.,  HiO  from  e.  to  w.,  and  97  in  heijjht.  This 
build  n<T,  with  its  beautiful  cohunns  and  jjorijeous  ca])itals,  at  once 
attracts  the  attention  of  tlie  beholder.  It  is  surrounded  by  34 
columns  of  the  Corinthian  order,  with  beautifid  capitals,  support- 


'•  ?  J 


f 


rVl 


y.\ 


236 


KAILUOAI)  AM)  STEAMBOAT  CO.MI'ANION. 


M 


ii  < 


iwjr  at)  rntubluture  ;  each  coliitnii,  incl(i(liii|i;  ciipitul  and  ha.se,  \h 
5.')  feet  hij^h  and  G  in  diaiiK'ter,  huviii«;  a  hasj-  .'{  fjut  hi{;h  and  U 
in  diameter, — leMvinjj  a  Hpuce  of  l.'»  feet  between  tho(;olnnins  and 
tho  body  of  Iho  bnildiinr.  At  each  end  is  a  doorway  or  entrance, 
.'ii2  feet  hij^h  and  HJ  wide,  decorated  with  massive  architraves, 
Hurmonnted  by  a  Hcnl|)tnred  cornice.  Ivudi  uf  these  doors  openu 
into  a  vestibnle,  12G  feet  wide  and  48  loii^j,  the  ceihn^  of  which  is 
supported  by  eijrht  marble  colunuis.  Immediately  above  these 
vestibides,  in  the  second  story,  are  an  e(iuaj  number  of  Uibbies, 
tho  ceilings  of  which  are  supported  by  C'orinthiai;  coinnms.  In 
each  corner  of  tho  buihhnfjf  are  marble  stairways,  which  are 
Hj^hted  from  above.  On  each  floor  are  four  rooms, 50  feet  s(p»a'e, 
and  the  third  is  lifrhted  by  a  skylijjht,  which  does  not  rise  above 
the  roof.  No  wood  is  used  in  tho  construction  of  the  buildinjj, 
except  for  tho  doors,  so  that  it  is  fireproof.  The  remaininjj 
four  buildinfTs,  situated  two  on  either  side  of  the  main  buildinjr, 
are  each  ij'^i  feet  by  120,  and  two  stories  high,  with  commochous 
basements.  The  most  eastern  of  these  is  so  divided  as  to  con- 
Btitule  four  distinct  houses  for  the  professors.  The  other  tliree 
are  designed  for  the  residence  of  the  pupils. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange,  situated  between  Dock,  Walnut, 
and  Third  sts.,  is  of  white  marble.  It  is  a  beautiful  structure,  and 
of  its  kind,  one  of  tho  finest  in  the  country. 

The  United  States  Mint  is  in  Chesnut-st.  below  Broad-st.,  and 
fronts  on  the  former  street  122  feet.  It  is  built  of  white  marble 
in  tho  style  of  a  (jlrecian  Ionic  temple,  and  comprises  several  dis- 
tinct apartments.  Coining  is  among  the  most  interesting  and  at- 
tractive of  processes,  to  those  who  have  never  witnessed  such 
operations.  Visiters  are  admitted  during  the  morning  of  eacii  day, 
until  one  o'clock,  on  application  to  the  proper  officers. 

The  Arcade  is  in  Chesnut,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.,  and 
extends  through  to  Carpenter-st.  150  feet,  fronting  100  feet  on 
Chesnut-st.  Ou  the  ground-floor  are  two  avenues,  extending  the 
entire  depth  of  the  building,  with  rows  of  stores  fronting  on  each. 
The  second  floor,  which  is  reached  by  flights  of  marble  steps  at 
each  end,  is  divided  into  stores  similar  to  those  on  the  ground- 
floor.  The  third  story  was  originally  prepared  for  Peale's  Mu- 
seum, now  kept  iu  the  Masonic  Hall,  in  Chcsuut-st 


riiii.ADHLrinA. 


237 


:it- 
Licll 

on 
Ithe 
Ich. 

at 
Ind- 

[u- 


Tho  Custoin-lfousr,  rnriunly  lli»<  I'liitod  Statt's  Hunk,  w  lo. 
catod  ill  C'lioNiiut-Mt.,  Ix'twt  ii  rmirth  and  Filth  sis.  It  is  a 
cliuste  specimen  of  the  Doric  order  ot"  urcliitcctnn*,  aftrr  Iho  l*.ir» 
ihcnon  at  Athins,  with  the  oniisNion  <>['  (ho  colonnades  at  the 
sidi's.  It  was  citMiinrncrd  in  Ibll),  and  conipl*  led  in  ahont  tivo 
years,  at  a  cost  of  .•5{.'»()(I,()(M). 

IJanks,  vVc. — There  are  ahont  I .'»  hanks,  7  savln^fs  institnti'.ns 
and  loan  companies,  and  nninenuis  insnriince  companies,  in  I'hil- 
.1  lelphia.  Some  ol'  the  hanks  occupy  splendid  und  costly  hnild- 
injfs.  The  I'l'iinsi/lruniu  Hunk  is  of  white  marhle,  and  has  an 
cnclosnrc  ornamented  with  j)!ants  and  sliruhhcry,  and  snrrotuuled 
hy  an  iron  railin;;-.  The  (rirard  Hunk — i'ormf  riy  the  old  t'nited 
States  IJank,  pnrchascd  hy  the  late  Stephen  (iirard,  and  used  hy 
him  lor  a  hankin;^. house — has  a  marhle  front,  ami  is  enriched  hy 
I  portico  of  six  Corinthian  cohnmis.  'I'hfi  P/iilndrlpfiia  Jhink 
is  a  heantifid  slrncturc.  The  Jiunk  of  N(nth  Amnira,  orij^in- 
ally  chartered  hy  Confjress  in  17^1,  was  the  first  institution  of  its 
kind  organized  in  the  United  States.  Its  hankin}j-h«)uso  (a  new 
iMiilding)  is  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  elegant  in  desi<rn  in  the 
United  States.  Many  of  the  other  hanking-honses  are  handsome 
buildings,  but  generally  of  a  plain  stylo  of  architecture.  The 
hanks  in  the  city  and  county  of  riiiladelj)hia,  with  their  loca- 
lions,  are  us  follows :  Bank  uf  Commerce,  s.  e.  corner  of  Second 
•ind  Chesnut  sts.  ;  Bank  of  North  America,  (^hesnut-st.,  ahove 
Third  ;  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  Second-st.,  above  Walnut  ;  (ti- 
rnrd  Bank,  South  Third-st.,  below  Chesnut ;  Commercial  Bank 
of  Pennsylvania,  Market-st.,  ahove  Second  ;  Bank  uf  Sorthrrn 
Liberties,  Vine-st.,  below  Third  ;  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'' 
Hank,  Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth  ;  Bank  of  Germantoicn,  at 
(jlermantown  ;  Bank  of  Penn  Township,  x.  w.  corner  of  Vi  ,e  und 
Sixth  sts.  ;  Kensington  Bank,  13each-pt.,  below  Maiden  Murn/- 
facturers'  and  Mechanics^  Bank,  n.  w.  corner  of  Tliird  and  Vine 
sts. ;  Mechanics'  Bank,  South  Third-st.,  below  Market  ;  Phila- 
delphia Bank,  Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth  ;  Soathwark  Bank, 
Second-st.,  below  South  ;  Western  Bank,  x.  w.  corner  of  Market 
und  Sixth  sts. 

Churches. — In  Jan.,  1848,  there  were  in  riuladelphiu  l.")9 
churches  of  different  denominations,  as  follows :  Episcopal,  27  ; 


■f*;H. 


H 


4  :•■•' 


'  •  "!■ 


.      » 


vil 


'■A  y  *4 


Iti 


^v^M^t 


•Vi 


L.  i 


"f  r 


i 


'4  I 


H 


i 


I 


!. 


238 


RAILKOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION'. 


Methodist,  (Episcopal,)  22  ;  M/fhodist,  {VroU'stuni,)  6;  Baptist, 
IG  ;  Prcshi/terian,  New  School,  13— Old  School,  12  ;  Re- 
formed Fre.fhyferian,  4 — Associate,  4 — Associate  Reformed  2  ; 
Roman  Catholic,  12  ;  Friends,  7  ;  German  Reformed,  3  ;  In- 
dependent, 2;  Lutheran,  German,  3 — Eiif^lish,  2  ;  Universal- 
ist,2',  Dutch  Reformed,  2;  Mariners\  2  ;  Unitarian,  1;  New 
Jerusalem,  1  ;  Moravian,  1  ;  Disciples  of  Christ,  1  ;  Jewish 
Sijna<roirues,  3  ;  churches  of  difFcreiit  deiioniinalions  for  colored 
people,  12. 

The  style  of  construction  of  the  cliurches  is  various.  Only  a 
few  have  pretensions  to  great  architectural  beauty.  St.  Ste- 
phen's Church,  (Episcopal,)  in  Tenlh-st.,  between  Market  and 
Chesnut,  is  a  fine  specinuni  of  Gothic  architecture;  it  is  102  feet 
long  and  50  wide,  and  on  its  front  corners  has  two  octagonal  tow- 
ers 8(i  feet  high.  The  upper  parts  of  the  windows  are  enibellisli- 
ed  with  chernbirn,  in  while  glass  on  a  blue  ground,  and  the 
sashes  are  filled  with  diamond-shaped  glass  of  various  colors,  or- 
uaniented  in  the  same  manner.  Christ  Church,  in  Second-st , 
was  built  in  1G91,  and  enlarged  in  1810.  It  is  the  oldest  church 
in  the  city  ;  its  spire,  196  feet  high,  was  commenced  in  1753,  and 
completed  the  following  year,  by  means  of  a  lottery,  a  mode  of 
raising  money  not  uncommon  in  those  days.  This  church  has  a 
chime  of  bells.  St.  John's  Church,  (Catholic,)  situated  in  Thir- 
teenth-st.,  between  Chesnut  and  Market  sts.,  is  an  elegant  Gothic 
structure,  with  square  towers  on  each  of  its  front  corners.  The 
windows  are  of  stained  glass,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  witti 
several  handsome  paintings.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
fronting  on  Washington  Square,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant 
churches  of  this  denomination  in  the  city.  There  are  others 
very  chaste  and  elegant  in  their  design,  but  the  limits  of  this 
work  will  not  permit  of  a  detailed  description. 

BicNiivoLENT  Institutions. — The  county  Almshouse,  situated 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  opposite  South-st.,  is  a  place  for 
the  reception  of  the  poor  of  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  an  immense  structure,  consisting  of  four  main  buildings,  cov- 
ering and  enclosing  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  and  fronting  on 
the  Schuylkill  river.  The  site  is  much  elevated  above  the  bank 
of  the  river,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surround- 


i 


[uated 
Ice  for 
[ilphia. 

?,  cov- 
ing oil 
bank 

round- 


rHILADELPHIA. 


239 


ing  country.  Visiters  are  admitted  to  this  excellent  institution, 
which  on  inspection  cannot  fail  to  excite  much  satisfaction. — 
Pennsylvania  Hos^  tal,  in  Pine-st,  between  Eighth  and  Ninth 
sts.,  is  an  admirable  institution.  It  contains  an  anatomical  mu- 
seum, and  a  library  of  more  than  8,000  volumes.  In  the  rear  of 
the  lot  fronting  on  Spruce-st.  is  a  small  building  which  contains 
West's  celebrated  picture  of  Christ  Healing  the  Sick,  presented 
to  this  institution  by  its  author. — The  United  States  Marine 
Hospital  or  Naval  Asylum  has  a  handsonie  situation  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill  below  South-st.  It  is  for  the  use  of  inva- 
lid seamen,  and  officers  disabled  in  the  service. — The  Pennsyl- 
rania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  situated  on  the 
corner  of  Broad  and  Pine  sts.,  having  extensive  buildings  adapted 
to  the  purposes  of  the  establishment. — The  Pennsylvania  Insti- 
tution for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind  is  situated  in  Race-st. 
near  Schuylkill  Third-st.  The  pupils  of  this  institution  are  iu- 
^*tructed  in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  and  music  ; 
and  are  also  taught  to  manufacture  a  great  variety  of  useful  and 
ornamental  articles. 

There  are  in  Philadelphia  many  other  societies  for  the  relief 
of  the  distressed. 

Literary  and  Scientific  Institutions. — The  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  was  founded  in  1743,  principally  through  the 
exertions  of  Dr.  Franklin  ;  its  hall  is  situated  in  Soulh  Fifth-st., 
below  Chesnut,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  State-House.  In  addition 
to  its  library  of  15,000  volumes  of  valuable  works,  the  society  has 
a  fine  collection  of  minerals  and  fossils,  ancient  relics,  and  other 
interesting  objects.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  hall  on  appli- 
cation to  the  librarian. — The  Philadelphia  Library  is  situated  in 
Fifth-st.,  below  Chesnut,  on  the  north  corner  of  Library-st. 
This  library,  which  was  founded  in  1731,  by  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  contains  upward  of  30,000  volumes,  embracing  works 
on  almost  every  branch  of  general  knowledge.  Citizens  and 
strangers  have  free  access  to  the  library,  and  for  their  accom- 
modation tables  and  seats  are  provided.  To  this  has  been  added 
the  Loganian  library,  (which  formerly  belonged  to  the  late  Dr. 
Logan.)  containing  11,000  volumes  of  rare  and  valuable  books, 
mostiv  classical. — The   Atheneinn,  in    Sixth   below  Walnut-st., 


r  *  i 


^'A 


'■n 


ii; 


I- 

3-' 


'I  i 


210 


RAILROAD  AND  STEA3IB0AT  COMPANION. 


If 
jji 

I"  I 
>■'■'  f! 
5' 


k 


Ui 


contains  tho  periodical  journals  of  the  day,  and  a  library  consist- 
intj  of  several  thousand  volumes.  The  rooms  are  open  every  day 
and  evening  (Sundays  excepted)  throughout  tho  year.  Strangers 
are  admitted  gratuitously  for  one  month,  on  introduction  by  a 
member. — The  Franklin  Institute  was  incorporated  in  1824 ;  it 
i^  situated  in  Seventh-st.,  below  Market.  Its  members,  about 
.■],000  in  number,  consist  of  manufacturers,  artists,  and  mechanics. 
snd  persons  friendly  to  the  mechanic  arts.  The  annual  exhibi- 
tions of  this  institute  never  fail  to  attract  a  large  Jiumber  of  vis- 
itors. It  has  a  library  of  about  3,000  volumes,  and  an  extensive 
roading-room,  where  most  of  tho  periodicals  of  the  day  may  bo 
found.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  rooms  on  application  to 
the  actuary. — The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  incorporated 
in  1817,  has  a  well-selected  library  of  about  9,000  volumes,  bo- 
sides  an  extensive  collection  of  objects  in  natural  history.  Its 
e;plendid  hall  is  in  Broad-st.,  between  Chesnut  and  Walnut.  It 
is  open  to  visiters  every  Saturday  afternoon. —  The  Mercantile 
Lihrary,  situated  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Library  sts.,  was 
founded  in  1822,  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  mercantile  know- 
ledge. It  contained  in  Jan.,  1848,  11,425  volumes,  chiefly  on 
commercial  subjects,  and  pursuits  connected  with  commerce. — 
The  Apprentices*  Library,  cor.  Fifth  and  Arch,  consists  of  about 
14,000  volumes,  and  is  open  to  the  youth  of  both  sexes. — The 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Fifth-st.,  below  Chesnut. 
was  founded  for  the  purpose  of  ditfusing  a  knowledge  of  local 
history,  especially  in  relation  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
has  caused  to  be  published  a  large  amount  of  information  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  early  history  of  tho  state,  and  is  now 
actively  engaged  in  similar  pursuits. — The  Friends*  Library,  on 
the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Arch  sts.,  has  about  3,000  volumes,  the 
books  of  which  are  loaned  free  of  charge  to  persons  who  como 
suitably  recommended. — There  are  several  excellent  libraries  in 
the  Districts  of  Philadelphia,  which  are  conducted  on  the  most 
liberal  principles. 

Medical  Institutions. — The  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  is  an  admirable  institution,  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
Ninth-st.,  between  Market  and  Chesnut.  It  was  founded  in 
1791,  by  the  Union  of  the  old  University  and  College  of  Philu- 


PHILADELPHIA. 


241 


Ivanio, 
side  of 
ided  in 
Phila- 


delphia. The  buildings  consist  of  two  handsome  structures,  85 
feet  front  by  112  deep,  surrounded  by  open  grounds,  tastefully 
laid  out  in  gravel-walks,  &,c.,  which  are  separated  from  the 
street  by  an  iroa  railing.  The  average  number  of  students  who 
attend  annually  the  medical  lectures  in  this  institution,  is  about 
400. — Jefferson  Medical  College  is  situated  in  Tenth-st.  below 
Ciiesniit ;  it  was  originally  connected  with  the  college  at  Canons- 
burg,  but  is  now  an  independent  institution.  The  number  of 
pupils  averages  about  300  annually.  The  anatomical  museum 
of  this  institution  is  open  to  visiters. — Pennsylvania  Medical 
College,  in  Filbert-st.  above  Eleventh,  is  a  flourishing  institution 
of  recent  origin ;  the  first  lectures  having  been  delivered  in  the 
winter  of  1839-40. — The  College  of  Physicians  is  an  old  insti- 
tution, having  existed  before  the  Revolution.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  sources  from  which  proceeds  the  Pharmacopceia  of  the 
United  States. — The  Medical  Institute,  in  Locust-st.  above 
Eleventh,  is  where  the  elementary  branches  of  medical  science 
in  all  their  relations  are  taught. — The  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  in  Zane-st.,  above  Seventh,  was  the  first  regularly 
organized  institution  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  Its  objects  are  to 
impart  appropriate  instruction,  to  examine  drugs,  and  to  cultivate 
a  taste  for  the  sciences. 

Prisons. — The  Eastern  Penitentiary,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the 
city,  is  situated  on  Coates-st.,  w.  of  Broad-st.,  and  s.  of  Girard 
College.  It  covers  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  thirty  feet  high,  and  in  architecture  resembles  a  baronial 
castle  of  the  middle  ages.  It  is  constructed  on  the  principle  of 
strictly  solitary  confinement  in  separate  cells,  and  is  admirably 
calculated  for  the  security,  the  health,  and,  so  far  as  consistent 
with  its  objectR,  the  comfort  of  its  occupants. — Tlie  County 
Pmow,  situated  on  Passyunk  road,  below  Federal-st.,  is  a  spacious 
Gothic  building,  presenting  an  imposing  appearance.  It  is  ap- 
propriated to  the  confinement  of  persons  awaiting  trial,  or  those 
who  are  sentenced  for  short  periods.  The  Debtor's  Prison,  ad- 
joining the  above  on  the  north,  is  constructed  of  red  sandbtcne, 
in  a  style  of  massive  Egyptian  architecture. — The  House  of 
Refuge,  at  the  corner  of  Coates-st.  and  Ridge  Road,  near  the 
Penitentiary,  was  founded  by  the  benevolence  of  citizens  of  Phila- 

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242 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


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delphia,  and  is  devoted  to  the  coiifiuement  of  vicious  and  aban> 
doned  juvenile  offenders  of  both  sexes. — The  House  of  Correc- 
tion, at  Bush  Hill,  is  used  for  the  confinement  of  disorderly  per- 
sons, and  such  as  are  charged  with  minor  offences. 

Cemeteries. — The  beautiful  cemetery  of  Laurel  Hill  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ridge  Road,  3^  miles  n.  w.  of  the  city,  and  on  the  e. 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  is  elevated  about  90  feet  above  the 
river.  It  contains  about  20  acres,  the  surface  of  which  is  undu- 
lating, prettily  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  adorned  with  a 
number  of  beautiful  trees.  The  irregularity  of  the  ground,  to- 
gether with  the  foliage,  shrubs,  and  fragrant  flowers,  which  here 
abound — the  finely-sculptured  and  appropriate  monuments — with 
an  extensive  and  diversified  view — make  the  whole  scene  grand 
and  impressive  in  a  high  degree.  On  entering  the  gate,  the  first 
object  that  presents  itself  to  the  gaze  of  the  visiter,  is  a  splendid 
piece  of  statuary,  representing  Sir  Walter  Scott  conversing  with 
Old  Mortality,  executed  in  sandstone  by  the  celebrated  Thom. 
The  chapel,  which  is  situated  on  high  ground  to  the  right  of  the 
entrance,  is  a  beautiful  Gothic  building,  illuminated  by  an  im- 
mense window  of  stained  glass.  Visiters  are  admitted  within  the 
cemetery  by  making  application  at  the  entrance ;  those  with 
carriages,  wishing  to  enter  the  enclosure,  must  show  a  ticket 
from  one  of  the  managers.  The  cars  of  the  Norristown  Rail- 
road will  convey  visiters  to  the  cemetery  and  back,  twice  daily, 
from  their  depot  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  Green  sta.  Fare, 
12^  cents. — Monument  Cemetery,  another  beautiful  enclosure,  is 
situated  on  Broad-st.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Turner's  Lane,  in  the 
north  part  of  Philadelphia,  and  about  three  miles  from  the  State- 
Tlouse.  It  was  opened  in  1838,  and  now  contains  many  hand- 
some tombs. — Ronaldson^s  Cemetery,  in  Shippen-st.,  between 
Ninth  and  Tenth,  occupying  an  entire  square,  and  surrounded 
by  an  iron  railing,  is  very  beautiful.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Mr. 
James  Ronaldson,  from  whom  it  takes  its  name,  who  divided  it 
into  lots,  and  disposed  of  it  for  its  present  purposes.  It  contains 
a  large  number  of  splendid  tombs,  and  is  adorned  with  a  great 
variety  of  flowers  and  foliage,  whose  fragrance  and  beauty  make 
this  an  attractive,  although  a  mournful  spot 

Places  of  Amusement. — Walnut-street  Theatre,  on  the  cor- 


nnLADELPHIA. 


243 


cor- 


ner of  Walnut  and  Ninth  sis.  Arch-street  Theatre,  in  Arch-st. 
above  Sixth.  PeaWs  Museum,  and  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts,  at  the 
Masonic  Hall,  in  Chesnut-st  above  Seventh.  Admission  25 
cents.  Academrj  of  Fine  Arts,  north  side  of  Chesnut,  between 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  sts.  Open  daily,  admission  25  cents.  WesVs 
Picture  of  Christ  Healing  the  Sick,  in  Spruce-st.,  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.  Admission  25  cents.  Musical  Fund  Hall, 
in  Locust-st.  between  Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.,  for  concerts.  Dio- 
rama, in  Sansom-st.  above  Eighth.     Admission  25  cents. 

Principal  Hotels. — Washington  House,  in  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Seventh  and  Eighth  sts.  Joneses  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.  Columbia  House,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
low Seventh.  United  States  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  between  Fourth 
and  Fifth.  Merchants'  Hotel,  North  Fourth-st.  near  Arch-st. 
Congress  Hall,  85  Chesnut,  and  37  South  Third-st.  Madison 
House,  39  North  Secoud-st.  above  Market-st.  Franklin  House, 
Chesnut-st.  above  Second-st.  Morris  House,  Temperance  Ho- 
tel, 188  Chesnut-st.  Mansion  House,  Third-st.  near  Spruce. 
Red  Lion  Hotel,  200  Market-st.  White  Swan  Hotel,  106  Race- 
st.  above  Third.  Indian  Queen,  in  Fourth  above  Chesnut-st. 
There  are,  also,  many  other  excellent  houses  here  where  the 
traveller  will  find  every  comfort  and  convenience,  with  moderate 
charges.  Private  boarding-houses,  and  refectories,  likewise  abound. 

Rates  of  Fare,  as  fixed  by  City  Ordinance. — Hackney  Coaches. — 
For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east  of  Broad-st.,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  hmits,  25  cents.  For  con- 
veying one  passenger  from  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other 
place  west  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  addition- 
al passenger,  25  cents.  Not  more  than /our  passengers  to  be  charged  for 
any  one  carriage.  For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east 
of  Broad-st.  to  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  or  from  any  place  west  of 
said  street  to  any  place  east  of  the  same,  within  the  city  limits,  50  cents. 
If  more  than  one  passenger,  then  for  each  passenger  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers  in  any  other  direction,  within  the 
Imiits  of  the  pavement,  for  each  passenger,  per  mile,  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers,  when  a  carriage  is  employed  by  the 
hour,  $1  per  hour. 

Baggage.— For  each  trunk  or  other  baggage  placed  inside,  at  the  own- 
er's request,  and  which  would  exclude  a  passenger,  for  each  passenger 
that  might  be  excluded  thereby,  25  cents.  For  each  trunk,  &c.,  placed 
outside,  12i  cents.    Baggage  placed  outside  not  to  pay  more,  in  the 


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IIAILIIOAI)  AMJ  STKA.MLOAT  COAir^^MOX. 


whole,  than  25  cents.    The  penalty  for  exceeding  the  above  charges  is 
a  fine  of  $5. 

Cahs.—Yox  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east  of  the  centre 
of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  [tlacf  east  of  the  centre  of  I3road-st. ;  or  from 
any  place  west  of  the  centre  oi  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  west  of  the 
centre  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  additional 
passenger  12^  cents.  For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east 
of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.',  to  any  other  place  west  of  the  centre  of 
Broad-st.  ;  or  from  any  place  west  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st ,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits.  37i 
cents.  Each  additional  passenger  12^  cents.  For  the  use  of  a  cab  by 
the  hour,  within  the  city  limits,  with  one  or  more  passengers,  with  the 
privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place,  and  stoppmg  as  often  as  may  be 
required,  for  each  and  every  hour  50  cents.  Whenever  a  cab  shall  be 
detained,  except  as  in  the  foregoing  .'section,  the  owner  or  driver  shall 
be  allowed  per  hour  50  cents.  And  so,  in  proportion,  for  any  part  of  an 
hour  exceeding  J5  minutes.  For  conveying  one  or  two  persons,  with 
reasonable  baggage,  to  or  from  any  of  the  steamboats  or  railroads,  (ex- 
ceot  the  Trenton  and  New  York  railroads,)  50  cents  :  more  than  two 
persons,  each  25  cents.  For  exceeding  the  above  charges,  or  for  re- 
fusing or  neglecting,  when  unemployed,  to  convey  any  persons  or  the* 
baggage  to  any  place  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  the  ordinance, 
upon  being  applied  to  for  that  purpose,  the  penalty  is  a  fine  of  $5. 

Omnibuses  leave  the  Exchange  every  few  minutes  for  the  va- 
rious parts  of  the  city,  Fairmount,  Girard  College,  &c.  Fare  6^ 
cents. 

PEACES  WORTH  VISITING. —  FairmouTity  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery, 
Girard  College,  Navy  Yard ;  the  Mint,  and  State  House,  both 
of  which  are  ui  Chesnut-st. ;  State  Penitentiary,  Almshouse,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  ;  and  the  various  Market  Houses, 
all  of  which  are  described  under  their  respective  heads. 

Places  in  the  Vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  &c. — Camden,  a 
city  and  port  of  entry  of  Gloucester  county,  N.  J.,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  opposite  Philadelphia.  It 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1831.  Much  of  the  soil  in  the 
vicinity  is  employed  in  raising  fruits  and  vegetables,  which  always 
find  a  ready  market  in  the  neighboring  city  opposite.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  4,000.  Numerous  steam  ferry-boats  k.?pp  up  a 
constant  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  Camden. 

A  railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Woodbury,  the  county 
town  of  Gloucester,  nine  miles.  It  contains  a  population  of  about 
1^00,  a  courthouse,  jail,  churches,  schools,  libraries,  and  many 


VICIXITY  OF  PIIlLADELrHIA. 


215 


other  institutions  for  the  |>roniotion  of  knowledge,  and  the  moral 
improvement  of  the  peojjle. 

KaighrCs  Pointy  a  short  distance  below  Camden,  Greenwich 
Point,  three  miles  below  the  city,  and  Gloucester  Point,  directly 
opposite,  are  favorite  places  of  resort  during  the  summer  season. 
Steamboats  run  many  times  daily  from  Philadelj)hia.  Fare  to 
the  former  place  5  cents — to  the  latter,  6.^  cents. 

Germantown,  six  miles  n.  of  Philadelphia,  consists  of  one  street 
only,  compactly  built,  and  extending  for  about  four  miles,  in  a 
direction  from  s.  e.  to  n.  w.  A  railroad  and  numerous  stages  af- 
ford a  constant  comnmnication  between  this  place  and  the  city, 
of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Cars  leave  the  depot  in  Philadelphia, 
corner  of  Ninth  and  Green  sts.,  four  times  daily.     Fare  15  cents. 

Manyunk,  eight  miles  from  the  city,  has  become  a  large  man- 
ufacturing place.  It  is  indebted  for  its  existence  to  the  water 
created  by  the  improvement  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  rendering  the  stream  navigable,  and  of  supply- 
ing hydraulic  power  to  the  numerous  factories  of  the  village. 

Norrisiown,  17  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  the  county  seat  of 
Montgomery.  It  occupies  an  elevated  site  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  n  flourishing  manufacturing  place.  A  dam 
built  across  the  river  gives  it  an  immense  water-power.  The 
town  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  plastered,  present- 
ing from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  a  bright  and  lively  appear- 
ance. From  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  there  is  an  extensive  v '^w 
of  the  fine  scenery  of  the  Schuylkill.  The  cars  of  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Norristown  Railroad  leave  Ninth-st,  corner  of  Green. 
Fare  40  cents.  Stages  leave  here  for  Doylestown,  New  Hope, 
and  other  places. 

Wissahickon  Creek,  a  stream  remarkable  for  its  romantic  and 
beautiful  scenery,  falls  into  the  Schuylkill  about  six  miles  above 
the  city.  It  has  a  regular  succession  of  cascades,  which  in  the 
aggregate  amount  to  about  700  feet.  Its  banks,  for  the  most 
part,  are  elevated  and  precipitous,  covered  with  a  dense  forest, 
and  diversified  by  moss-covered  rocks  of  every  variety.  The 
banks  of  the  beautiful  Wissahickon  atlord  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful rides  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  are  a  great  resort 
for  the  citizens,  picnic  parties,  and  Sunday  schools. 


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246 


RAILROAD   AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


The  Falls  of  the  Schuylkill  are  about  four  miles  above  the 
city,  on  the  river  of  that  name.  Since  the  erection  of  the  dam 
at  Fairmount,  the  falls  have  almost  disappeared.  From  the  city 
to  the  falls,  however,  is  a  very  pleasant  drive  ;  and  they  might 
be  reached  in  a  return  visit  to  the  Wissahickon. 

The  Schuylkill  Viaduct,  three  miles  n.  w.  from  the  city,  is 
980  feet  in  length,  and  crossed  by  the  Columbia  Railroad.  It 
leads  to  the  foot  of  an  inclined  plane,  2,800  feet  long,  with  an 
ascent  of  187  feet.  The  plane  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  sta- 
tionary engine  at  the  top,  which  conveys  the  cars  from  one  end 
of  the  plane  to  the  other.     It  is  a  pleasant  and  cheap  excursion. 

Cupe  May,  an  attractive  watering-place,  and  now  much  fre- 
quented by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  and  by  others,  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  the  extreme  southern  portion  of 
New  Jersey.  The  accommodations  hero  are  of  the  first  order, 
and  the  beach  is  unsurpassed  as  a  bathing-place.  During  the 
summer  season  steamboats  leave  Philadelphia  for  Cape  May 
daily.     Fare  $3.00— distance  102  miles. 

Brandywine  Springs. — Visiters  to  this  celebrated  watering- 
place  take  the  cars  in  Philadelphia,  which  leave  the  depot,  cor- 
ner of  Eleventh  and  Market  sts.,  twice  daily,  for  Wilmington, 
where  carriages  are  in  waiting  to  convey  them  to  the  Springs. 
Fare  through  $1.00. 

ROUTES  FROM  PHILADELPHIA.— (For  the  routes  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  Baltimore  and  Wasiiington,  see  page  262.) 

Route  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  (see  Map  No.  23, 
and  also  the  description  of  routes  from  New  York  to  Philadel- 
phia.)— During  the  present  season  there  will  be  four  daily  lines 
in  operation  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  leaving  at  7 
and  9i  a.  m.,  at  12  m.,  and  at  4^  p.  m.  By  the  first  and  third 
lines  passengers  are  taken  over  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad 
to  Amboy,  and  are  thence  conveyed  by  steamer  to  New  York. 
Time  5  hours.  Fare  $3.00.  By  the  second  and  fourth  lines, 
passengers  leave  from  the  foot  of  Walnut-st.  in  the  splendid 
steamboat  John  Stevens,  for  Tacony ;  thence  by  railroad,  via 
Cornwells,  Bristol,  Morrisville,  Trenton,  Princeton,  New 
Brunswick,  Elizabethtown,  Newark,  Jersey  City ;  and  arrive 


ROUTES  FROM  nilLADELrHIA. 


247 


at  New  York  (by  the  line  leaving  at  9)  at  1  o'clock,  iu  .  g  for 
the  North  and  East  River  boats.     Fare  on  this  route  $4.00. 

From  PiiiLADELrnu  to  Harrisburg  and  Pittsburg,  and  in- 
termediate places,  (see  page  255.) 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pottsville,  &,c.,  (see  page  248.) 

From  Philadelphia  to  Bethlehem,  Mauch  Chunk,  &.c.  Sec. 
— Stage  lines  leave  Philadelphia  from  the  office,  lOG  Race-st., 
daily,  for  Allentown  and  Bethlehem,  52  miles.  Fare  $2.50  ;  for 
Easton,  56  miles,  $2.50  ;  for  Mauch  Chunk,  77  miles,  $4.00. 
(For  the  location  of  the  above  places,  situated  n.  and  s.  w.  from 
Philadelphia,  see  Map  No.  23.) 

Allentown,  Pa.,  the  county-seat  of  Lehigh,  is  situated  a  short 
distance  w.  from  the  Lehigh  river,  at  the  junction  of  the  Jordan 
and  Little  Lehigh  creeks.  It  is  built  upon  high  ground,  and  com- 
tnands  a  fine  view  of  the  neighboring  country.  Pop.  about  3,300. 
It  contains  a  haudjume  courthouse,  several  churches  of  diiferent 
denominations,  academies,  and  libraries.  It  has  also  handsome 
water-works,  about  half  a  mile  distant,  by  which  means  spring- 
water  is  raised  to  the  height  of  160  feet,  and  thence  distributed 
amongst  the  inhabitants.  The  mineral  springs  here  are  highly 
prized  by  those  who  have  tried  the  efficacy  of  their  waters.  A 
visit  to  "  Big  Rock,"  1,000  feet  in  elevation,  a  short  distance  from 
the  village,  will  amply  repay  the  tourist,  by  the  extent  and  rich- 
ness of  the  soene  there  spread  out  before  him  in  every  direction. 

Bethlehem^  Pa.,  occupies  an  elevated  site  upon  the  left  bank  of 
the  Lehigh,  at  the  mouth  of  Monokicy  creek.  It  is  the  principal 
seat  of  the  United  Brethren,  or  Moravians,  in  the  United  States, 
and  was  originally  settled  under  Count  Zinzendorf,  in  1741.  The 
village  contains  a  large  stone  church  of  Gothic  architecture,  142 
feet  long  and  GS  wide,  and  capable  of  seating  2,000  persons. 
From  the  centre  rises  a  tower,  surmounted  by  an  elegant  dome. 
The  society  is  distinguished  by  great  simplicity  of  manners,  ai^d 
their  love  of  music,  which  is  used  not  only  in  their  religious  ser- 
vices, but  in  the  burial  of  their  dead.  Bethlehem  is  also  distin- 
guished for  an  exeelleut  boarding-school  for  young  ladies,  founded 
in  1788,  which  has  on  an  average  70  pupils. 

Nazareth f  another  pretty  Moravian  village,  is  situated  ten 
miles  a.  from  Bethlehem,  and  seven  miles  n.  w.  from  Easton,  on 


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248 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


the  turnpike  road  to  Wilkesbarre.  It  contains  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing school  for  boys. — (For  Easton,  and  Delaware  and  Lehigh 
Water  Gaps,  see  page  223.) 

Mauch  Chunk,  seat  of  justice  of  Carbon  county,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  I/^high,  at  the  confluence  of  that  stream 
with  Mauch  Chunk  creek.  It  occupies  a  space  in  a  narrow  and 
romantic  glen  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  is  surrounded  by 
mountains,  some  of  which  are  1,000  feet  in  elevation.  "  The 
face  of  these  mountains,  although  covered  with  fragments  of 
rocks,  and  displaying  in  many  places  huge  beetling  precipices,  is 
clothed  in  summer  with  verdant  trees  and  shrubs,  obscuring  the 
rough  surface  of  the  mountain,  and  forming  a  pleasing  contrast 
with  the  white  buildinjis  clustered  beneath  its  shade." 


THE  PHILADELPHIA,    READING,  AND   POTTSVILLE 

RAILROAD. 

(See  Maps  Nos.  23  and  25.) 

This  important  road  extends  from  Philadel'>Hia  to  the  coal 
mines  at  Pottsville,  94  miles.  It  was  opened  early  in  1842,  and 
cost,  including  locomotives,  cars,  depots,  &c.,  about  ^45,000  per 
mile.  It  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  substantially  constructed 
roads  in  the  country.  The  great  expense  incurred  in  its  con- 
struction was  ow^ing,  in  a  measure,  to  the  "  tunnels"  upon  the 
route,  of  which  there  are  three.  The  most  important  is  that  of 
the  "  Black  Rock  Tunnel,"  near  Phoenixville,  cut  through  the 
solid  rock,  1,932  feet  long,  19  wide,  and  17  high.  The  "  Flat 
Rock  Tunnel,"  in  the  vicinity  of  Manyunk,  is  962  feet  long,  21 
wide,  and  25  deep.  The  "  Pulpit  Rock  Tunnel,"  1,600  feet 
long,  is  near  Port  Clinton. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Reading  and  Pottsville. — The  depot 
is  in  Broad,  corner  of  Vine-st.  The  following  are  the  stopping- 
places,  with  distances  and  fares :  From  Pliiladelphia  to  Manyunky 
7  miles,  25  cents  ;  to  Norristown,  17, 40  cents  ;  to  Valley  Forge^ 
23,  80  cents  ;  to  Phoenixville,  27,  $1.00  ;  to  PatUlown,  40> 
$1.60  ;  to  Douglassville,  44,  $1.75  ;  to  Reading,  58,  $2.25  , 
to  Mohrsmlhy  67,  $2.60  ;  to  Hamburg,  75,  $2.90  ;  to  Fori 


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READING  RAILROAD. 


249 


Clinton,  78,  $3.00  ;  to  Orwigsburg,  86,  Schuylkill  Haven,  89, 
.$3.40  ;  to  Pottsville,  94,  ,$3.50. 

Valley  Forge,  a  place  of  much  interest  in  American  history, 
is  where  Gen.  Washington  established  his  head-quarters  during 
the  winter  of  1777.  The  house,  which  is  still  standing,  is  near 
tlie  railroad,  from  which  it  can  be  seen. 

Pottstown  is  prettily  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill. The  houses,  which  are  built  principally  upon  one  broad 
•street,  are  surrounded  by  fine  gardens  and  elegant  shade-trees. 
The  scenery  of  the  surrounding  hills  is  very  fine,  especially  in  the 
iall  of  the  year,  when  the  foliage  is  tinged  with  a  variety  of  rich 
Hutumnal  tints.  The  Reading  Railroad  passes  through  one  of 
its  streets,  and  crosses  the  Manatawny  on  a  lattice  bridge,  1,071 
feet  in  length. 

Reading,  the  capital  of  Berks  county,  is  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  built  on  gently  rising  ground,  with  the  river 
on  one  side,  and  a  ridge  of  hills  on  the  other.  It  contains  a  new 
and  handsome  courthouse,  a  jail,  15  churches,  upwards  of  30  ho- 
tels and  taverns,  several  manufactories  of  iron,  brass  foundries, 
locomotive  •  ngine  shops,  «&c.  &c.     Population  about  12,000. 

Port  Clinton,  a  small  but  thriving  village,  is  situated  in 
Schuylkill  county,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Schuylkill  river. 
It  is  indebted  for  its  growth  to  the  shipment  of  coal  over  the  rail- 
road from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Tamaqua,  12  miles  dis- 
tant 

Schuylkill  Haven  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, amidst  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  The  Wet^t 
Branch  Railroad,  running  from  the  coal  mines,  unites  here  with 
the  Schuylkill  navigation.  The  transhipment  of  coal  is  the  busi- 
ness from  which  the  town  chiefly  derives  support. 

Pottsville  is  situated  on  the  edges  of  the  coal  basin,  in  the  gap 
by  which  the  Schuylkill  breaks  through  Sharp's  mountain.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rapid  growth,  being  a  great  mart  for  the  coal  trade  ; 
it  contains  a  splendid  Catholic  cathedral,  and  an  elegant  Episco- 
pal church,  both  built  in  the  Gothic  style.  It  has  other  churches 
of  different  denominations,  a  spacious  town-hall,  several  ex- 
cellent hotels,  a  furnace  for  making  iron,  forge  and  rolling  mills, 
a  foundry,  a  steam-engine  factory,  &c. 


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260 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAIVIBOAT  COMPANION. 


\^i 


A  visit  to  the  coal  region  of  PeniiBylvania  forms  a  very  agreea- 
ble summer  excursion  ;  whilst  the  fine  and  varied  scenery,  and 
the  pure  mountain  air,  cannot  bo  otherwise  than  pleasing  and 
healthful.  The  accommodations  for  travellers  at  Pottsville  and 
other  places  here,  are  ample.  An  excursion  to  the  colliery  of 
Messrs.  Potts  and  Bannon  will  be  found  very  interesting.  It  is 
the  deepest  in  this  region,  and  is  known  as  Guinea  Hill,  or  Black 
Mine. 

"  The  depth  of  the  slope  is  400  feet,  which,  at  an  inclination  of  40  de- 
grees, would  give  a  perpendicular  depth  of  252  feet  into  the  very  bowels 
of  the  earth.  The  colliery  is  worked  with  two  steam-engines— one  of 
51)  horse  power,  and  the  other  of  20  ;  the  former  is  used  in  pumping  the 
water  which  accumulates  in  the  mines,  and  the  latter  in  hoisting  the 
coal  in  cars  to  the  mouth  of  the  slope.  The  pump  used  in  the  coUiery 
is  of  east-iron,  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  extends  the  entire  depth  of 
the  slope— 400  feet.  The  column  of  water  brought  up  by  the  engine,  at 
each  lift  of  the  pump,  is  equal  in  weight  to  about  8i  tons.  At  the  depth 
of  200  feet  of  tliis  slope,  a  tunnel  has  been  driven  270  feet  s.  to  the  Tun- 
nel vein,  and  210  n.  to  the  Lawton  vein— both  through  solid  rock.  As 
the  visiter  leaves  the  slope,  and  finds  himself,  lantern  in  hand,  groping 
his  way  through  the  gangway  into  the  heart  of  the  mine,  he  is  bewil- 
dered and  startled,  as  the  almost  indistinct  masses  of  coal,  slate,  dirt,  &.C., 
fashion  themselves  into  something  bordering  upon  a  dark,  dusky,  and 
even  forbidding  outline.  It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  upon  a  subterra- 
nean city,  buried  by  some  great  convulsion  of  nature ;  and  the  illusion 
is  still  further  heightened  by  observing  workmen  busily  engaged,  appa- 
rently in  excavating  the  ruins." 

From  Pottsville  travellers  can  proceed  by  stage  to  Northum- 
berland, Danville,  Catawissa,  Maiich  Chunk,  Wilkesbarre,  &c. 
Passengers  leaving  Philadelphia  for  either  of  these  places,  or 
others  in  this  vicinity,  should  apply  for  seats,  or  information,  at 
]06  Race-st.,  or  at  the  depot,  corner  of  Broad  and  Vine  sts. 

Wilkesbarre  is  situated  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Wyoming,  on 
a  plain  elevated  about  20  feet  above  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a 
well-built  rural  village,  with  a  population  of  about  3,000.  This 
valley,  famous  in  story  and  song,  is  rich  in  soil  and  the  best  agri- 
cultural productions,  and  in  fertility  and  beauty  is  unrivalled.  Its 
historical  associations  are  replete  with  thrilling  interest.  A  rail- 
road, 20  miles  long,  unites  Wilkesbarre  with  the  Lehigh  river  and 
canal  at  White  Haven.  (For  the  country  north  of  Wilkesbarre, 
see  Map  No.  17.) 


READING  RAILROAD. 


251 


Sunbury,  (see  Map  No.  25,)  the  county  seat  of  Northampton, 
is  situated  on  a  hroad  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  Shamokin  creek.  Its  site  is  one  of 
great  beauty,  and  from  the  high  hills  in  its  immediate  vicinity, 
there  is  a  magniticent  prospect  of  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. The  Sunbury,  Danville,  and  Pottsville  Railroad 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1833 :  a  few  miles  of  the  eastern 
end  were  opened  for  use  in  1834  ;  but  on  account  of  the  connec- 
tion not  being  completed,  and  the  onvenient  inclined  planes  at 
that  end  of  the  road,  its  use  \  i..  abandoned,  and  it  was  allowed 
to  fall  into  decay.  The  western  division  has  been  completed  for 
19  miles,  from  Sunbury  to  the  Shamokin  mines,  and  is  now  in 
successful  use  for  the  transportation  of  coal.  The  length  of  the 
road  from  Sunbury  to  Pottsville  is  44^  miles  ;  and  including  the 
branch  to  Danville,  the  entire  length  is  51  ^  miles.  The  late 
Stephen  Girard  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  this  road.  From 
this  place  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad  will  extend  to  Erie, 
on  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  Surveys  of  this  road  were  made 
in  the  years  1838  and  1839,  under  the  direction  of  Edward  Mil- 
ler, Esq. 

Williamsport,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lycoming  county,  is  pleas- 
antly situated  on  an  elevated  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the 
buildings,  both  public  and  private,  have  some  pretensions  to  ar- 
chitectural beauty.  The  public  square,  on  which  stands  the 
courthouse,  is  shaded  with  trees,  and  enclosed  with  an  iron  rail- 
ing. Several  of  the  churches  are  surmounted  with  graceful 
spires  and  cupolas,  which  form  conspicuous  objects  amid  the  rich 
surrounding  scenery.  The  hotels  are  spacious,  and  abound  in 
every  comfort,  and  the  charges  are  reasonable.  The  United 
States  Court  for  the  Western  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  held  al- 
ternately here  and  at  Pittsburg.  The  West  Branch  Canal  passes 
through  tho  town.  The  Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad  has 
been  finished  as  far  as  Ralston,  26  miles  from  this  place,  (see 
Map  No.  17.)  The  whole  length  of  the  road  is  74  miles,  and 
when  completed  it  will  open  an  important  route  for  travel,  and 
the  transportation  of  coal,  iron,  and  agricultural  products 


"T.> 


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252 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


1 1 


THE  COLUMBIA  RAILROAD.— This  road  extends  from  Phil- 
adelphia  to  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Columbia,  82  miles.  In 
April,  1834,  a  single  track  was  completed  throughout,  and  in 
Oct.  1834,  both  tracks  were  opened  for  public  use.  Cost  of  con- 
struction, ^4,204,960.  Formerly,  at  Columbia,  there  was  an 
inclined  plane  1,800  feet  in  length,  and  90  in  height ;  but  this  was 
dispensed  with  in  1839,  by  completing  a  circuitous  route  of  six 
miles,  with  a  grade  of  30  feet  to  the  mile.  There  is  an  inclined 
plane  on  this  road  after  crossing  the  Schuylkill  from  Philadelphia, 
the  removal  of  which  is  contemplated  by  the  company.  The 
West  Chester  Branch  road  extends  from  the  Columbia,  at  Paoli, 
to  West  Chester,  seven  miles. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  (see  Maps  Nos.  23  and  25.) 
— Cars  leave  the  depot,  274  Market-st.,  for  Paoli,  21  miles,  fare 
75  cents ;  Downingstown,  33,  $1.00  ;  Coatsville,  40,  ^1.12 ; 
Parkshurg,  45,  $1.25  ;  Lancaster,  70,  $2.50  ;  Columbia,  82, 
$2.87^. 

Columbia,  Pa.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehan- 
na, 28  miles  below  Harrisburg,  and  12  west  of  Lancaster.  A  part 
of  the  town  occupies  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  rises  gently  from 
the  river,  and  the  business  part  of  the  town  lies  along  the  level 
bank  of  the  river.  The  scenery  from  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  is 
highly  pleasing.  The  broad  river  studded  with  numerous  islands 
and  rocks,  crossed  by  a  long  and  splendid  bridge,  and  bounded 
on  every  side  by  lofty  hills,  presents  one  of  the  finest  landscapes 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  junction  here  of  the  state  railroad  from 
Philadelphia  with  the  main  line  of  the  canal,  the  railroad  to  York, 
and  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Maryland,  renders  Columbia  a  busy 
place.  The  main  current  of  travel  which  formerly  passed 
through  here,  has  been  diverted  by  the  construction  of  the  Har- 
risburg and  Lancaster  Railroad ;  but  the  emigrant  travel  still 
goes  by  way  of  Columbia.  A  fine  bridge  crosses  the  Susquehan- 
na, more  than  a  mile  in  length.  The  cost  of  its  construction  was 
$231,771.  It  was  erected  by  a  company  in  1814,  the  state  hav- 
ing an  interest  in  it  to  the  amount  of  $90,000. 

The  York  and  Wrightsville  Railroad,  (see  Map  No.  25.) — 
This  short  branch  of  12  miles  unites  the  Columbia  with  the  rail- 
road from  York  to  Baltimore.    Cost  of  construction,  $350,000. 


.  .1 


IIARRISBURG  AND  LAN'CASTER  RAILROAD. 


253 


Yorh,  Pa.,  the  capital  of  York  county,  is  situated  on  the  banks 
of  Codonis  creek,  11  miles  from  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a  thri- 
vinpf  place  surrounded  by  a  well-cultivated  country,  and  contains 
some  handsome  public  buildinjjfs,  the  principal  of  which  is  the 
courthouse,  built  of  granite,  and  resembling  a  Grecian  temple, 
erf^cted  in  1842,  at  a  cost  of  ^150,000.  Besides  this,  and  the 
other  public  edifices  usual  in  a  county  town,  it  has  10  churches, 
some  of  which  are  adorned  with  tall  spires,  noted  for  their  archi- 
tectural elegance.  The  chief  trade  of  York  and  the  surrounding 
country  is  transacted  with  Baltimore.  From  York  passengers 
can  proceed  by  the  railroad  to  Baltimore,  57  miles.     Fare  ^1.50. 


I 

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t  .  i  - 


THE  HARRISBUHG  AND  LANCASTER  RAILROAD,  (see 
Map  No.  25.) — This  road,  which  forms  a  connection  with  the 
Columbia  Railroad  at  liiincaster,  is  36  miles  long.  It  was  open- 
ed in  1837,  and  cost  ^850,000. 

From  Piiiladklimua  to  Lvncastki;  and  Harrisrurg. — Cars 
leave  the  depot,  274  Markff-st.,  and  thence  proceed  over  the 
Columbia  Railroad  to  Lancaster,  (see  page  252  ;)  from  thence  to 
Harrisburg.  Fare  to  Lancaster,  .$2.50,  and  through  to  Harris- 
burg,  ,^4.00. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  tlio  county-seat  of  Lancaster,  occupies  an 
elevated  site  near  the  right  bank  of  Con'\'>toga  creek,  70  miles  w. 
from  Philadelphia,  37  s.  e.  from  Uarrisburg,  and  12  e.  from  the  Sus- 
quehanna at  Columbia.  The  streets,  laid  ofT  at  right  angles,  are 
paved  and  lighted;  and  the  houses,  generally  of  brick,  are  well 
built.  The  city  is  sup])lied  with  water  by  an  artificial  basin  and 
"  water-works."  Stores,  taverns,  and  shops,  abound  in  every 
quarter ;  railroad-c;irs,  stages,  canal-boats,  and  wagons,  are  con- 
stantly arriving  and  departing  :  and  the  bustle  and  confusion  at 
times  are  very  great.  The  Conestoga  Navigation  is  a  series  of 
9  locks  and  slackwater  pools,  18  miles  in  length,  from  Lancaster 
to  Safe  Harbor,  on  the  Suscjuehanna,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cone- 
stoga. By  means  of  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Port  Deposit,  a 
navigable  communication  is  opened  to  Baltimore. 

Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the 
chief  town  of  Dauphin  county,  occupies  a  commanding  site  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  a  short  difctance  above  the  mouth 


".  .-^ 


i;  ■ 


254 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  C0:VIPANI0N. 


of  Paxton  creek.  "  Situated  in  the  midst  of  the  fertile  Kitta- 
tinny  valley,  and  lookinj^  out  upon  some  of  the  most  magnificent 
scenery  in  the  world, — with  splendid  bridges  spanning  the  broad 
river,  and  shaded  walks  along  rts  banks, — with  canals,  railroads, 
and  turnpikes,  radiating  from  it  in  all  directions, — with  a  highly 
intelligent  resident  population,  and  the  annual  presence  of  a 
transient  population  comprising  the  highest  talent  in  the  state, — 
Harrishurg  has  great  and  varied  attractions  to  tempt  the  residen  , 
the  politician,  the  trader,  and  the  stranger  who  comes  only  to 
observe  and  admire," 

THE  CUMBBilLAND  VALLEY  RAUiROAD,  (see  Map  No. 
25.) — This  roafi  extends  from  Harrishurg  to  Chambersburg,  56 
miles  ;  it  was  completed  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $650,000.  The 
rtilroad  bridge  over  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Harrishurg,  over 
which  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  is  carried,  is  an  immense 
structure,  3,992  feet  in  length.  It  has  23  spans  averaging  173 
tcet,  and  two  arched  viaducts,  one  ;)3  and  the  other  84  feet  long. 
There  are  two  carriage-ways,  above  which,  immediately  under 
the  roof,  is  the  railway  track.  Its  entire  cost  exceeded  ^95,000, 
From  Harrishurg  to  Mechanicshurg,  12  miles,  50  oents  ;  to  Car- 
lisle., 22,  87i  cents;  to  Newville,  34,  $1.25;  to  Shippenshurg, 
45,  $1.50  ;  and  to  Chambersburg,  56,  $2.00. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  is  situated  in  the  Cumberland  Valley,  128  miles 
w.  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  an  ancient  and  flourishing  town, 
with  wide  streets,  and  a  spacious  public  square  in  the  centre. 
The  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  passes  through  its  principal 
street.  About  4  miles  n.  are  the  Carlisle  Springs,  situated  in  a 
healthy  and  retired  spot,  surrounded  with  the  fine  scenery  of  the 
Blue  Mountain.     The  accommodations  for  visiters  are  very  good. 

Skippensburg,  a  brisk  little  place,  through  which  passes  the 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  and  a  turnpike,  is  situated  at  the 
extreme  w.  end  of  Cumberland  county.  It  contains  about  1,000 
fnhabitants. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in 
the  state,  and  pleasantly  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Falling 
Spring  and  Conecocheaguo  creeks,  162  miles  from  Philadelphia. 
The  courthouse  is  a  handsome  brick  building,  erected  in  1842, 


ROUTES   10  I'lTTSLlJi:';   AM)  TH?:   \Vi..-. 


:,in 


with  an  Ionic  coIonuiKie,  and  s:;rnioimti'(l  by  a  oiipohi.  It  con- 
tains also  a  juil,  sevfral  chuiciies,  an  academy,  a  bankin^r-liouBje, 
and  a  masonic  hall  ;  the  two  latter  are  striictnros  of  a  superior 
order.  Tho  surround.njj  conntrv,  wiiich  is  very  healthv,  is  also 
of  trreat  fertility,  and  in  a  hitrh  stale  of  improvement.  The  con- 
stant arrival  of  passengers  by  the  railroad  from  the  e.,  fjoing  w. 
to  Pittsbur^r  by  stu^e,  or  passin<r  through  on  their  way  down 
from  that  j)lace,  imparts  to  Chanibersburg  a  scene  of  great  ac- 
tivity.    Population  3,000. 

THE  FRANKLIN  RATiROAD  jo;ns  here  with  tho  Cumberland 
Vailey  Railroad,  and  extends  from  thence  throujrh  Greencastio 
to  Ilugerstown,  Maryl;ind,  '2i  miles.  It  was  opened  in  1839, 
and  cost  ^225,000.     T!ie  travel  over  it  is  of  very  little  account. 


!-• 


■'' 


IS  in 
lUiug 
|phia. 

1843, 


GRAND    ROUTES    FROM    PHILADELPHIA    TO   PITTSBL'RG 

AND   IHE  WEST. 

At  Philadelphia  the  traveller  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Colum- 
bia Railroad,  at  274  Market-st.,  and  thence  proceed  to  Ilarris- 
burg,  the  capital  of  the  state.  Having  arrived  there,  two  routes 
will  be  at  his  disposal.  The  Jirst  and  most  eligible  is  by  railroad  to 
Chambersburg,  via  Carlisle.  (See  these  routes  at  pages  252,  254.) 
At  Chambersburg,  good  lines  of  stages  leave  twice  daily  for 
Pittsburg,  (seo  Maps  Nos.  25  and  27,)  via  McConnclstown,  20 
miles;  Bedford,  50;  Shellsbur*r,  GO;  Stoysloivn,  SO ',  Laugh- 
lintown,  93;  Greenshorg,  117;  and  arrive  al  Pittsburg,  J5U 
miles  from  Chambersburg,  and,  by  this  route,  from  Philadelphia 
312  mile?.  Total  time  betweeu  the  two  cities  about  three  days. 
Fare  usually  ^11,00. 

The  second  route  from  Harrisburg  to  Pittsburg,  is  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  and  the  Portage  Railroad,  (see  Maps  Nos. 
25  and  27.)  At  Harrisburg  w'e  take  the  canal-boat,  and  proceed 
along  tho  e.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  river  to  Port  Dauphin,  or 
Lyon,  7i  miles,  and  in  IG  miles  reach  Duncan^s  Island,  at  tho 
mouth  of  the  Juniata  river ;  thence,  proceeding  to  Newport,  2G 
miles  ;  to  MiUerstuwn,  31 ;  Mexico,  46  ;  M'ffliniovm,  50  ;  Lewis- 
town,  64 ;  Wayncaburg,   78  ;    Huntingdon,  107  ;    Petersburg, 


i  str 


*  '-it  '   •'St  '1 


266 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


114;  Alexandria,  121  ;  Williamsburg,  134;  Frankatown,  144 ; 
Hollidayshurg,  147.  We  have  now  arrived  at  the  termination 
of  the  canal  route  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  find 
ourselves  at  an  elevation  of  913  feet  above  tidewater  in  the 
Delaware  at  Philadelphia ;  having,  in  our  course  over  the  canal, 
passed  through  112  locks,  and  over  33  aqueducts.  This  is  also 
the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Alleghany  Portage  Railroad,  at 
which  place  our  conveyance  over  the  mountains  is  performed  by 
railroad,  (a  description  of  which  we  append  to  this  article.)  The 
traveller,  especially  if  it  should  be  his  first  journey  over  this 
route,  will  be  pleased  to  observe  the  novel  sight  of  transporting 
the  boats  over  the  Alleghanies,  from  the  canal  on  one  side  to  the 
canal  on  the  other  side.  These  boats  are  now  constructed  so  as 
to  be  separable  into  three  or  four  parts  on  reaching  the  railroad  ; 
whence  they  are  taken  up,  with  freight  and  all  on  board,  and  wend- 
ing their  way  over  the  mountains,  resume  at  Johnstown  their 
more  congenial  element,  where  their  parts  are  again  united,  and 
they  thence  glide  onward  over  the  waters  to  the  west. 

»  THE  ALLEGHANY  PORTAGE  RAILROAD.-(See  Map  No.  27. j 
— ^This  short  road  is  39  ~-^^  miles  in  length  ;  it  commences  at 
Hollidayshurg,  and  crosses  the  mountain  at  Blair's  Gap  Summit, 
and  descends  the  valley  of  the  Conemaugh  to  Johnstown,  over- 
coming in  ascent  and  descent  an  aggregate  of  2,570  feet,  1,398 
of  which  are  on  the  eastern,  and  1,172  on  the  western  side  of  the 
mountain.  Two  thousand  seven  hundred  feet  of  the  ascent  and 
descent  have  been  overcome  by  ten  inclined  planes,  lifting  from 
130  to  307  feet,  and  varying  in  incliuation  between  4^  and  5| 
degrees.  On  this  line  there  is  a  tunnel  870  feet  long  and  20  feet 
high,  cut  through  the  Staple  Bend  Mountain  of  the  Conemaugh. 
There  are  also  four  extensive  viaducts,  the  principal  of  which  is 
that  over  the  Horse-Shoe  Bend  :  it  is  a  semicircular  arch  of  80 
feet  span,  erected  at  a  cost  of  ^55,000.  The  cars  are  elevated 
by  stationary  steam-engines  at  the  head  of  each  plane  ;  and  on 
the  intervening  places  locomotives  and  horses  are  used.  The  to- 
tal cost  of  the  road,  with  every  appurtenance  included,  was 
$1,850,000.  It  was  opened  in  1834,  and  its  greatest  elevation 
above  tidewater  at  Philadelphia  is  2,700  feet. 


PITTSBURG. 


257 


Having  arrived  ut  Johnstown,  and  being  still  at  a  great  elevation 
above  tidewater,  wo  agaii'  '  ^ume  our  route  by  the  descent  over 
the  western  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  (see  Map  No.  27,) 
and  in  seven  miles  reach  Laurel  Hill  Gap;  Lockport,  18: 
Blairsville,  29  ;  Livermore,  40  ;  Salzburg,  48  ;  Port  Johnson, 
50  ;  Warrentown,  GO  ;  Leechhurg,  70  ;  Aqueduct,  73  ;  Freeport, 
75  ;  and  in  32  miles  further  we  reach  Pittsburg,  107  miles  from 
Johnstown.  Here  crossing  the  Alleghany  river  over  a  splendid 
aqueduct,  and  by  a  tunnel  made  through  the  hill  back  of  the 
town,  the  road  reaches  the  Monongahela,  and  connects  with  the 
navigation  on  the  western  waters. — Recapitulation  of  the  route  : 
First,  by  railroad  to  Harrisburg,  106  miles ;  thence  by  the  east- 
ern  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  147  ;  from  Hollidaysburg 
to  Johnstown  by  railroad,  39  miles  ;  thence  by  the  western  di- 
vision of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  to  Pittsburg,  107  miles.  Total, 
399  miles.  Usual  time,  if  by  packet  boat  on  the  canal,  4i  days  ; 
and  if  by  line  boat,  about  a  week.  Fare,  usually  ^13  ;  by  the 
line  boats  $2.75  less. 


PITTSBURG. 

This  city,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  county,  is  situated 
in  N.  Lat.  40°  26'  25",  and  in  W.  Long.  79°  59' ;  348  miles  from 
Philadelphia  ;  107  w.  s.  w.  Harrisburg  ;  and  292  n.  w.  Baltimore. 
Its  population  in  1810  was  4,768  ;  in  1820,  7,250  ;  in  1830,  in- 
cluding Alleghany  and  the  suburbs,  21,912  ;  in  1840,  38,931  ; 
and  in  1848,  including  the  environs  within  a  circuit  of  five  miles, 
it  is  stated  to  amount  to  100,000. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  in  a  district  rich  in  mineral  resources. 
Nature  has  bestowed  its  richest  gifts  upon  this  region  ;  and  the 
enterprise  of  the  people  has  been  directed  to  the  development  of 
its  resources,  with  an  energy  and  success  seldom  paralleled.  The 
city  of  Pittsburg  enjoys,  from  its  situation,  admirable  commercial 
facilities,  and  has  become  the  centre  of  an  extensive  commerce 
with  the  western  states ;  while  its  vicinity  to  inexhaustible  iron 
and  coal  mines,  has  raised  it  to  great  distinction  as  a  manufactu- 
ring place. 

17 


25S 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


View  of  Pittsburg. 

The  city  was  laid  out  in  17G5,  on  the  site  of  Fort  Dii  Qnestif, 
subsequently  cljanirod  to  Fort  Pitt.  It  is  situated  on  a  trianjjniar 
point,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Mononijuhela 
rivers,  which  hrro  form  the  Oliio.  Pittshnrfr  Is  connectfd  with 
the  left  bank  of  the  Monongaiiela  by  a  bridge  1,500  feet  lon«x, 
which  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  {^10i2,000.  Four  bridges  cross 
the  Alleghany  river,  connecting  Pittsburg  with  Alleghany  city. 

The  most  prominent  of  the  public  buildings  is  the  Courthouse, 
on  Grant's  Hill,  an  eminence,  about  a  mile  back  of  the  city.  It 
is  a  splendid  edifice,  and  commands,  from  the  elevation  of  its  site. 
an  extensive  view  of  the  three  rivor^,  and  of  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages for  miles  around.  It  is  ?o,')  feet  long  by  109  broad,  and 
surmounted  by  a  dome  .37  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base.  There 
is  also  a  splendid  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  Grant's  Ilill.  The 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  which  commenced  opera- 
tions as  a  college  in  182^2,  is  located  near  Grant's  Hill.  The 
Third  Presbyterian  Church  is  an  attractive  edifice.  Some  of  the 
hotels  here,  as  also  the  banks,  are  splendid  buildings:  in  particu- 
lar, the  Exchange  Hotel  and  the  Munongahcla  Ilnuse,  are  large 
and  imposing  structures.  Thrre  is  here  a  museum,  which,  bef^ides 
other  attractions,  contains  many  aboriginal  curiosities.  There 
are  in  Pittsburg  about  40  churches,  several  banks  and  insurance 
companiesj  and  u  bank  for  savings. 


riTTSRURG. 


259 


The  city  is  supplied  with  Wiitor  of  a  fiiio  quality  derived  from 
the  Allcfrhany.  Tho  water  is  raised  by  steam  IIG  feet  to  a 
reservoir  11  feet  deep,  on  ({rant's  Hill,  which  contains  about 
1,000,000  jrallons,  and  is  tlienco  distributed  over  tho  city  in  iron 
pipes,  tias  is  n«ed  for  lighting  the  city  :  for  this  purpose  the 
btimiinons  coal,  which  abounds  in  the  vicinity,  allbrds  great  fa- 
cilities, and  at  comparatively  trifling  cost. 

There  are  several  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  which, 
us  they  may  be  considered  parts  of  one  great  manufacturing  and 
conuiiercial  city,  are  entitled  to  a  notice  here.  Alleghany  City, 
ojjposite  to  Pittsburg,  on  the  other  side  of  tho  Alleghany  river,  is 
the  most  important  of  them.  The  elegant  residences  of  many 
perKons  doing  business  in  Pittsburg,  may  be  seen  here,  occupying 
conunanding  situations.  litre  is  loouled  the  Western  Theolo'fi' 
ctd  Seininary  of  the  Preshyterian  Church,  an  institution  found- 
ed by  the  (ieneral  Asseml)ly  in  18i25,  and  established  in  this  town 
in  L^27,  Situated  on  a  lofty,  insulated  ridge  100  feet  above  tho 
Allegluuiy,  it  afTorcIs  a  rnagnifK^ent  prospect.  There  are  6,000 
vols,  in  its  library.  The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Assnc'aie 
Refunned  Church,  est;d)lished  in  1820,  and  tiie  Alleghany  The- 
ological Institute,  organized  in  1840  by  the  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church,  are  also  located  here.  Tho  Western 
Penitentiary  is  an  immense  building  in  the  ancient  Norman 
style,  situated  on  a  plain  on  the  western  bonier  of  Alleghany  City. 
It  was  completed  in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  1$  183,000.  The  United 
States  Arsenal  is  located  at  Lawrenceville,  a  small  but  pretty 
village  two  and  a  half  miles  above  Pittsburg,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Alleghany  river. 

Birmingham  is  another  considerable  suburb  of  Pittsburg,  lying 
about  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  on  the  s.  side  of  the 
Monongahela,  and  connected  with  Pittsburg  by  a  bridge  1,.500 
feet  long,  and  by  a  ferry.  It  has  important  manufactorirs  of 
^dass  and  iron. 

It  is  usual  to  speak  of  extensive  manufactories  as  being  in  Pitts- 
burg, though  they  are  not  within  the  limits  of  the  city  proper,  but 
are  distributed  over  a  circle  of  five  miles  radius  from  the  court- 
house on  Grant's  Hill.     This  space  includes  the  cities  of  Pitts 
burg  and  Alleghany,  the  boroughs  of  Birmingham  and  Lawrence- 


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260 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ville,  and  a  nunibf^r  of  townH  nnd  villii(i;o8,  the  niunufuoturiii^r 
eHlal)li.sliments  in  which  have  thoir  warrliuuHos  in  l*iltKbur^,  and 
may  consequently  bo  deemed,  from  the  close  connection  of  their 
jreneral  intoreHta  and  bnsinews  operations,  a  part  of  tbo  city. 
'I'hero  are  within  the  above  compass  abont  80  places  of  religions 
worship,  and  a  popuhttion  of  not  less  than  100,0U0. 

'I'ho  stranger  in  Pittsburg  will  derive  both  pleasure  an<l  instruc- 
tion by  a  visit  to  some  of  its  great  manufactur  ng  cstablishiiientH, 
particularly  those  of  glass  and  iron.  During  Iho  summer  season 
Pittsburg  is  an  immense  thoroughfare,  large  numbers  of  travel- 
lers and  emigrants  passing  through  it  on  their  way  westward. 
The  importance  of  this  city  will  be  greatly  increased  by  its  more 
intimate  connection  with  its  sister  city,  on  the  completion  of  the 
great  Pennsyliumia  Central  Railroad,  now  in  course  of  rapid 
construction  ;  and  also  by  the  opening  of  the  railroad  to  ('leve' 
land,  on  Lake  Erie.     (For  routes  from  Pittsburg,  see  page  295.) 


it   ' 


II 


THE   PENNSYLVANIA    CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 

The  construction  of  tliis  road  will  prove  of  incalculable  benefit 
to  Philadelphia,  and  the  state  generally.  Its  completion  will  add 
greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  that  city.  Extending  from  Harrisburg, 
(being  a  continuation  of  the  railroad  already  in  use  from  Phila- 
delphia to  that  city,)  it  will  pass  throtigh  the  centre  of  the  state 
to  Pittsburg,  there  uniting  with  the  navigable  waters  of  the  great 
rivers  of  the  West.  Tlje  building  of  this  road  has  already  com- 
menced, and  is  to  bo  prosecuted  as  fast  as  circumstances  and  the 
nature  of  the  country  will  permit.  Wo  believe  it  is  expected  the 
route  will  be  opened  through  to  Pittsburg  some  time  during  the 
year  1850.     (By  referring  to  Map  No.  28  its  route  will  be  seen.) 


BALTIMORE  RAILKOAP. 


261 


Phila- 
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corn- 

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[ig  the 

leen.) 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES 
FROM  PHILADELPHIA  TO  BALTIMORE  AND  WASH- 
INGTON. 

(Sec  Maps  Nos.  23  and  25.) 

There  uro  two  principal  routes  of  travel  botwoon  Philadel|)hia 
and  naltiniore,  viz  :  the  Ruilronil  Line,  and  tho  Steamhonl  and 
Railroad  alternately.  The  diKtanco  by  the  former  route  is  97 
miles.  Fare  I^IJ.OO :  titno  six  hours.  By  tho  latter  route  the 
distance  is  117  miles.  Fare  {^3.00:  time  seven  hours.  There  is 
another  railroad  route  between  tho  two  cities,  but  is  never  puswed 
over  by  travellers  wishing  to  go  direct  between  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  the  South.  Tourists,  whoso  time  is  not  limited, 
and  who  are  desirous  of  varying  the  route  of  travel,  will  find  that 
over  the  Columbia  Railroad  to  tho  Susquehanna  river,  thence  to 
York,  and  from  thence  to  Baltimore,  a  very  pleasant  excursion. 
Distance  153  miles.  Fare  $5.00.  Another  route  open  to  tour- 
ists, is  from  Philadelphia  by  steamboat  down  the  Delaware  river 
to  Delaware  City,  44  miles  ;  thence  through  tho  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  16  miles  ;  and  thence  down  Elk  river  and 
(/hesapeako  Bay  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  56 
miles:  total,  116  miles.  The  great  feature  of  interest  hese,  and 
perhaps  tho  only  inducement  to  deviate  from  the  regularly  trav- 
elled routes,  would  bo  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  formidable  ex- 
cavation on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  termed  tho 
"  Deep  Cut,"  which  extends  for  six  miles,  and  is  70  ft.  deep  in  tho 
deepest  part.  A  bridge  of  235  feet  span  extends  over  this  fearful 
chasm,  at  an  elevation  of  90  feet  above  the  canal,  under  which 
steamboats,  schooners,  and  other  small  vessels  can  pass.  This 
canal  is  66  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  and  10  feet  deep,  with  two 
lift  and  two  tide  locks,  100  feet  long  by  22  wide.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,750,000. 

PHILADELPHIA,  WILMINGTON,  AND  BALTIMORE  RAIL- 
ROAD. — This  road  extends  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore,  97 
miles.  It  is  the  great  thoroughfare  between  the  two  cities,  and 
during  the  winter  months,  the  only  travelled  route.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  1837,  and  cost  in  its  construction  to  Jan.  1,  1848, 
^4,725,500. 


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262 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


I' 


From  PiiiLADELPiUA  to  Baltimore. — The  cars  leave  from  the 
drpot  iu  Market-st.,  and  pass  throufrh  the  suburbs,  soon  reachinjr 
the  Schuylkill  river  at  •'  Gray's  Ferry,"  which  is  crossed  by  a 
substantial  bridge.  He  "o  the  cars  are  attached  to  the  locomc- 
tivp,  and  we  pass  onwards  to  Chester,  14  miles,  Fare  25  cents ; 
Wil/ningfon,  27,  50  cents  ;  Newport,  30,  75  cents  ;  Stanton 
33,  Newark  39,  $1.00  ;  FAkton,  45,  ,$1.50  ;  North  East,  51, 
.^1.75  ;  Charlestown  54,  Cecil  Ferry  59,  $2.00.  We  here  cross 
the  Susquehanna  river  to  Havre-de-Grace  60,  Perrymans  09, 
$2.25;  Chases,  81,  $2.50;  Stemrncr's  Run,  87,  ,$2.75.  We 
now  reach  Baltimore,  97  miles  distant :  Fare  $3.00. 

Wilmington,  the  most  important  town  on  this  route,  is  situated 
between  the  Brandywino  river  and  Christiana  creek,  one  mile 
above  their  junction,  and  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  finest  agri- 
cultural districts  iu  the  Middle  States.  It  is  built  on  ground 
gradually  rising  to  the  height  of  112  feet  above  tidewater,  and  is 
regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Since  1840  both  its  business  and  population  have  much 
increased  :  at  that  time  it  contained  about  8,000  inhabitants,  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  1847  it  had  about  14,000.  On  the  Brandy- 
wine  river  are  some  of  the  finest  flouring-mills  in  the  United 
States,  to  which  vessels  can  come  drawing  eight  feet  of  water. 
It  contains  also  ship  and  steamboat  yards,  a  foundry  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  patent  car-wheels,  which  are  used  all  over  the  coun- 
try, and  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  establishments  of  va- 
rious kinds.  It  has  several  churches  of  different  denominations, 
a  town  hall,  a  new  college,  many  handsome  buildings,  and  sev- 
eral excellent  schools.  A  railroad  is  about  to  be  constructed  from 
W'ilinington  to  Dovvningstown  in  Chester  county,  there  unitin;^ 
with  the  Columbia  Railroad.  The  hotels  hero  are  generally  of 
a  superior  kind.     (For  de.scription  of  Baltimore,  see  page  263.) 

Steamboat  and  Railroad  Route  from  Pmiladelpuia  to 
Baltimore. — A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Dock-st.  every 
afternoon,  and  proceeds  down  the  Delaware  to  New  Castle,  36 
miles ;  thence  by  the  cars  over  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown 
Railroad  to  Frenchtown,  17  miles.  At  the  latter  place,  again 
take  the  steamboat,  and  pass  down  Elk  river  and  Chesapeake 
Bay,  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  60  miles,     i  ' 


J  "iiiciciit  pans  oi  ino  city,     ine  houses  of  Baltimore  are 
mostly  constructed  of  red  brick,  with  marble  and  granite  base- 


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BALTIMORE. 


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BALTIMORE. 

Tliis  cil)',  tlic  melropolieof  MarylJind,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  Patapsco  river,  in  N.  Lat  39°  17'  23  ',  and  in  W. 
Loiiir.  7(}°  37'  30".  It  is  40  miles  n.  k.  from  Washington,  97 
s.  \v.  Philadelphia,  184  s.  w.  New  York,  and  419  s.  w.  Boston. 
Population  about  125,000.  Its  situation,  on  gently  uneven  ground, 
Skives  it  a  fine  drainage,  and  affords  many  handsome  sites  for 
dwellings.  As  laid  out,  it  has  an  area  of  four  miles  square  ;  but 
the  section  which  is  compactly  built  extends  about  two  milts 
from  E.  to  w.,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from  n.  to  s.  The  streets, 
which  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  from  50  to  100  feet  wide,  gen- 
erally cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  n.  end  of  the  town 
18  the  fashionable  quarter ;  and  the  principal  promenade  is  Balti 
more-st.,  which  runs  from  e.  to  w.  through  the  centre  of  the  city, 
.lones's  Fall,  a  small  stream,  one  of  the  confluents  of  the  Pa- 
tupsco,  divides  the  city  into  two  parts,  passing  through  it  froPi  n. 
to  8 ,  a  little  E.  of  the  centre.  Three  superb  stone  bridges,  and 
four  wooden  ones,  have  been  thrown  over  this  stream,  connecting 
the  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  houses  of  Baltimore  are 
mostly  constructed  of  red  brick,  with  marble  and  granite  base- 


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264 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  C(JMPANION. 


mcnts.  The  stores  and  dwellings  which  line  its  broad,  regular, 
and  straight  streets,  rival  in  taste  the  best  in  the  country,  and 
evince  substantial  wealth  and  general  prosperity. 

From  the  number  of  its  monuments,  Baltimore  has  been  de- 
nominated the  Monumental  City.  These  structures,  rising  high 
in  the  air  from  open  squares,  have  an  imposing  effect.  The 
Washington  Monument,  at  the  intersection  of  Chartes  and  Mon- 
ument sts.,  is  a  noble  specimen  of  architecture,  both  in  design  and 
execution.  Built  on  an  eminence  100  feet  above  tidewater,  it 
rises  majestically  above  the  city,  at  once  forming  its  noble  em- 
bellishment, and  a  conspicuous  landmark  to  travellers  and  voy- 
agers. The  monument  consists  of  a  Doric  column  rising  from  a 
base  50  feet  square  and  20  high.  Its  height  is  180  feet,  inclu- 
ding the  statue  of  Washington  at  the  top,  16  feet  high.  The 
base  is  ascended  by  a  flight  of  28  steps  ;  and  thence  the  ascent 
to  the  top  is  by  a  winding  staircase,  or  flight  of  200  steps.  The 
cost  of  the    monument,  including  the  statue  at  the  top,  was 

$200,000.— Battle  Mon- 
ument, erected  to  the 
memory  of  those  who  fell 
defending  the  city  in  Sept. 
1814,  is  at  the  corner  of 
Calvert  and  Fayette  sts. 
The  square  sub-base  on 
which  the  pedestal  or  col- 
umn rests,  rises  20  feet 
from  the  ground,  with  an 
Egyptian  door  oik  each 
front,  on  which  are  ap- 
propriate inscriptions  and 
representations,  in  basso 
relievo,  of  some  of  the  in- 
cidents of  the  battle.  The 
column  rises  18  feet  above 
the  base.  This,  which  is 
Battle  Monument.  of  marble,  in  the  form  of  a 

Roman  fasces,  is  encircled  by  bands,  on  which  are  inscribed,  in 
letters  of  gold,  the  names  of  those  whose  memory  and  patriotic 


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gular, 
f,  and 

en  de- 
T  high 
The 
1  Mon- 
gn  and 
ater,  it 
le  em- 
id  voy- 
from  u 
,  inclu- 
.     The 
ascent 
I.     The 
)p,  was 
e  Mon- 
to     the 
who  fell 
in  Sept. 
orner  of 
ette  sts. 
base  on 
^1  or  col- 
20   feet 
with  an 
)U    each 
are  ap- 
ions  and 
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f  the  in- 
lle.   The 
let  above 
which  is 
form  of  a 
jribed,  in 
patriotic 


BALTIMORE. 


265 


valor  the  monument  is  designed  to  commemorate.  The  column 
is  surmounted  by  a  female  figure,  in  marble,  emblematic  of  the 
city  of  Baltimore.  The  whole  height  of  the  monument  is  52  ft. 
— Armistcad  Monuineni,  near  the  City  Fountain,  was  erected  to 
the  memory  of  Col.  George  Armistead,  the  commander  at  Fort 
Henry,  in  1814,  through  whose  intrepidity  a  British  fleet  of  16 
sail  was  repulsed,  after  having  bombarded  the  fort  for  24  hours. 
It  consists  of  a  base  and  pede.stal,  with  tablets  flunked  by  inverted 
cannon,  upon  which  repose  chain-shot  and  shells.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly unique  in  design  id  presents  an  admirable  specimen  of 
sculpture. — Balti;  -e  ha  her  monuments,  !*'n  .hey  are  of  less 
pretensions  than  those  above  described. 

Public  Buildings. — The  City  Hall,  on  Holliday-st.,  is  a  plain 
substantial  edifice,  three  stories  high,  with  a  portico  and  entabla- 
ture supported  by  four  massive  columns.  It  is  occupied  by  the 
city  council  and  other  municipal  officers. — The  Courthouse,  a 
large  and  imposing  edifice,  corner  of  Washington  and  Monument 
sts.,  is  appropriated  to  the  city  and  county  courts,  and  the  officers 
connected  with  them.  It  is  ornamented  with  white  marble  pi- 
lasters, of  the  modern  Ionic  order,  and  surmounted  with  a  large 
cupola.  Its  interior  arrangements  render  it  one  of  the  finest 
courthouseB  in  the  United  States. — The  Almshouse,  about  two 
and  a  half  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  in  a  n.  w.  direction, 
is  a  noble  building. — The  State  Prison,  on  the  corner  of  Madi- 
son and  Forrest  sts.,  consists  of  three  distinct  buildings.  The 
keeper's  family,  officers,  and  guards  occupy  the  centre  building  ; 
the  w.  wing  is  appropriated  to  the  female  convicts  ;  and  the  e. 
wing  is  reserved  for  the  males,  who  are  confined  here  at  night  in 
solitary  cells.  There  are  also  ranges  of  workshops,  in  which  the 
various  trades  are  carried  on  by  the  convicts,  such  as  weaving 
cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  shoemaking,  hatting,  comb-making, 
&c. — The  Jail,  on  the  e.  side  of  Jones's  Falls,  near  the  Peniten- 
tiary, is  a  spacious  structure,  with  an  octagonal  tower  at  each 
end,  and  surmounted  by  a  cupola. 

Churches. — Two  of  these  are  distinguished  for  architectural 
elegance.  The  most  imposing  structure  of  this  class  is  the  Catholic 
Cathedral,  corner  of  Cathedral  and  Mulberry  sts.  It  is  built  of 
granite,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  is  190  feet  long,  177  broad  af 


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RAILKOAI)  AM)  STEA'VIF.OAT  COMPANION. 


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tlie  amis  of  the  cross,  and  127  liigh  from  the  floor  to  the  top  of 
tho  cross  that  surmounts  the  dome.  The  building  is  well  lighted 
by  windows  in  the  dome,  which  are  concealed  from  tlie  view  of 
persons  below.  At  the  w.  end  rise  two  tall  towers,  crowned 
with  Saracenic  cupolas,  resenibling  tho  minarets  of  a  Mohamme- 
dan mosque.  This  church  has  the  largest  organ  in  the  United 
States,  having  G,000  pipes  and  .36  stops.  It  is  ornamented  with 
two  splendid  paintings  : — one,  '*  The  descent  from  the  Cross,"  wan 
presented  by  Louis  XVI. — the  other,  "  St.  Louis  burying  his  offi- 
cers and  soldiers  slain  before  Tunis,"  was  presented  by  Charles 
X.  of  France. — The  Unitarian  Church,  at  tho  intersection  of 
North  Charles  and  Frankhn  sts.,  ranks  next  to  the  above  in  archi- 
tectural beauty.  This  edifice  is  108  ft.  long  and  78  wide.  In  front 
is  a  colonnade,  consisting  of  four  Tuscan  columns  and  two  pilas- 
ters, which  form  tho  arcades.  Above,  extending  around  the 
pediment,  is  a  cornice  decorated  with  emblematic  figures  and  in- 
scriptions. From  the  portico,  the  entrance  is  by  bronze  doors,  in 
imitation  of  the  Vatican  at  Rome — three  conducting  to  the  body 
of  tho  building,  and  two  to  the  galleries.  The  interior  of  the 
building  is  a  square,  and  harmonizes  in  beauty  with  its  exterior. 
The  dome,  55  feet  in  diameter,  is  supported  by  four  equal  arches 
of  33  feet  span. — The  Catholics  have  five  churches  besides  the 
Cathedral.  Of  these  the  principal  are,  St.  Mary^s  Chapel,  on 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Grant-st.,  an  elegant  Gothic  edifice, 
86  feet  long  by  50  wide  ;  and  St.  Peter's,  the  oldest  Catholic 
church  in  the  city,  having  been  built  by  the  French  residents  in 
1771,  in  Saratoga  near  Charles-st. — St.  PauVs  Church,  (Episco- 
pal,) on  the  corner  of  Saratoga  and  Charles  sts.,  is  a  beautiful 
edifice,  with  a  handsome  portico  supported  by  four  fluted  marble 
columns.  Its  lofty  spire  is  a  composition  of  the  different  orders 
of  architecture.  There  are  four  other  Episcopal  churches :  Christ 
Church,  corner  of  Market  and  Front  sts.,  Trinity,  in  Trinity-st., 
between  High  and  Exeter  sts.,  Grace,  in  William,  between  War- 
ren and  Montgomery  sts  ,  on  Federal  Hill,  and  Si.  Peter^s,  corner 
of  Sharp  and  Little  German  sts. — The  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  corner  of  North  and  Fayette  sts.,  is  an  oblong  structure, 
with  a  large  portico  and  entablature  in  front,  supported  by  four 
Ionic  columns.     The  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Market- 


^ 


!''■•! 


BALI  r,' ORE. 


267 


Ht.,  near  Jones's  VnWa,  ouo  of  the  most  spucioiis  churches  in  the  ' 
city,  is  justly  pruisod  for  its  iiput  and  appropriiite  interior  arranije- 
nients.  There  is  also  the  Third  Preslnjtcr.au  Churchy  in  Eu- 
taw-st.,  hetween  Saratoga  and  Mn'brrry  sis. — The  Asuonatc  Rf- 
forme.d,  and  The  Reformed  Preshyterlans,  have  each  a  church, 
— the  fornier  between  Charles  and  Liberty  sts. — the  hitter,  corner 
of  Pitts  and  Aisqueth  sts.,  Old  Town. — Tlio  Uaptists  have  foui 
churches.  The  First  Baptist  Church,  corner  of  liouihard  and 
Sharp  .sts.,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  edifices  in  the  city. 
This  buihhn^,  which  is  circular,  has  an  inunenso  dome,  and  an 
Ionic  portico.  The  other  churches  of  this  denomination  are — 
the  Second  Baptist  Church,  in  Fleet-st.,  between  Market-st. 
and  Argyle  alley,  Fell's  Point  ;  Third  Baptist  Church,  corner 
of  liuitimore  and  Exeter  sts.  ;  and  the  Ebenezer  Baptist  Churchy 
in  Calvert-st.,  between  Saratoga  and  Lexington  sts. — There  is  a 
(rerman  Lutheran  Church  in  Gay-st.,  between  Saratoga-st.  and 
Orange  alley. — The  German  Reformed  have  a  very  pretty 
church,  with  a  lofty  and  beautiful  spire,  in  Second,  between  Gay 
and  Belvidere  sts. — The  Methodists  have  churches  in  Harford 
avenue  ;  in  Exeter,  uear  Gay  st.  ;  at  the  corner  of  Eutawand  Mul- 
berry sts.,  and  in  Wilkes,  near  Market  st..  Fell's  Point,  besides 
several  others. — The  Seameri's  Bethel,  a  handsome  edifice  for 
the  use  of  seamen,  is  in  Black-st.,  Fell's  Point. — The  Friends 
have  four  meeting-houses. — The  Swedenborgians  have  a  chapel 
on  the  corner  of  Market  and  Exeter  sts. — Independent  Chapel  is 
occupied  by  a  congregation  of  Universaliats. 

Literary  and  Scientific  Lnstitutigns. — The  Maryland  In- 
stitute has  for  its  object  the  promotion  of  the  mechanic  arts,  and 
the  diffusion,  by  means  of  lectures  and  otherwise,  of  scientific 
knowledge.  It  possesses  a  fine  chemical  laboratory  and  a  very 
complete  philosophical  apparatus.  The  society  has  apartments 
in  Athencum  Buildings,  corner  of  Lexington  and  St.  Paul  sts. 
In  the  same  building  is  the  American  Academy  of  Science  and 
Literature,  which  has  rare  and  valuable  collections  in  the  several 
departments  of  natural  history,  casts  in  plaster,  &c.  The  Mary' 
land  University,  one  of  the  most  important  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  the  country,  is  in  Ijob  ibard-st.,  between  Green  and  Paca 
sts.     Connected  with  the  U  liversity  is  the  Baltimore  Eye  In- 


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268 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMUOAT  CO.MrANlO."^. 


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firmary,  where  the  Btudents  huvo  uu  opportunity  of  attending  lec- 
tiiroH,  and  wituensing  its  operations.  St.  Mnri/s  Collcire,  a  pros- 
perous institution  under  the  direction  of  the  Cathohcs,  is  on  the 
corner  of  Frankhn  and  Green  sts.  It  has  13,000  volumes  in  its 
libraries.  The  coiiunenceinent  is  on  the  tliird  Tuesday  in  July. — 
Asbiiry  Culhi^e  is  on  the  corner  of  Fayette  anri  South  streets. — 
McKimm'g  Free  School  is  an  imposing  and  beautiful  structure, 
built  after  the  model  of  an  Athenian  temple. — The  Oliver  Hi- 
bernian Free  School  was  originally  for  the  education  of  Irish 
children,  but  it  is  now  free  for  the  use  of  all  who  choose  to  par- 
ticipate in  its  benofUs. — The  City  Library  is  designed  for  the  use 
of  the  stockholders,  who,  however,  are  privileged  to  grant  the  use 
of  its  books  to  others. — The  Exchange  Reading  Rooms,  in  the 
Exchange  building,  are  supported  by  subscription ;  but  strangers 
and  masters  of  vessels  enjoy  free  access  to  the  newspapers  and 
periodicals  with  which  the  rooms  are  liberally  supplied. — The 
public  schools  of  Baltimore,  some  of  which  are  furnished  with 
buildings  of  a  superior  order,  are  justly  praised  for  their  excellent 
organization. 

Benevolent  Institutions. — Among  the  many  institutions  in 
Baltimore  devoted  to  the  gratuitous  alleviation  of  human  suffer- 
ing, the  Hospital,  in  its  northwestern  suburbs,  holds  a  prominent 
place.  Being  elevated  greatly  above  the  basin,  the  buildings  com- 
mand a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  The 
centre  building  is  flanked  with  wings,  connecting  with  two  other 
buildings  which  form  the  ends  of  the  vast  pile.  The  buildings 
a'e  three  stories  high,  with  the  exception  of  the  centre  one,  which 
is  four.  In  its  interior  arrangements,  and  in  order  and  cleanli- 
ness, it  is  not  excelled  by  similar  institutions  elsewhere. — The 
Almshouse,  on  the  Franklin  Road,  about  2^  miles,  in  a  n.  w.  di- 
rection from  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  an  immense  structure,  con- 
sisting of  a  centre  building  and  two  wings,  the  whole  having  a 
front  of  375  feet. — The  City  Dispensary,  corner  of  Orange  alley 
and  Holliday-st,  and  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  corner  Market-st. 
and  Harford  Run  Avenue,  give  medical  advice,  and  furnish  med- 
icines, free  of  charge  to  the  indigent. — The  Indigent  Sick  So- 
ciety is  an  excellent  institution,  composed  of  and  managed  by 
ladies,  who  visit  and  minister  to  the  comfort  of  the  sick.     Besides 


BALTIMORE. 


269 


the  above,  there  uro  two  Drplian  Asylums,  ami  numerous  oilier 
iustitutioDs  for  the  alleviiitioii  of  human  suileriu;;. 

I'l.ACKs  oi.'  A.MrHKMKN". — 'I'lio  JlnlUiluy  Slicct  TJir(itr(%  in 
Holliday-st.,  hctwccn  Fayi  tle-sl.  and  Oranj^e  alley,  is  four  stories 
high,  and  is  well  adapted  lu  theatrical  purposes. — The  Tlivalre 
and  ('ircua,  in  Old  'I'own,  corner  of  Low  and  Front  sts.,  is  a  very 
lar;rp  structure,  dcsijrned  alike  ',ur  dramatic  and  ecpu'strian  per- 
formances.— 'I'lie  Ailrlphi  Tiie.iirr,  corner  of  IJelvidcre  and  Suru- 
toiju  sts.,  is  a  diminutive  hudiliu;^  comjmred  With  the  precedinij. — 
The  MiiNcum,  corner  of  I'altimore  and  Calvert  sts.,  enjoys  a  high 
rejMitation.  'I'he  visiter  will  (hrive  much  gratilication  I'rom  an 
inspection  of  its  curiosities. — There  are  As.'icinhli/  Knoms  on  tho 
corner  of  llojliday  and  i'uyette  t<ls.,  and  in  CoMjmercc-st.,  which 
are  furnished  with  much  taste  ;  the  design  of  these,  with  Con- 
ceit Hull,  in  South  Charles-st.,  is  sulliciently  indicated  by  their 
luunes. 

IVIiscKi.LANKous  Objkcts  OK  INTEREST. — Tho  c!ty  has  an  abim- 
dant  supjily  of  pure  and  whok'somo  water,  furnished  by  its  Water- 
works, or  derived  from  numerous  springs.  These  springs  <,r  foun- 
tains are  enclosed  by  circular  railings,  and  covered  with  neat 
open  temples,  consisting  of  columns  supporting  a  donie.  Sonjo 
of  them  are  ornamented  with  pretty  architectural  devices,  which 
give  theuj  a  prominent  place  among  the  embellishmenls  of  tho 
city.  From  an  elevated  part  of  Jones's  Falls,  tho  water  is  brought 
in  an  aijueduct  half  a  rnile  long,  and  being  conducted  into  a  reser- 
voir in  Calvert-st.,  is  thence  distributed  over  the  city  in  subterra- 
neous pipes.  There  is  another  reservoir  on  Charles-st.,  n.  of  tho 
Monument,  which  is  replenished  by  means  of  forcing  pumps,  and 
is  sufficiently  elevated  to  supply  the  upper  part  of  the  city. — The 
Exchange,  in  Gay,  between  Water  and  Second  sts.,  is  a  splendid 
building,  the  property  of  a  joint-stock  company.  It  has  a  front 
of  255  feet,  is  140  feet  in  depth,  and  three  stories  high,  exclusive 
of  the  basement.  The  principal  room,  in  tho  centre  of  the  build- 
ing, is  53  feet  square.  The  merchants  assemble  in  this  apart- 
ment. The  building  has  colonnades  of  six  Ionic  columns  on  its 
E.  and  w.  sides,  the  shafts  of  which  are  single  blocks  of  fine 
Italian  marble,  of  admirable  workmanship.  The  whole  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  immense  dome,  the  apex  of  which  is   115  feet 


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270 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


above  tlie  Htrcot. — Tho  Custom-house  occupies  the  firet  story  of 
the  Koutli  wing  of  tho  Kxchaiiijo,  frootinjr  on  Lombunl-Nt.  Tho 
cntrancn  m  from  Wuter-Ht.  It  coiiNistH  of  a  HimciouH  huIoou,  di- 
vided into  thrco  partw  by  moans  of  two  colonnadcH.  Tho  oflicors' 
doHkH  aro  ranged  bctweon  Iho  cohuiniH,  and  the  collector'n  room 
Ih  at  the  upper  end  of  the  hall.  Tho  centre  '\h  used  by  pernonH 
doi!Jg  buHincHS  here. — The  Observatory,  on  Federal  Hill,  serves, 
in  connection  with  a  similar  establishment  at  itodkin  Point,  on 
Chesapeako  IJay,  to  announce  the  approach  of  vessels.  By  these 
telegraphs  information  is  conveyed,  in  a  few  minutes,  from  tho 
mouth  of  the  Patapsco  to  an  observatory  in  the  Exchange. — The 
Merchants^  Shoi  Tower,  '230  feet  high,  has  a  greater  elevation 
than  any  other  similar  structure  in  the  world  ;  though  Uro's  Dic- 
tionary erroneously  gives  tho  distinction  to  tliat  at  Villach,  in 
Carinthia,  which  is  319  feet  high. — Among  other  institutions  and 
structures  that  deserve  tho  attention  of  visiters,  are  the  Masonic 
Hall,  corner  of  St.  Paul-st.  and  Courthouse  lane — a  fine  building, 
100  feet  long  and  42  wide,  and  three  stories  high  ;  and  Odd 
Fellows*  Hall,  situated  on  North  Gay-st.,  a  splendid  building  in 
the  Gothic  style,  tho  windows  of  which  are  of  stained  glass. — The 
Post-oJJice,  on  Calvert-st.,  n.  of  Market,  occupies  some  of  the 
lower  rooms  in  tho  City  Hotel. 

The  harbor  is  capacious  and  convenient,  admitting  vessels  of 
GOO  tons  to  Fell's  Point,  while  those  of  200  tons  ascend  to  the 
city.  It  is  defended  at  its  entrance  by  Fort  M'Henry.  Balti- 
more, from  its  great  facilities  for  trade,  enjoys  an  extensive  com- 
merce. It  is  in  this  particular  excelled  by  few  cities  in  the  Union ; 
possessing,  as  it  does,  besides  its  foreign  commerce,  most  of  the 
trade  of  Maryland,  a  moiety  of  that  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  por- 
tion of  that  of  the  western  states.  It  is  the  greatest  flour  market 
in  the  world  ;  while  its  trade  in  tobacco  is  second  to  that  of  no 
other  city.  Its  manufactures  have  kept  pace  with  its  commerce. 
For  these  it  has  superior  advantages.  A  considerable  water- 
power  is  afforded  by  Jones's  Falls.  The  Patapsco  has  a  fall  of 
800  feet  in  30  miles,  giving  many  valuable  mill-sites.  There  are 
within  20  miles  of  the  city  about  60  flouring-milld,  besides  nu- 
merous cotton  .and  other  manufactories.  Of  the  general  pros- 
perity and  growth  of  this  important  city,  an  idea  may  be  formed 


UALTIMORE. 


271 


Croin  tlio  fact  that  1,959  houses  were  crocted  duriiij;  th(^  year 
1847,  the  UHsesHcd  vahio  of  vvhicjh  in  moro  than  }$*i,()()ll,()(H). 

Few  tovvuH  have  risen  nioro  rapidly  thuii  Haltimorc, — an  pvI» 
(Tenco  of  it.s  superior  natural  advaiitairrs.  It  was  first  laid  out  i\h 
u  town  in  17:2!),  and  iu  Hi);')  it  (;oiitaiiicd  only  50  houses.  lu  I79() 
it  was  iucorporatcd  as  a  city. —  la  1814  a  Hritish  force  of  lt2,()(l(l, 
wilder  liord  Ross,  snpjiortod  hy  40  or  50  vessels,  made  an  aftack 
oti  TJaltunore,  which  was  met  hy  its  (citizens  witli  a  steadiness 
that  would  havo  done  honor  to  the  disci)>linc  and  firmness  of  ex> 
perienccd  troops.  On  the  l.'Uh  Sejit.,  1H14,  Fort  M'llenry  waa 
attacked,  and  sustained,  for  34  hours,  a  hoiiihardment  hy  IG  Khi|)s, 
aided  hy  a  land  force  of  l,i200.  The  assailants  were  reo'ilsed, 
and  drew  off,  loavin;^  the  fortress  in  tiiumplKint  p(»s.session  of  its 
intrepid  defenders.  Fort  M'llenry  was  on  his  occasion  ci)m- 
inanded  hy  Major  Armisfead,  whos(!  }r;i||untry  has  heen  com- 
memorated hy  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  his  i.iemoiy.  The 
troops,  to  the  numher  of  9,000,  laiuled  at  North  Po.it  on  tac 
1:2th,  and  advanced  to  within  six  miles  of  the  city,  where  th  y 
were  met  and  op()osed  hy  the  Haltimore  hrigado,  under  Gei.eral 
Stryker,  consistinjj  of  3,200  men.  After  a  severe  hatt'e,  i;i  which 
the  British  commander,  Gen.  Ross,  was  killed,  the  Anu  rican  army 
retreated  towards  the  city.  They  were  BJovvIy  followed  hy  the 
British  on  the  13th.  But  the  enemy,  feurlul  lest  their  retreat 
should  he  intercepted,  precipitately  retired  on  hoard  their  fleet, 
and  left  the  Chesapeake. 

Hotels. — The  hotels  in  Baltimore  are  among  the  best  con- 
ducted in  the  country ;  the  following  are  some  of  the  principal 
ones:  City  //o/e/,  Calvert,  corner  of  Fayette-st.  and  Monument 
square ;  Eutaw  House,  Baltimore,  corner  of  Eutaw-st. ;  Ex- 
change  Hotel,  Water-st. ;  Fountain  H  -trl,  Light-st. ;  Globe 
Hotel,  Baltimore-st. ;  Merchants^  Hotel,  CJharles-st. ;  National 
Hotel,  United  States  Hotel,  and  the  Washington  House,  are  in 
Pratt-st.  Excellent  private  boarding  houses  and  refectories  also 
abound  in  Baltimore. 

Rates  of  Fare  for  thk  usk  of  Hackney-Coaches  in  the  City 
OF  Baltimore. — 1.  Steamboats  and  Railroad  Depots — From  any  steam- 
boat landing  or  railroad  depot,  to  any  hotel  or  private  residence  wilhia 
the  limits  of  the  city,  for  a  single  pa.s.senger,  50  cents.    If  two  or  more, 


•^•1 


1« 


•''^1. 


m% 


272 


RAILROAD  A\D  STEAMnOAT  COMPANION. 


h 


each,  37^  cents.  And  for  cuch  trunk,  box,  or  bag,  of  sufficient  size  to 
be  strapped  on,  12^  cents.  .No  charge  for  small  parcels  {)ut  in  the 
carriage. 

y.  To  any  Steamboat  or  Railrnad  Depot. — Tlie  same  fare  and  cliarge  for 
l)aggage,  witli  an  addition  of  M  ceiils  for  the  carria^^c  when  only  .sent 
for  from  the  stable. 

3.  Citi/.  Within  the  following  limits,  assuming  Talvert-street  as  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  extending  east  to  Canal-st.,  west  to  Green-.^t., 
south  to  Great  Montgomery-st,  and  north  to  liiddie-st..  for  a  single 
pa.s.senger  37i  cents.  If  two  or  more,  each,  25  cents.  If  beyond  these 
limits,  and  anywhere  within  the  city  boundary,  12^  cents  additional 
for  each  passenger. 

4.  Time.— For  the  u.<5e  of  a  hackney-coach  by  the  hour,  $1  00,  and  at 
the  same  rate  for  all  fractions  of  an  hour,  but  no  charge  for  any  time 
less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 

5.  Evening  and  Night.— For  hacks  taken  from  the  stand  to  any  part  of 
the  city,  as  follows:  from  1st  May  to  30th  yeptember  inclusive,  after 
8  o'clock,  p.  M.,  75  cents  for  a  single  passenger ;  if  more  than  one,  50 
cents  each:  a  like  sum  for  returning.  From  1st  October  to  3Uth  April, 
inclusive,  after  7  o'clock,  p.  m.,  the  same-    No  charge  for  baggage. 

6.  Exchange  and  Fell's  Point.— Vroin  South  Gay-st.  to  any  part  of  Fell's 
Point,  not  farther  east  than  Washington-st.,  25  cents,  and  25  cents 
back  for  each  passenger. 

General  Rules.— I.  An  additional  allowance  of  25  cents  for  the  carriage 
only,  when  sent  for  from  the  stand.  2.  Children  over  ten  years,  half- 
price  ;  no  charge  under  that  age.  3.  Stopping  15  minutes  or  leaving 
the  carriage,  to  make  a  new  charge.  4.  All  cases  not  provided  for  in 
these  rules,  left  to  agreement  of  the  parties. 


: 

i 
I 

I 

i 


- 


t 


ROUTES  FROM  BALTIMORE. 

From  Baltimore  to  Philadelphia,  (see  Maps  Nos.  23  and 
25,  and  also  description  of  routes  from  Philudelpliia  to  Baltimore, 
at  pages  261,  262.) — On  leaving  Baltimore  the  cars  start  from  tho 
depot  in  Pratt-st.,  and  pass  on  to  Havre  ile  Grace,  37  miles ; 
hero  we  cross  the  Susquehanna,  and  proceed  to  El'kton,  52 ; 
Newark,  Del.,  58 ;  Wilmington,  70 ;  and  arrive  at  Gray's 
Ferry,  3  miles  from  Philadelphia,  from  which  place  the  cars  are 
drawn  to  the  depot  in  the  city  hy  horse-power.     Fare  ^3.00. 

Tho  Steamboat  Route  loaves  Baltimore  from  Spear's  Wharf 
every  afternoon.     Fare  $^  00. 

Route  fko.m  Baltimore  to  Columbia,  Pa.,  Csee  Map  No.  25.) — 
From  Baltimore  to  New  Texas,  13  miles,  Fare  35  cents;  Monk* 


WASHINGTON. 


273 


ton,  23,  60  cents;  Summit,  3G,  $1.00;  Strasbur^,  38.  81-05  ; 
Smyseys,4\,  $1.10;  York,  57,  $1.50;  Wrightsvillp,':0,  $2.00', 
and  Columbia,  71,  $2,12.  f>oin  the  latter  place  we  can  proceed 
over  the  Columbia  Railroad,  via  Lancaster,  to  Philadelphia. 

From  Baltimore  to  Clmberland,  &c.,  (see  page  282  ;)  and 
to  Pittsburg  and  Wheeling,  (see  page  284.) 

From  Baltimore  to  the  Virginia  Springs,  Alc. — (see  p.  286.) 
From    Baltimore    to    Annapolis. — Over    the   Washington 
Bra   oh  to  Annapolis  Junction,  18   miles;  thence,  by  the  An- 
napolis and  Elk  Ridge  Railroad,  to  Annapolis,  21.     Total,  39 
miles.     Fare,  $1.60. 

WASHINGTON  BRANCH  RAILROAD.— This  road  extends 
from  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  at  the  Relay  House,  9 
miles  distant,  to  the  city  of  Washington,  31  miles.  It  was 
opened  for  travel  in  1835,  and  cost  $1,650,000. 

From  Baltimore  to  Washington,  (see  Map  No.  25.) — The 
cars  leave  from  the  general  depot  in  Baltimore,  and  pass  on  to 
the  Relay  House,  9  miles ;  (passengers  over  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  from  the  west  for  Wiishington,  will  take  the  cars 
here:)  Annapolis  Junction,  \8m\\eB',  Beltsville,2S  nides',  Bin- 
densburg,  and  arrive  in  Washington,  40  miles.  The  usual  faro 
was  $1.60,  but  it  has  recently  been  raised  to  $2.00. 


WASHINGTON. 

Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on 
the  left  or  e.  side  of  the  Potomac,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  in 
N.  Lat.  38°  52'  45",  and  W.  Long.  76^  55'  30"  from  (Ireenwich, 
or  79°  20'  from  Paris.  It  is  40  miles  s.  w.  Baltimore,  137  s.  s.  w. 
Philadelphia,  224  s.  w.  New  York,  459  s.  w.  Boston,  856  e.  by  s. 
St.  Louis,  and  1,203  n.  e.  New  Orleans,  and  is  distant  from  the 
Atlantic,  via  the  river  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  290  miles. 
The  Potomac  and  Anacosta,  or  Eastern  Branch,  at  the  junction 
of  which  rivers  it  stands,  enhance  the  natural  beauty  of  its  loca- 
tion, and  give  it  fine  commercial  facilities.  The  forest-clad  hills 
by  which  it  is  encompas,sed,  diversify  the  prospect,  and  render 
the  Durrouuding  scenery  in  a  high  degree  picturesque  and  pleas- 

18 


I  i 


.  .' 


274 


RAILROAD   AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


View  of  the  Capltoi 

ing.  These  elevations,  commanding  a  view  of  the  city  and 
surrounding  country,  and  of  the  moanderings  of  the  Potomac, 
afford  admirable  sites  for  villas  and  private  residences. 

It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  Gen.  Washington  that  this  spot 
was  fixed  on  as  the  site  for  the  future  capital  of  the  Union. 
The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands,  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  the  slate  of  xMaryland,  on  the  23d  Dec,  1788.  The 
city  is  laid  out  on  a  plan  of  great  magnitude  ;  and  will,  if  the 
design  of  its  founders  bo  carried  out,  and  their  anticipations  real- 
ized, be  at  once  a  magnificent  memorial  of  the  great  man  from 
whom  it  is  named,  and  a  city,  the  gigantic  proj)nrtions  of  which 
sliall  harmonize  with  the  power  and  extent  of  the  mighty  repub- 
lic of  which  it  will  be  the  capital.  Th.e  ground  on  which  the 
city  is  built,  has  an  elevation,  for  the  most  part,  of  about  40  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  river.  The  streets  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  those  running  n.  and  s.  ueing  intersected  by  others 
running  e.  and  w.  The  different  parts  of  the  city  are  connected 
by  broad  avenues.  Where  the  intersection  of  these  avenues  with 
each  other  and  with  the  streets  would  form  many  acute  angles, 
rectangular  or  circular  spaces  are  left.     The  avenues  and  prin- 


WASHINGTON. 


275 


cipnl  streets  radiate  from  important  public  points,  and  are  from 
130  to  160  feet  wide.  The  former  are  named  after  the  states  of 
the  Union  ;  the  latter,  beginning  at  the  Capitol,  are  ranged  in  the 
order  of  the  letters  of  the  aljihabet — as,  A  North  and  A  South, 
B  North  and  B  South,  &c. ;  and  east  and  west,  they  are  desig- 
nated by  numbers — as,  1st  East,  1st  West,  &lc.  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  from  the  Capitol  to  tbe  President's  house,  is  the  most 
compactly  built  and  much  the  handsomest  thoroughfare  in  the 
city.  Of  tlie  avenues,  five  radiate  from  the  Capitol,  and  five 
others  from  the  mansion  of  the  President, — thus  affording  these 
prominent  places  the  readiest  communication  with  all  parts  of 
the  city. 

Of  the  public  buildings  of  Washington,  the  Capitol,  situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  city  plot,  on  "  Capitol  Hill,''  is  the  most 
splendid.  This  edifice,  in  its  ample  proportions,  in  the  stylo  and 
execution  of  its  architecture,  and  in  its  embellishments,  both  ex- 
terior and  interior,  is  believed  not  to  bo  inferior  to  any  other 
senate-house  in  the  world.  Elevated  12  feet  above  tidewater,  it 
affords  a  commanding  view  of  the  different  parts  of  the  city,  and 
of  the  surrounding  country.  From  its  immense  size,  and  its  ele- 
vated position,  it  is  the  first  object  that  fixes  our  attention  on 
approaching  the  city.  The  building,  which  is  of  freestone,  oc- 
cupies an  area  of  more  than  an  acre  and  a  half.  Including  the 
wings,  the  front  is  352  feet  in  length  ;  and  the  depth  of  the  wings 
is  121  feet.  The  projection  on  the  east  or  main  front,  including 
thf  teps,  is  65  feet  wide ;  and  that  on  the  west,  with  the  steps, 
is  83  feet.  The  projection  on  tbe  east  front  is  ornamented  with 
a  splendid  portico  of  22  lofty  Corinthian  columns  ;  and  a  portico 
of  10  columns  in  the  same  style,  adorns  the  west  projection.  In 
grandeur  of  design  and  beauty  of  execution,  the  portico  on  the 
eastern  front  has  no  superior.  To  the  top  of  the  dome,  the  height 
of  the  building  is  120  feet.  The  Rotunda,  in  the  middle  of  the 
building,  under  the  dome,  is  95  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  same  in 
height.  From  the  cupola  which  crowns  this  apartment,  there  is 
Q  fine  view  of  the  city  aiul  the  surrounding  country  The  walls 
of  the  Rotunda  are  adorned  with  magnificent  painthigs  by  Trum- 
bull, the  fifrures  in  which  are  as  large  as  life.  These  fine  national 
pictures  represent  interesting  incidents  in  American  history — lh« 


m 


I' I  ;.. 


*:  I 


'i  m  i  t 


27d 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


I 


i 


i 


Presentation  to  Congress  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  the 
Surrender  of  Bnrgoyne  ;  Surrender  of  Cornwallis  ;  and  Washing- 
ton Resigning  his  Commission.  Congress  has  recently  further  en- 
riched the  Rotunda  by  the  addition  of  two  fine  paintings — the 
Baptism  of  Pocahontas,  by  Chapman,  and  the  Embarkation  of 
the  Pilgrims,  by  Weir.  This  room  is  also  adorned  with  sculp- 
tures in  alto  relievos,  representing  the  rescue  of  Smith  ^y  the 
interposition  of  Pocahontas  ;  the  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims;  Dan- 
iel Boone's  conflict  with  Indians ;  and  Penn  treating  with  the 
Indians  at  Coaqnenac.  To  the  other  attractions  of  the  Ro- 
tunda, has  lately  been  added  Greenough's  splendid  statue  of 
Washington,  a  colossal  figure,  iir  a  sitting  posture,  twice  as  large 
as  life.  The  library  roojii,  on  the  west  of  the  Rotunda,  is  1)2  by 
34  feet,  and  3G  feet  high,  and  contains  upwards  of  28,000  vols. 
There  is  here  also  a  valuable  collection  of  historical  medals,  de- 
signed by  Denon,  the  Egyptian  traveller  ;  and  paintings,  statu- 
ary, medallions,  &c.,  are  distributed  about  the  room.  The  Sen- 
ate-Chamber, in  the  northern  wing,  is  78  feet  long,  and  45  high, 
and  of  a  semicircular  form.  The  vice-president's  chair  has  a 
canopy  of  rich  crimson  drapery,  held  by  the  talons  of  an  eagle. 
In  front  of  the  vice-president's  chair  is  a  light  bronze  gallery, 
chiefly  appropriated  to  ladies.  Above  and  behind  the  chair  is  a 
gallery,  supported  by  fine  Ionic  columns  of  variegated  marble 
from  the  Potomac.  The  walls  richly  ornamented  with  stucco, 
the  magnificent  chandelier,  the  gorgeous  lamps  and  furniture, 
&,c.,  give  the  room  an  imposing  appearance.  Adjoining  the 
Senate-Chamber  is  tlie  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  senate. 
Under  this  room  is  the  apartment  in  which  the  Supreme  Court 
holds  its  sessions.  It  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Senate-Chamber, 
but  is  much  less  elegant.  The  Hall  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, in  the  south  wing,  is  semicircular,  like  the  Senate-Cham- 
ber, but  larger,  being  9G  feet  long  and  60  feet  high.  The  dome 
of  the  Hall  is  supported  by  24  beautiful  columns  of  the  Potomac 
marble,  with  capitals  of  Italian  marble,  of  the  Corinthian  order 
The  seats  are  so  arranged  that  the  members  face  the  speaker, 
whose  chair  is  considerably  elevated  above  the  floor,  and  «ire  ap- 
proached by  avenues  that  radiate  from  his  chair  as  a  centre.  A 
gallery  for  men  surrounds  the  circular  wall  opposite  the  speaker ; 


WASIIINGTOV. 


277 


and  that  appropriated  to  ladies  is  in  the  cliord  of  the  arc  back  of 
the  speaker's  chair.  The  room  is  ornamented,  like  the  Senate- 
Chamber,  with  fine  statuary  and  paintings,  and  its  whole  appear- 
ance is  impos  ng  and  elegant. — The  Presidi'nt's  Iluusp,  at  the 
intersection  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Ver- 
mont avenues,  is  a  superb  edillce,  built  of  freestone.  The  build- 
ing, which  has  a  length  of  170  feet,  and  a  depth  of  86  feet,  is 
ornamented  on  its  north  front,  facing  La  Fayette  Square,  with  a 
portico  of  four  Ionic  columns,  projecting  with  three  others.  The 
garden  front,  or  that  on  the  soutli,  is  embellished  by  a  circular 
colonnade  of  six  Ionic  columns.  The  north  entrance  opens  into 
a  large  hall,  whence  a  columnar  passage  leads  into  a  richly  fur- 
nished apartment  of  an  oval  form.  On  either  side  of  this  is  a 
room  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  official  and  ceremonial  visits. 
Hence  these  are  designated  "  reception  rooms."  The  '*  East 
Room,"  or  banqueting-room,  is  a  spacious  and  splendid  apartment 
at  the  east  end  of  the  buildinji. — On  each  side  of  the  President's 
house  are  two  large  buildings.  That  on  the  n.  w.  is  occupied  by 
the  war  department ;  that  on  the  s.  w.  by  the  navy  department ; 
that  on  the  n.  e.  is  devoted  to  the  state  department ;  and  that  on 
the  s.  w.  to  the  treasury  department.  The  new  treasury  building 
is  300  feet  long,  with  a  wing  in  the  rear  100  feet  long,  and  has  a 
splendid  colonnade  in  front  457  feet  long,  comprising  32  massive 
columns. — The  General  Post- Office,  corner  of  North  and  Sev- 
enth sts.,  is  an  extensive  and  beautiful  marble  structure,  with  two 
wings.  In  front,  and  at  the  ends,  it  is  adorned  with  fluted  mar- 
ble columns. — The  Patent  Office,  built  of  freestone  and  marble, 
is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  architectural  taste  and  skill.  In  the 
upper  story  of  this  building  is  a  room  275  feet  long  and  G5  wide, 
designed  as  a  depository  of  patents,  but  which  for  the  present  is 
appropriated  to  the  grand  collections  of  the  National  Institution. 
Immediately  below  this,  there  is  a  room  125  feet  long,  superbly 
arched,  and  decorated  with  fine  columns,  and  which  is  filled  with 
models  and  specimens  of  articles  patented. — The  Navy  Yard,  on 
the  Eastern  Branch,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  s.  e.  of  the 
Capitol,  has  an  area  of  27  acres,  enclosed  by  a  substantial  brick 
wall.  Within  this  enclosure,  besides  houses  for  the  officers,  are 
filiops  and  warehouses,  two  large  ship-houses,  and  an  armory. 


■*>,;l 


>iii!j 


278 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


iii;; 


Rll 
} 


I    f 


( 


which,  like  the  rest  of  the  establishment,  is  kept  in  the  finest 
order. — The  Navy  Magazine  is  a  largo  brick  structure,  situated 
in  the  s.  e.  section  of  a  plot  of  70  acres,  the  property  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  on  the  Eastern  Branch. 

Washington  contains,  within  its  limits,  25  churches,  some  of 
which,  from  the  taste  and  skill  displayed  in  their  construction, 
will  attract  the  attention  of  the  visiter.  The  Episcopalians  have 
three  churches :  St.  JohrCs,  cor.  of  N.  Eighth  and  W.  Sixteenth 
8ts. ;  Trinity,  opposite  the  City  Hall,  in  W.  Fifth-st. ;  Christ 
Church,  in  South  G,  between  E.  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts. — ^Thero 
are  three  Roman  Catholic :  St.  Patrick's,  cor.  of  North  F  and 
W.  Tenth  sts. ;  St.  Mary's,  between  Capitol  and  W.  First  sts. ; 
St.  Peter's,  cor.  of  E.  Second  and  North  D  sts.— The  First  Pret- 
byterian  Church  is  in  Four-and-a-half-st. ;  Second  Presbyterian, 
in  First-st.  ;  the  Third,  in  W.  Fifteenth-st. — Of  the  four  Baptist 
churches,  one  is  on  the  corner  of  Pennsylvania  avenut  and  E. 
Fifth-st.  ;  one  in  South  D,  near  VV.  Fourth-st. ;  and  a  third  at 
the  corner  of  W.  Nineteenth  and  North  I  sts. — The  Methodists 
have  chapels  cor.  South  Capitol  and  South  B  sts. ;  in  E.  Fourth- 
st.  near  S.Carolina  avenue  ;  cor.  W.  Fifth  and  North  F  sts. ;  cor. 
North  G  and  W.  Fourth  sts.  ;  besides  three  or  four  others. — The 
Friends  have  a  place  of  meeting  in  North  I-st.,  between  W.  Eigh- 
teenth and  Nineteenth  sts. — There  are  also  a  German  church, 
on  the  corner  of  North  G  and  W.  Twenty-first  sts.,  and  a  Uni- 
tarinn  church,  cor.  of  North  D  and  W.  Sixth  sts. 

Washington  has  a  number  of  benevolent  institutions,  religious 
and  philanthropic.  The  Almshouse,  an  extensive  brick  building, 
has  a  workhouse  connected  with  it,  in  which  those  are  confined, 
and  made  to  labor,  who  have  violated  the  municipal  laws. — There 
are  two  orphan  asylums,  the  Washington  and  the  St.  Vincent's, 
— the  former  under  the  direction  of  some  ladies  of  the  city,  and 
the  latter  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Both  of  them 
are  institutions  of  great  usefulness. — The  Howard  Society  is  de- 
signed to  benefit  industrious  females,  who  are  paid  a  fair  equiva- 
lent for  their  work. — Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  Colonization 
Society,  a  Clerks'  Provident  Society,  for  the  relief  of  the  widows 
pnd  orphans  of  deceased  members,  a  Bible  Society,  Missionary 
and  Tract  Societies,  a  Dorcas  Society,  &c.  &>c. 


WASHINGTON. 


279 


lary 


Of  the  places  of  amusement,  the  principal  are — Washington 
Theatre,  on  Louisiana  avenue,  between  West  P'ourlh  and  Sixth 
Bts. ;  National  Theatre,  in  North  E,  between  \V.  Thirteenth 
and  Fourteenth  sts.  ;  the  Assembly  Rooms,  corner  of  North  C 
and  VV.  Tenth  sts.  ;  and  King*s  Picture  Gallery,  in  North  E, 
between  W.  Tentli  and  Eleventh  sts.  The  latter  is  an  exhibi- 
tion with  which  visiters  generally  will  bo  pleased,  while  the  ama- 
teur will  find,  not  only  in  the  pictures  themselves,  but  also  in 
their  happy  arrangement,  much  that  will  afford  him  gratifica- 
tion. 

Washington  has  several  excellent  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions. Columbia  College  is  beautifully  situated  on  elevated 
ground  commanding  a  broad  view  t.i  tho  surroumling  country, 
including  Mount  Vernon,  15  miles  distant.  The  college  edifice, 
including  the  basement  and  attic,  is  five  stories  high,  117  ft.  long, 
and  47  wide.  There  are  also  two  buildings  for  the  professors, 
and  a  philosophical  hall.  A  medical  department  attached  to  tho 
college  has  a  building  on  the  corner  of  Tenth  and  E  streets. 
The  college  has  a  library  of  about  5,000  volumes.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  October. — The  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  (Catholic,)  is  a  flourishing  institution,  attached 
to  which  is  a  school  for  the  education  of  youth  generally. — The 
Columbian  Institute,  for  the  promotion  of  scientific  knowledge, 
and  the  encouragement  of  the  arts,  was  established  in  1816. — 
The  American  Historical  Society,  a  recent  institution,  had  for 
its  object  the  illustration  of  the  early  history  of  the  country.  By 
its  means,  manv  rare  and  valuable  documents  have  been  rescued 
from  oblivion,  which  throw  much  light  on  the  discovery  and 
primitive  history  of  our  continent.  It  had  already  issued  several 
volumes  of  its  transactions,  when,  with  the  Columbian  Institute, 
it  united  with  the  National  Institution. — The  Columbian  Horti- 
cultural Society  has  annually  an  interesting  exhibition. — Tho 
City  Library,  on  the  corner  of  North  C  and  VV.  Eleventh  pts., 
has  a  collection  of  about  7,000  volumes. — At  the  Athenaum,  a 
public  reading-room,  on  Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  W.  Sixth- 
fet.,  is  to  bo  found  most  of  the  current  literature  of  the  day. — The 
National  Institution  for  the  Promotion  of  Science,  is  a  society 
yet  in  its  infancy.     Few  institutions  have,  in  their  outset,  been 


■J 


■''^  ■:» 


280 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMKOAT  CO-MPAMON. 


l>ettcr  circumstuncod  for  luyiiifj  broad  toiindutionH  for  future  use- 
fulness, uud  for  proposinjr  to  tluMiiselves  the  uccoinpiisliment  of 
nomprt'hensive  aims  and  objectH.  This  the  National  luHtitution 
has  done  ;  and  if  its  de8i«rn  is  carried  out  in  the  spirit  which 
prompted  it,  the  institution  will  become,  not  only  an  honor  to  the 
country,  but  also  a  blessiujir  to  the  world.  It  bus  been  organized 
under  the  auspices  of  the  general  government,  the  president  be- 
ing made  patron  ;  while  the  heads  of  the  several  departments  are 
constituted  six  directors  on  tihe  part  of  the  government.  Six  dis- 
tinguished literary  and  scientific  gentlemen  are  directors  on  the  pi.rt 
of  the  institution.  It  holds  stated  monthly  meetings  in  the  budding 
of  the  Patent  Office,  in  the  grand  hall  of  which  edifice  its  col- 
lections are  deposited. 

The  Congressional  Cemetery,  a  celebrated  burial-place,  com- 
prises 10  acres,  near  the  Anacostia  or  Eastern  Branch,  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  Ca])itol.  Being  considerably  elevated 
above  the  river,  it  commands,  on  all  sides,  an  extensive  prospect 
of  beautiful  scenery.  The  grounds,  which  are  surrounded  by  a 
high  brick  wall,  are  tastefully  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrub- 
bery. Several  of  the  tombs  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
their  architecture. 

The  City  Hall,  in  North  D  st.,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth,  is 
in  an  unfinished  condition. — The  Penitentiaryt  a  large  structure, 
of  freestone,  is  at  the  southern  termination  of  Delaware  avenue. — 
The  County  Jail  is  a  large  new  building,  three  stories  high,  situ- 
ated north  of  the  City  Hall. 

Though  it  does  not  advance  with  the  rapid  strides  that  charac- 
terize the  progress  of  many  of  the  cities  of  the  Union,  the  na- 
tional metropolis  has,  however,  had  a  steady  and  healthy  growth  : 
and  recent  statistics  show  that  its  condition  for  the  last  six  or 
eight  years  has  been  more  prosperous  than  at  any  former  period. 
Froni  1840  to  1846,  it  had  an  accession  of  3,044  buildings,  a 
large  portion  of  which  are  commodious,  substantial,  and  elegant 
brick  edifices.  Allowing  an  average  of  six  inhabitants  to  each 
house,  there  was  an  addition,  during  the  above  period,  of  12,2G4 
to  its  population.  The  population  of  the  city  at  the  present  time 
is  about  35,000. 

Washington,  in  the  mouth  of  August,  1814,  was  ♦he  object  of 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


281 


a  ferocious  attack  by  u  Britisli  force  under  (joii.  Ross.  Throw- 
ing aside  the  sword,  this  Iriidcr  of  the  forces  of  one  of  the  niOHt 
civilized  nations  of  tiit'  earth,  called  to  his  aid  the  firebrand.  The 
capitol,  the  president's  honse,  and  the  pid»lic  offices  were  laid  in 
ashes.  The  library  of  Con;;^'*^'*^''*  was  burned.  The  patent-otVice, 
which  had  been  destined  to  the  same  fate,  was  spared  at  the 
earnest  solicitation  of  its  Knj)erintendeiit.  Retribution  speedily 
followed  the  perpetration  of  this  ontrajje.  (jJen.  Ross  was  killed 
in  the  attack  on  Haltiinore,  on  the  liJth  Sept.  (^For  continuatiou 
of  routes  to  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  &lc..,  see  pajje  2J)0-2n2.) 

HoTKLS. — These  places  of  public  accotnniodation  in  Washing- 
ton, as  also  private  boarding-honscs,  &c.,  are  nnnierons  and  well 
kept.  During  the  session  of  Congress,  and  at  some  other  times, 
they  are  crowded  to  overflowing  ;  and  at  such  times  the  price  of 
board  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  higher  than  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions. The  following  are  among  the  principal  hotels:  American 
House,  Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Fiftet'nti)-st.  ;  Gadsbi/8  Ho- 
tel, Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  Third-st. ;  Indian  Queen, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Si.xth-st.  ;  Mansion  House,  corner  of 
Pennsylvania  avenue  and  Fourteenth-st.  ;  National  Hotel, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  Sixtli-st. ;  United  States  Hotel, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Third-st.,  &c.  &c. 

Hackney-Coaches,  ^c. — Vehicles  of  this  description,  in  Wash- 
ington, for  the  convenience  and  accommodation  of  strangers  and 
others,  are  numerous,  and  may  readily  be  obtained  at  almost  any 
moment.  They  are  all  numbered,  so  that  in  case  of  imposition, 
neglect,  &c.,  the  person  or  persons  aggrieved  have  only  to  make 
known  th"ir  grievances  before  tl  «  proper  authorities,  and  redress 
is  at  hand.  P'or  conveying  ea  n  and  every  passenger  any  dis- 
tance not  exceeding  1  ^  miles,  25  cents ;  for  any  distance  over 
J  J  miles,  and  not  exceeding  3  miles,  50  cents.  ,  - 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

This  important  road  extends  from  Baltimore  to  Cumberland,  a 
distance  of  178  miles.  It  was  intended,  originally,  to  carry  it 
through  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  portion  of  Vir- 


!i  vi: : 


§• '^  ill 


282 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAM IJOAP  (U.MrAMON. 


ginia,  to  the  Ohio  river  at  Whorliiifr  ;  and  for  thiw  purpose*  the 
cornjiaiiy  was  iiiforporat^Ml  in  lH:i7,  by  the  N'^rishitnrrs  of  Mary- 
iaiul,  Pcnnsylvaiiiii,  and  V'ir^itiiu,  and  thr  buildiiifr  of  the  road 
commoucpd  July  llh,  IH'JH.  In  IHxJU  it  was  optMH'd  to  the  Relay 
lIous«',  nine  miles;  aflerward.s  to  Harpei'rt  Ferry  ;  and  finally,  lo 
its  present  terminus.  From  CundK-rland,  the  orifjinal  route  is  to 
bo  chanjrcd.  Hy  i«  lato  report  wo  find  tfie  company  has  resolved 
to  go  to  Wheclinir,  via  ?'ish  cr«ek,  that  city  havinjj  consented  to 
the  establishment  of  a  depot  on  the  Ohio  river  at  the  month  of 
haid  creek,  "2^  miles  below.  When  the  fiallimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  compleleii  to  the  Ohio  river,  it  will  form  the  nearest  route 
from  the  waters  of  ihe  Allantic  to  the  j^nat  West.  Durinjr  the 
y<'ar  1817  then'  had  been  transported  over  i*.  2fb,()7  1  passengers, 
and  i2GU,'i'J-l  Ions  of  freight.  The  cost  cfthis  road,  including  the 
branch  to  Fi'-dtriek,  three  miles,  was  ^7,743,500. 

Roi'TK  FROM  Ualti.moui:  to  Fkkderick,  IIarpkr's  Ferr^, 
Wi.NcnEsTKR,  AND  Ci'.MBr.HLAND. — f.Sec  Maps  Nos.  25  and  27.) — 
Cars  leave  Baltimore  from  the  depot  in  I'latt-st,  and  proceed  to 
the  Relay  House,  nine  miles  ;  HLlicntCs  Mills,  15  ;  Monococy 
Viailuft,  ,')8  ;  hero  a  branch  runs  to  Frederick,  distant  from  Bal- 
timore Gl  miles.  Usual *fare  $2.50.  From  Monocdcy  to  Point 
of  Rocks  is  12  inib's,  and  lo  Harper's  Ferry  is  12  miles  farther, 
or  82  miles  from  Baltimore.  Fare  $3.25.  The  Winchester 
Railroad  leaves  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  over  which  passengers  are  conveyed  to  Winchester,  Va., 
32  miles.     Fare  from  Baltimore  $5.25.     Distance  114  miles. 

From  Harper's  Ferry  wc  proceed  tu  Mariinshurg,  100  miles 
from  Baltimore  ;  to  Hancock,  124 ;  and  arrive  at  Cumberland, 
178  miles,  in  about  nine  hours.     Usual  fare  $G.50. 

Ou  leaving  Baltimore,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is  car- 
ried over  a  splendid  bridge,  called  the  "  Carrolton  Viaduct,"  built 
over  (iwynn's  Falls,  a  branch  of  the  Patapsco  river.  This  bridge 
is  360  feet  in  length,  and  elevated  65  feet  above  the  water,  which 
is  spanned  by  a  principal  arch  of  80  feet  It  is  built  of  granite,  iu 
the  most  durable  manner,  and  cost  about  $60,000. 

EllicoU's  Mills  is  situated  iu  the  midst  of  a  hilly  and  rocky 
country,  on  the  Patap.s«,'o  river.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  iu  a 
high  degree  wild  and  romantic.     This  place  presents  a  business- 


BALTl.MOHK  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


283 


like  appouruueo,  coiitainnijj,  aH  it  does,  several  large  luaniifacto- 
ricp,  and  extensive  flonrinjj-indls. 

Frederick,  the  capital  of  a  connty  of  the  sa/ne  name,  i«  «  tu- 
ated  on  Carrol  creek,  three  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Alonoco- 
ry  creek.  It  \a  regnlarly  laid  out,  with  hr(»ad  Kfreets  croswin;; 
each  other  at  rij;ht  angles,  and  contains  several  handsome  pnhlir 
and  {)rivatc  huildinjjs,  and  about  a  dozen  rhurdies  of  diflrnut 
denominations.  The  country  aromid  is  fertile,  and  made  produc- 
tive hy  cultivation.  The  tradi^  of  Frederick  is  (juile  extensive. 
It  is  tfie  second  place  in  importance  in  [tQ  state,  being  inferior 
n\\\y  to  Baltimore.     I*op.  about  7,()0(). 

IIari'Ku'b  Fkrkv  is  situated  in  Jefferson  county,  Va.,  at  the 
conHuence  of  the  Shenandoah  and  I'(4omac  rivers,  at  the  passage 
of  tiK'se  streams  through  the  Blue  Kidge,  liere  upwards  of  1,2(10 
<'eet  in  height.  At  this  point  the  two  streams,  in  search  of  an 
outlet  to  the  sea,  and  each,  as  it  were,  conscious  of  the  inelTi- 
<*iency  of  its  separate  exertions  to  overcome  the  harrier  that  op- 
posed its  progress,  united  their  watens,  and,  rushing  in  one  impetu- 
ous current  against  the  mountain,  rent  it  asunder.  Such,  it  x* 
thought,  was  (he  origin  of  a  scone  which  Mr.  Jefferson  has  cliar- 
act>erix.ed  as  "  one  of  the  most  stupendous  in  nature." 

The  scenery  hert*  is  all  of  tho  wildest  and  most  majestic  de- 
scription. "  J«  fferi»«)n's  Rock,"  named  after  Mr.  Jeffenson,  a:<d 
the  spot  where  he  wrote  a  description  of  tins  place,  in  his  "  Notes 
on  Virginia,"  i;-<  a  pile  of  huge  detached  rocks,  leaning  over  tho 
Mteep  cliffs  of  the  Slienandoah,  and  leaking  into  the  mountahi 
{.-_orge  of  the  Potomac.  Its  top,  almost  level,  is  IQ  feet  sjpiare ; 
whilst  it«  base  does  not  exceed  A  ■  feet  in  width,  and  rests  upon 
the  tojj  of  a  larger  mass  of  rock  jutting  out  from  the  liill.  It  is  a 
wild  '*  eagle's  nest,"  which,  as  Jefferson  truly  drclares,  it  is  worth 
a  trip  across  tho  ocean  to  behold.  It  is  not,  however,  equal  to 
the  enchanting  s<^;eue  presented  to  the  view  from  the  opposite 
inounLaiUf  about  a  mile  and  a  half  up,  on  the  Maryland  side. 
From  this  height  the  beholder  survey.s  with  admiration  a  large 
extent  of  country,  fields,  woodlandji,  and  plantations  ;  while  the 
beautiful  Shenandoah,  as  it  breaks  upon  this  magic  picture,  ap- 
pears like  a  series  of  beautiful  lakes. 

The  United  States  Armory,  and  tho  National  Arsenal,  at  this 


H 

■li^ 


* 


284 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


place,  doBPrvc  tlir  aUention  of  visilrrn.  In  the  lutttr  ••I-ipo  front 
80  to  90,000  Htaiul  of  uriim  ure  usimlly  kept.  Noi  <y  9,00U 
Hmali-nrniH  are  Hiiniially  inaniifurtiircd  here,  ('ri)|)loyin(r  uho'jt 
240  HuikIh.  a  bridjn^o  750  fert  lout;  here  c^o^80l;  Ihe  I'otoinac 
river,  connecting  this  place  with  the  Maryland  side.  The  hotels 
at  IIarper*8  Ferry  ufFord  excellent  acconnnodations  for  viHiters. 

Cumherland,  l)eantifnlly  nitnated  on  the  n.  bunk  of  the  Poto- 
mac,  at  the  mouth  of  Wills  rmck,  is  a  lari»e  and  well-built  town, 
the  seat  of  justice  of  Allejjluiny  county,  containing  in  1847  a  pop- 
ulation of  7,000. 

ROUTE  FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  PITTSBURG  AND  WHEEL- 
ING-, (see  Maps  Nos.  2Ci  and  27.) — Trains  leave  Baltimore  by 
the  liultimorc  and  Ohio  Railroad,  from  the  depot  in  Pratt-st., 
daily,  at  1\  o'clock,  a  m.  and  4  p.  m.,  for  Cumhprlnnd  on  the 
Potomac  river,  178  miles.  (See  page  282.)  From  Cumberland, 
stofres  leave  at  G  p.  m.  and  G  a.  m.  by  20  daily  lines  of  the  Na- 
tional Road  and  Ciotxt  Intent  Stujufo  companies,  and  arrive  in 
Pittshurfr  or  Wheeling  next  eveninjr  and  the  u)orning  following. 
Passengers  for  Pittsburg  take  the  steamboat  at  Brownsville,  u 
brisk  little  place,  with  a  |K)pulation  of  about  2,000,  situated  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Monongahcla  river,  60  miles 
s.  from  Pittsburg  ;  and  passengers  for  Whcelingy  leaving  Cum- 
berland at  the  same  time,  pa&s  over  the  National  Road  by  stages 
direct  to  that  place,  1.30  miles.  Through -tickets  can  be  pur- 
chased in  Baltimore.  Fare  to  Pittsburg  ^10,  and  to  Wheeling 
$11. 

In  pa.ssing  along  the  National  Road,  near  the  foot  of  Ljiurel 
Hill,  and  about  10  miles  e.  from  Union,  the  traveller  will  observe 
a  sign  (a  plain  shingle)  placed  on  a  tree,  ujkmj  which  is  painted 
"  Braddock's  Grave,"  with  an  index  pointing  to  a  clump  of  trees 
about  200  yards  from  the  rtiad.  This  is  the  only  monument  that 
indicates  the  resting-place  of  the  proud  and  brave,  but  unfortu- 
nate hero  of  the  old  French  W^ar.  Upon  the  summit  of  I>aurel 
Hill,  a  little  farther  on,  is  another  inscription — "  Dulany's  Cave 
and  Washington's  Spring.**  This  cave  is  situated  about  two  miles 
south  of  the  pike.  The  entrance  to  it,  on  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain, is  quite  small  at  the  mouth  ;  but  once  entered,  it  is  found  tc 


\.- 


/  2 


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contain  many  larj^e  and  niujjnif'iccnt  apartiiirnts.  This  cavo, 
whicli  has  been  explored  two  miles,  sinks  to  the  depth  of  Ij'JOl) 
iVet.  The  Washinirfnii  Sprim;  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  road.  Its 
water,  which  is  of  the  best  quality,  is  made  to  issue  from  a  larj^e 
artificial  orifice  in  a  rock.  Immediately  below  the  sprinjj  is  a 
bath-house,  to  which  the  water  is  conducted  in  pipes.  There  is 
a  beautiful  j^arden,  with  summer-houses,  near  the  sj)rin{;.  For 
invalids  and  others  seeking  retirement  durinjr  the  hot  summer 
months,  this  will  bo  found  a  very  pleasant  resort. 

Union  (usually  called  Uniontown)  is  a  larjro  and  flourishiu}f 
f>lace,  containing  about  3,5U()  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the 
National  Road,  six  miles  west  from  the  Washington  Spring,  and 
about  (JO  miles  from  Cumberland.  Many  of  the  bui.Jings,  which 
are  of  brick,  and  very  compact,  are  large  and  commodious.  The 
new  Courthouse  is  a  handsome  structure.  There  are  several 
excellent  hotels  here,  some  of  which  are  sj)acious  and  costly. 
The  travel  over  the  National  Road  imparts  great  life  and  Ir.Jstlc 
to  Uniontown.  {Scarcely  an  hour  in  the  day  passes  when  a 
stage-coach  may  not  be  seen  wending  its  way  through  the  town. 
Tlie  property  invested  in  these  lines  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  travelling  {)ublic  is  immense  (For  description  of  Pittsburgj 
see  page  257.) 

Washington,  Pa.,  capital  of  Washington  county,  is  a  large, 
finely  situated,  and  prosperous  town,  with  »  [population  of  about 
3,000.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  is  noted  for  da 
salubrity.  Besides  a  new  and  handsorrc  Coi'Saoose,  and  other 
public  buildings,  it  has  several  churches  of  va/oif:;  denominations, 
and  is  also  the  seat  of  Washington  College,  ."u  institution  found- 
ed  iu  180G,  which  has  about  3,500  vols.  i*.  its  librari*.  >.  ;  .d  pos- 
sesses a  choice  mineralogical  cabinet.  It  holds  its  comiucncc- 
luent  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Septendjer. 

WiiEKLiNG  is  situated  on  tlie  e.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  surrounded 
by  bold  and  precipitous  hills,  and  extends  along  on  the  high  baidi 
of  the  river  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  It  is  the  most  important 
place,  in  regard  to  commerce,  manufactures,  and  popu)  ition,  in 
VWstern  Virginia.  The  National  Road  pasvses  through  it,  making 
it  a  great  thoroughfare  for  persons  travelling  to  the  West.  It 
contains  several  liandsomc  public    and  private  buildings,  numer- 


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ous  churches,  steam-engine  factories,  glass-houses,  and  other 
manufactories.  A  largo  number  of  steamboats  are  owned  here, 
which  are  continually  passing  up  and  down  the  Ohio  river.  A 
magnificent  wire  suspension  bridge  is  being  constructed  over  the 
Ohio  at  Wheeling,  (by  th3  same  skilful  engineer  who  has  charge 
of  the  Niagara  suspension  bridge.)  It  will  bo  the  largest  struc- 
ture of  its  kind  in  the  world,  having  a  span  of  upwards  of  1,000 
feet, — the  one  at  Freiburg,  the  longest  in  Europe,  being  but  905 
feet  in  length.  Poj).  about  10,000.  'For  routes  from  Pittsburg 
and  Wheeling,  see  page  205.) 


ROUTES  TO   THE    VIRGDMA   SPRINGS. 

There  are  now  numerous  routes  and  modes  of  conveyance  to 
these  celebrated  Springs,  all  of  which  have  been,  within  a  few 
years,  greatly  iusproved. 

From  Baltimore  they  may  be  reached  by  a  variety  of  routes. 
One  of  the  most  pleasant  and  expeditious  is  over  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  to  Harper's  Ferry  ;  thence  by  a  similar  con- 
veyance to  Winchester  ;  and  thence  by  stage,  over  an  excellent 
road,  to  Staunton.  From  the  latter  place  we  may  proceed  di- 
rectly across  the  Nortii  and  Warm  Spring  mountains  to  the 
Warm  and  Hot  Springs ; — or  may  proceed  to  the  Natural 
Bridge,  via  Lexington,  and  thence  to  the  White  Sulphur,  via 
Dibrell's  Springs.  This  route  will  afford  the  visiter  an  opportu- 
nity of  viewing  the  splendid  scenery  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  also 
the  celebrated  Natural  Bridge.  He  will  likewise  pass  within 
seven  niiles  of  the  noted  caves,  "  Weir's"  and  "  Madison's," 
which,  by  a  short  detention  on  his  journey,  can  be  readily  visited. 
(See  Map  No,  27.) 

Another  route  from  Baltimore  is  by  way  of  the  railroad  to 
Washington  City ;  thence  by  the  Potomac  steamer  (passing  in 
view  of  Mount  Vernon)  to  Acquia  Creek;  and  afterwards  by  the 
Richmond  and  Fredericksburg  and  Louisa  railroads  to  Gor- 
donsville  ;  whence  wo  are  conveyed  by  four-horse  post-coaches 
to  Charlottesville,  Staunton,  the  Warm  Springs,  White  Sul- 
phur Springs,  &c.,  passing  in  sight  of  INIonticello  and  the  cele- 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


287 


brated  University  of  Virginia,  and  'avoiding  night  travelling.  By 
this  route  the  Warm  Springs  are  reached  in  time  for  hreakfast, 
the  second  day  after  leaving  Washington,  And  the  White  Sul- 
phur on  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day.  The  latter  springs  are 
.'J05  miles  from  Baltimore. 

Or,  from  Fredericksburg,  (instead  of  going  via  Gordonsville,) 
we  may  proceed  to  Richmond,  Va.; — or,  starting  from  Baltimore, 
may  reach  the  latter  place,  by  steamboat,  down  the  Chesapeake 
Bay,  by  the  way  of  Norfolk,  and  thence  up  James  river  to  Rich- 
mond, where  we  take  the  canal  to  Lynchburg,  l')0  milew  ;  and 
thence  proceed  by  stage  either  by  the  road  leading  past  the  Nat- 
ural Bridge,  or  by  the  way  of  Liberty,  Fincastle,  and  the  Sweet 
Springs — arriving  at  the  White  Sulphur. 

The  usual  mode  of  reaching  the  Virginia  Springs  from  the 
West  and  Southwest,  is  to  disembark  from  the  steamboat  at 
Guyandolte,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  thence  proceed  by  stage  to 
the  springs,  the  White  Sulphur  being  about  160  miles  distant. 

Travellers  from  the  states  south  of  the  Virginia  Springs,  take 
the  railroad  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  for  Richmond  ;  at  which 
place  they  will  take  conveyance,  as  before  described.  Or  they 
may  proceed  farther  on  to  the  junction  of  the  Louisa  Railroad ; 
thence  to  Gordonsville ;  and  thence  by  stage  to  the  springs. 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 

Of  tl'i' se,  the  most  celebrated  and  most  generally  visited  are  the 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  on  a  branch  of  tlio  Greenbrier 
river,  in  the  county  of  Greenbrier,  and  in  the  valley  of  Howard's 
creek  They  are  to  the  South  what  the  Saratoga  Springs  are 
to  the  North.  Thousands  annually  resort  to  them,  either  in 
search  of  recreation  and  amusement,  or  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of 
their  waters,  which  have  been  found  to  be  very  efficacious  in  the 
cure  of  dyspepsia,  jaundice,  rheumatism,  liver  complaint,  gout, 
diseases  of  the  skin,  and  many  other  complaints.  The  waters 
contain  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, chloride  of  calcium,  sulpho-hydrate  of  sodium,  carbonate  of 
lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  per-oxide  of  iron,  organic  matter,  iodine^ 


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288 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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sulphate  of  magnosia,  phosphate  of  hrnc,  and  precipitated  stiU 
phur.  The  gaseous  contents  are,  carbonic  acid,  Bulphureted 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully  pic- 
turesque valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on  every  side.  They 
are  in  the  midst  of  the  celebrated  spring  region,  having  the  Iht 
and  Warm  Springs  on  the  n.,  the  former  35  and  the  latter  40 
miles  distant ;  the  Sweet,  17  miles  to  the  e.  ;  the  Salt  and  Red 
on  the  R.  w.,  the  former  24,  the  latter  41  miles  distant;  and  the 
Bltie  Sulphur,  22  miles  to  the  west. 

The  Warm  Springs,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  are  among  the 
oldest  of  the  watering-places.  The  water,  which  has  a  tempera- 
ture of  98°  Fahrenheit,  is  very  transparent.  The  accommoda- 
lions  for  bathing  are  excellent. 

The  Hot  Springs  are  situated  in  a  valley,  deeply  eiiibosoined 
among  mountain  peaks,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  five  miles  s.  fron) 
ihe  Warm  Springs.  Bathing  houses  have  been  erected,  and 
every  accommodation  provided,  for  both  male  and  female  patients. 
The  baths  are  six  in  number,  each  being  supplied  with  water 
from  a  separate  spring.  They  range  in  temperature  from  98°  to 
10G°. 

The  Sweet  Springs  are  situated  in  a  wide  and  beautiful  val- 
ley in  the  eastern  extremity  of  Monroe  county,  and  are  justly 
celebrated  for  the  tonic  power  of  their  waters,  used  either  inter- 
nally or  externally.     Their  temperature  is  73°  Fahrenheit. 

The  Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  in  the  county  of  Mon- 
roe, are  encircled  by  mojuitains  on  every  side.  These  springs 
enjoy  a  high  reputation,  nr  ^nly  for  the  virtues  of  their  waters, 
but  also  for  the  excellent  accommodations  with  which  they  are 
furnished.  They  ;  r;>  in  ;onsequence  much  visited  by  invalids. 
Their  temperature  varies  from  49^  ♦o  56°. 

The  Rkd  SuLPii  ^:  Springs  are  m  the  southern  part  of  Mon- 
roe county,  17  miles  from  the  Salt,  and  32  from  the  Sweet 
Springs.  The  water  (S  clear  and  cool,  its  temperature  being  54"^ 
Fahrenheit. 

The  Blue  Sulphur  Spring  is  situated  in  a  narrow,  but  beauti- 
fully picturesque  valley,  on  Muddy  creek,  a  small  tributary  of 
Greenbrier  river.     It  has  comfortable  accommodations  for  about 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


289 


M 


300  persons.     Tho  medical  virtues  of  its  waters  draw  thither, 
during  the  seaRon,  a  large  number  of  visiters. 

Tho  Natural  Bridge  of  Virginia  ia  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
curiosities  in  the  country,  if  not  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  a 
stupendous  arch  of  limestone  rock,  over  an  unimportant  and 
small  stream,  called  Cedar  creek.  The  tourist,  who,  while  in 
this  vicinity,  could  pass  this  natural  wonder  unheeded,  would  be 
as  great  a  curiosity  as  the  Bridge  itself.  The  view  from  tho  top 
is  awfully  grand  ;  yet  one  should  go  to  the  brow  of  the  procipico 
that  descends  to  tlie  level  of  the  creek,  where  the  view,  equally 
Bublime,  will  be  found  far  more  interesting,  being  divested,  in  a 
great  measure,  of  the  awe  which  is  sensibly  felt  on  looking  from 
the  bridge  down  into  the  dreadful  gulf.  The  height  from  the 
stream  to  the  top  of  the  bridge  is  215  feet,  its  average  width  is 
80  feet,  and  its  extreme  length,  at  the  top,  is  95  feet.  The  chasm 
over  which  it  passes  is  50  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  1)0  feet  at  top. 
It  is  covered  with  earth  to  the  depth  of  about  five  feet,  which  is 
made  firm  by  trees  and  shrubbery  ;  whilst  its  sides  are  protected 
by  rocks,  forming  a  natural  wall.  It  is  156  miles  w.  from  Rich- 
mond, two  miles  n.  of  James  river,  41  from  Lynchburg,  and  63 
miles  s.  e.  from  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Weirds  Cave,  17  miles  n.  k.  from  Staunton,  is  deemerl  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  caverns  in  the  world.  It  extends  about  2,500 
feet  in  length,  although  its  exploration  in  a  direct  line  does  not 
exceed  1,800  feet,  and  is  divided  into  several  apartments  of  vari- 
ous sizes.  The  walls  are  formed  of  the  most  beautiful  crystal- 
lized carbonate  of  lime,  or  calcareous  spar.  The  crystals,  which 
vary  in  form,  are  of  all  sizes  and  colors,  and  reflect  with  much 
brilliancy  the  torch -lights  with  which  each  visiter  is  provided. 
Thin  sheets  of  similar  incrustations  are  seen  in  some  parts,  resem- 
bling the  appearance  of  rich  and  graceful  drapery  ;  and  from  tho 
lofty  roof  of  one  of  the  halls  is  a  sheet  that  appears  as  if  floating 
in  the  air.  It  has  received  the  appellation  of  Elijah's  Mantle. 
Some  of  the  most  extensive  apartments  have  received  the  names 
of  "Washington  Hall,"  "Congress  Hall,"  "  Orgarx  Room," 
"  Solomon's  Temple,"  "  Deacon's  Room,"  &c.  This  cavern  is 
under  the  charge  of  a  person  whoso  business  it  is  to  render  every 
care  and  attention  to  visiters. 

19 


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290 


RAILKOAD  AND  STEAMUOAT  COMPANION. 


MadisoTi's  Cave  is  a  short  distance  from  the  preceding,  and 
somewhat  resembles  that  curiosity,  although  much  less  extensive, 
its  length  not  exceeding  3^*0  feet. — The  Blowing  and  Saltpetre 
Caves  are  situated  about  40  miles  to  the  n.  w.  of  the  two  prece- 
ding ones. 


FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  CHARLESTON,  AND  INTERME- 

DIATE   PLAGES. 

From  Baltimore  to  Charleston  the  traveller  will  have  a  choice 
of  two  routes,  as  follows  : — 

Ist.  From  Baltimore  to  Washington  City^  by  railroad,  40 
milos  ;  thence  by  steamer  down  the  Potomac  to  Acquia  Creeki 
i)5  miles  ;  here  wo  again  take  the  cars,  and  proceed  to  Freder- 
icksburg, Va.,  15  milos ;  to  Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  state 
of  Virginia,  60  miles  ;  to  Petersburg,  22  miles ;  to  Weldon, 
N.  C,  62  miles  ;  to  Wilmington,  N.  C,  160  miles.  Total,  414 
miles.  From  Wilmington  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  180  miles,  is 
performed  by  steamboat — making  the  entire  distance  from  Balti- 
more 504  miles,  which  is  performed  in  about  48  hours.     Fare 


from  Baltimore  to  Petersburg,  $7.50  ;  to  Weldon,  $10.00  ;  and 
10  Charleston,  $20.00. 

Passengers  arriving  in  Baltimore  by  the  morning  line  from 
Philadelphia,  had  better  remain  in  that  city  until  6^  o'clock  tho 
next  morning ;  or  they  can  go  on  to  Washington  at  5  r.  m.,  and 
remain  there  until  9  a.  m.  the  next  day. 

Passengers  going  to  Washington  by  the  train  of  5  p.  m.,  are 
taken,  if  they  desire  it,  by  the  Company's  omnibus,  at  once, 
without  charge,  from  the  Washington  depot  to  the  Potomac 
steamboat,  where  they  lodge  free  of  charge,  and  lay  over  (if  they 
desire  to  do  so)  with  their  through-tickets,  for  a  few  days,  at  the 
following  places,  viz :  Washington,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  and 
Weldon.  For  further  information  and  "  through-tickets"  apply 
at  the  Southern  ticket-office,  adjoining  the  Washington  Railroad 
ticket-office,  Pratt-st.,  Baltimore. 

2d.  From  Baltimore,  steamboats  on  this  route  leave  Spear't 
Tvharf  d'iily,  riinning  down  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Not  folk,  Va.,  188 


ROIJTKS  FROM  llALTIMOKE  TO  CHAlt  M'.STOV. 


29 1 


,  and 
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VTR. 

choice 

ad,  40 
Creekt 
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le  state 
7eldon, 
;al,  414 
niles,  is 
1  Balti- 
Fare 
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M.,  and 

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once, 
btomao 
(if  they 
,  at  the 
rg,  and 
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lailroad 

Spear'« 
Va.,  189 


miloH,  and  from  Ukmicc  up  James  river  to  City  Point,  !);')  uuW.s , 
thence  by  railroad  to  Prtershurfr,  Va.,  \2  miirs  ;  tliero  con- 
necting with  the  railroad  to  Wilmin^toit,  N.  C,  and  hy  Kteam- 
bottt  to  C/iarlrstori,  as  before.  Total  distance  from  Haltiinore  by 
this  route,  Gli7  miles.     Tune  .m  hours.     Fare  about  $1(). 

Charlkston,  S.  C,  is  the  largest,  most  populous,  and  weallliy 
city  on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  s.  of  IJaltimore.  It  is  in  N.  Lai. 
32°  4G'  33",  and  in  W.  Long,  from  Greenwich  7D°  57'  27".  In 
1840  its  population  was  41,137  ;  at  the  present  time  (184H)  it  is 
not  less  than  r)5,000.  This  city  is  well  situated  for  trade  and 
cormnorce,  on  a  peninsula,  seven  miles  from  ♦ho  ocean,  wlu<d>  it* 
formed  by  tho  confluence  of  Ashley  and  Ocuper  rivers,  which 
hero  enter  the  harbor,  and  is  two  miles  acre  s.  C)p|)osito  Ihi* 
city,  Ashley  river  is  G,3U0  feet  wide,  and  Cooper  river  4,200  foot : 
both  hero  have  a  depth  of  from  30  to  40  feet. 

Charleston  is  built  on  slightly  elevated  ground,  being  but  nine 
feet  above  high-water  mark  ;  it  is  about  two  miles  long,  some- 
thing over  a  mile  broad,  and  is  regularly  laid  out,  although  not 
uniforndy  so.  Its  streets,  wliich  extend  from  river  to  river,  run 
from  E.  to  w.,  and  generally  parallel  to  each  other,  and  aro 
crossed  by  others,  nearly  at  right  angles :  they  vary  in  widlli 
from  30  to  70  feet.  INIany  of  tho  buildings  in  the  city  are  c^»n- 
Btructed  of  brick,  which  is  now  the  only  material  permitted  by 
law  to  be  used  within  its  limits.  Those  of  wood  aro  neatly 
painted,  and  frequently  have  piazzas  extending  to  the  roof,  beau- 
tifully ornamented  with  vines.  In  the  outskirts  of  tho  city  llie 
houses  have  fine  gardens  attached,  planted  with  orange,  fruit, 
and  ornamental  and  other  trees,  with  vines  and  shrubbery  in  pro- 
fusion. 

The  public  buildings  are  a  City  Hall,  an  Exchange,  Court- 
house, Custom-house,  Jail,  a  State  Citadel,  two  arsenals,  a  col- 
lege, a  medical  college,  asylums,  libraries,  a  theatre,  several 
banks,  and  about  30  churches  of  various  denominations,  with  nu- 
merous hotels,  some  of  which  aro  costly  and  magnificent  struc- 
tures, where  the  stranger  will  meet  with  every  attention  and 
ooniforU 

Charleston  possesses  great  facilities  for  trade  with  the  interior 
country,  by  means  of  the  railroad  extending  through  South  Caro- 


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RAILKOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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lina  und  (ioorp^iii  and  trrniinaliii};  on  the  'IVnnpssoo  river.  This 
will  ill  time  he  oxtondod  to  th«  s.  baidt  of  the  Ohio  riv("^,  opposite 
('iiiciiuiati,  there  unitinjj  the  navifjable  wuti^rs  of  that  stream  with 
('harlrstoM  harhor.  A  liranch  road  also  extends  f  -in  the  South 
Cuiolinu  IJaiiroad  at  Ilraiu  livillo  to  Coluiiibia,  thf  capital  of  the 
state,  130  miles  distant.  Numerous  steamboats  also  plv  between 
('harloKtoM  and  Savanna}i,  Wilmiiifrton,  St.  Auffustino,  and  other 
plar(«B.  liiiies  of  steamship-  ply  regularly  between  Charleston, 
New  York,  and  riiiladelphia.  Lines  of  packet  ship  run  to  New 
York  ;  and  ot'.tT  vessels  sail  lur  most  of  the  largo  cities  on  the 
couKt,  and  fur  Europe. 


FROM  CHARLESTON  TO  NEW  ORLEANS. 

From  ChaU'ston  passengers  proceed  by  railroad  to  Augusta, 
< -a.,  or  rather  to  Hamhur;j;,  I3G  miles,  which  is  separated  from 
Augusta  by  the  Savannah  river,  which  is  also  the  dividing  line 
between  the  states  <>•  South  ('arolina  and  Georgia.  From  Au- 
gusta, a  great  ireslerri  chain  of  railroad,  making  trijw  by  night 
only,  convrvrt  you  t<  Atlanta,  171  miles;  from  whence  Grijfin, 
A'.i  miiii'si.  is  reached  by  a  partially  returning  trip  on  the  Savannah 
and  Macon  route,  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the  Augusta  and 
Atlanta  line.  From  Griffin  to  Auburn  is  100  miles,  which  is  per- 
formed by  daily  lines  of  stages,  passing  through  Greenville,  La- 
frraufrc,  and  Westpoint. 

The  distance  from  Auburn  to  Montgomery,  60  miles,  is  per- 
formed by  railroad.  Total  distance  from  Charleston  to  Mont- 
gomery 510  miles.  Fare  »^2G.50.  Time  through,  53  hours,  in- 
cluding stoppages. 

From  Montgomery  to  Mobile  by  the  Regular  Line  of  light-draft 
Bteamers.  Time,  from  48  to  50  hours : /are  $10.  Or  from 
Montgomery  to  Mobile,  ?00  miles,  by  the  daily  mail-coach,  witli 
extras  for  20  passengers.     Time  40  hours :  fare  {$8. 

From  Mobile  to  New  Orleans,  178  miles,  by  the  daily  line  of 
mail  steamers.  Time  20  hours  :  fare  $5.  The  total  distance 
from  Baltimore  to  New  Orleans  by  the  above  described  routes  is 
1,585  miles.     Time  through,  six  days  22  hours :  fare  $55.50. 


ROUTES  FROM  (  HAItl-ESTON  TO  NKW  (HILEANS. 


293 


From  C^harlkhton,  via  Savannah,  Maion,  and  Columbus, — 
By  Kteuinbuut  from  Cliark'stoii  to  Savannitfif  (ia.,  140  miles. 
Time  11  hourH.  From  Savumiah  to  Muron,  by  railroad,  11)0 
miles.  Time  12  hours.  From  Macon  to  Banirsville,  by  rail- 
road, 40  miles.  Timo  tliroo  iir»ius.  From  Harnesvillo  to  Auhurn, 
by  Htatro,  105  mik's.  Timo  lU  hours.  From  Auburn  to  Mont- 
gomery,  by  railroad,  GO  miles.  Timo  four  hours.  From  Mont- 
gomery to  Mobile,  aud  alo  from  Mobilo  to  New  Orleans,  us  be- 
fore described. 

Savannah,  the  largest  and  most  iiuportant  city  in  the  state  of 
Georgia,  lies  in  N.  Lat.  3t2^  4'  5<;  lui  in  \V.  Loi  ^r.  HI"  8'  18" 
from  (Greenwich.  Its  [)o|)ulation  \>~  ut  25,000.  The  city  is 
built  on  a  sandy  plain,  elevated  40  icet  above  the  water,  on  the 
8.  side  of  Savannah  river,  18  miles  from  (he  Atlantic.  Tho  har- 
bor is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  southern  coast,  being,  at  its  entranco 
over  the  bar,  a  mile  wide,  and  having  a  depth  of  water,  at  low 
tide,  of  from  18  to  '21  feet.  Vesstla  drawing  but  13  feet  of  water 
can  come  close  up  to  the  wharves  of  the  city  ;  whilst  thoeo  re- 
quiring a  greater  depth  find  a  good  anchorage  u  few  njiles  below. 
The  plain  oa  which  the  city  stands  extends  a  nule  along  tho  river 
E.  and  w.,  and  continues  for  several  miles  s.,  increasing  in  width 
back  from  the  river.  The  streets  of  the  city  are  regularly  and 
beautifully  laid  out  ;  l)etween  every  other  one  is  a  handsome 
public  square,  surrounded  and  interspersed  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  forming  miniature  parks  covered  with  gra.ss,  which  give  tho 
city,  during  tho  spring  and  summer  months,  a  cool,  airy,  and  ru- 
ral appearance.  Many  of  the  streets  are  lined  on  either  side 
with  trees ;  some  have  single,  and  others  double  rows,  running 
through  their  centres,  the  latter  forming  perfect  arcades,  and 
serving  at  all  times  for  delightful  and  shady  walks.  Tho  city 
contains  a  number  of  handsome  public  and  pri>  ito  buildings,  nu- 
merous churches,  benevolent  societies,  &:^c.  Tho  warehouses  are 
tmmerous,  generally  lining  tho  wharves,  aud  built  of  brick  or 
stone,  mostly  three  or  four  stories  high. 

Savannah  is  the  centre  of  a  largo  inland  trade,  and  which, 
from  her  fortunate  position  upon  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  this 
part  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  must  continue  greaMy  to  increase. 
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country,  tcrminatinfj  on  the  banks  of  the  Tennessee,  nearly  500 
miles  distant ;  thereby  openinjr  to  her  enterprise  the  trade  of  the 
jrreat  West.  Other  roads  will  eventually  be  made,  connectinjr 
her  commerce  and  interests  with  those  of  her  sister  states  lying 
immediately  west.  A  regular  steamboat  communication  is  also 
kept  up  between  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  St.  Augustine, 
Flo.,  and  other  places  on  the  coast ;  and  a  line  of  sailing  vessels 
runs  regularly  to  New  York. 

MoBii.K  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
at  its  entrance  into  Mobile  Bay,  and  about  30  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.' .30°  40',  and  in  W.  Ix>ng.  88°  21' 
from  Greenwich.  Its  population  in  1840  was  12,672;  it  is  now, 
in  1848,  about  20,000.  The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  ex- 
tended plain,  elevated  1,5  feet  above  the  highest  tides,  and  has  a 
beautiful  prospect  of  the  bay,  from  which  it  receives  refreshing 
breez»'s.  As  a  cotton  mart  and  place  of  export.  Mobile  ranks 
next  to  New  Orleans  and  Charleston.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
excellent  water,  brought  a  distance  of  two  miles.  The  entrance 
to  the  bay  is  defended  by  Fort  Morgan,  (or  Bowyer,)  built  on  a 
low  sandy  point  opposite  Dauphin  Island,  30  miles  from  the  city. 
Steamboafs  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  Orleans,  and 
for  Montgomery.  A  line  of  sailing  vessels  runs  regularly  to  New 
York.    (For  description  of  New  Orleans,  see  page  303.) 

The  journey  from  Nrw  York  to  New  Orleans  may  be  di- 
vided as  follows: — 1st.  From  New  York  to  BaUimore :  time  12 
hours.  2d.  From  Baltimore  to  Charleston  :  time  53  hours.  3d. 
From  C/harleston  to  Montgomery :  time  53  hours.  4th.  From 
Montgomery  to  Mobile  :  time  40  hours.  5th.  From  Mobile  to 
New  Orleans:  time  20  hours.  Total  7^  days.  The  delays  of 
iromiwo  to  five  hours  between  each  division,  make  up  a  total  of 
eight  days  and  some  two  or  three  hours. 

Route  from  New  York  to  Memphis,  Tenn. — From  New 
York  to  Washington,  by  railroad,  224  miles.  From  Washing- 
ton to  Arquia  Creek,  by  steamboat,  55  miles.  From  Acquia 
Creek  to  Wilmington,  by  railroad,  319  miles.  From  Wilming- 
ton to  Charleston,  by  steamboat,  180  miles.  From  Charleston 
to  Augusta,  by  railroad,  136  miles.  From  Augusta  to  Atlanta, 
by  railroad,  171  miles.     From  Atlanta,  to  Kingston,  by  railroad, 


ROUTES  DOW^N  THE  OHIO. 


295 


60  miles.  From  Kingston  to  Gunter^s  Lnnding^hy  post-coachps, 
90  miles.  From  Guntrr's  liandiug  to  Decatur,  by  steamboat, 
60  miles.  From  Decatur  to  Tuscumbia,  by  railroad,  43  miles ; 
and  from  Tuscumbia  to  Memphis,  by  post-coaches,  170  miles. 
Total  distance  1,507  miles:  through  in  about  eight  days.  Fare 
is  as  follows: — from  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  ^3.00,  From 
Philadelphia  to  Baltimore,  {$3.00.  From  Baltimore  to  Charles- 
ton, $16.00.  From  Charleston  to  Memphis,  $28.00.  Total 
fare,  $48.00. 

Memphis,  which  is  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  can  be  reached  also  by  taking  the  cars  from  Baltimore  to 
Cumberland,  and  stage  to  Wheeling  ;  thence  by  steamboat  down 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  Memphis. 

Routes  from  Pittsbl'rg,  (continued  from  page  260.) — From 
Pittsburg,  and  also  from  Wheeling,  first-class  steamboats  run 
regularly,  and  convey  passengers  with  as  little  delay  as  possible, 
to  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,  and  other  places  in  the 
South  and  West. 


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Principal  Places  and  Distances  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  from  Pittsburg  to  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  and  New 
Orleans. 

From  From 

place  to  place.  Pinsbiirj. 
From  Pittsburg  to—  Miles.  Miles. 

Sfeubenville,  O. 62 

Wheeling,  Va 23....    105 

Marietta,  0 91...    199 

Parkersburg,  Va 12....    211 

Gallipolis,  O 8(5. ...    297 

Guyandotte,  Va 36....    333 

Portsmouth,  0 55....    388 

Cincinnati,  O 105...    493 

Louisville,  Ky 138  ...    f531 

Cairo,  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River 370- ...  1 ,001 

New  Madrid,  Mo 75....1,07o 

Memphis,  Tenn 160.. ..1,236 

Vicksburg.  Miss 385 —  1,621 

Natchez,  Miss 110...  1,731 

New  Orlkans,  La 300  ...2,031 

From  Cairn  to — 

St.  Louis 174-...  1,175 


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RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


From  St.  Louis  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

From  From 

place  to  place.  St.  Louie 
From  St.  Louit.  to —  Mile».  Mile». 

Mouth  of  r.  issouri  River 18 

Alton,  111 4 22 

Quincy,  III 120 142 

Nauvoo,  111 48 190 

Burlington,  Iowa 52 242 

Rock  River,  111 62 324 

DuBuque,  Iowa 110 434 

Praire  clu  Chien 55 489 

Falls  ok  St.  Anthony 255 744 


FROM    NEW    YORK    AND    BOSTON    TO    CINCINNATI,    VIA 
LAKE  ERIE,  THE  MAD  RIVER  RAILROAD,  &c. 

From  New  York  to  Albany,  by  steamboat,  145  miles:  usual 
tmie,  8  hours.  From  Boston  to  Albany,  by  railroad,  200  miles  : 
time  10  hours.  The  above  routes  meet  at  Albany  ;  from  that  place, 
therefore,  the  route  to  Cincinnati  will  be  the  same  to  the  trav- 
eller both  from  Now  York  and  Boston.  From  Albany  to  Buffa- 
lo, by  railroad,  325  miles :  time  22  hours.  From  BuflUlo  to 
Sandusky  City,  250  miles,  by  steamboat,  over  Lake  Erie  :  time 
20  hours.  From  Sandusky  City  to  Cincinnati,  by  the  cars  of 
the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  railroad,  and  Little  Miami  rail- 
road, a  distance  of  218  miles:  time  15  hours.  Total  distance 
from  New  York,  938  miles :  time  65  hours.  From  Boston,  993 
miles:  time  67  hours. 

Cincinnati,  the  most  populous  city  of  the  western  states,  is 
situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Licking  creek.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.  39°  06'  30",  and  W.  Long. 
7°  24'  25".  The  population  in  1800  was  750  ;  in  1810,2,540  ;  in 
1820,  9,602  ;  in  1830,  24,830  ;  in  1840,  46,383  ;  and  is  in  1848 
not  less  than  80,000.  The  city  is  near  the  eastern  extremity  of  a 
valley  about  12  miles  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  beautiful 
hills,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  300  feet  by  gentle  and  varying 
slopes,  and  which  are  mostly  covered  with  native  forest-trees.  It 
is  built  on  two  table-lands,  the  one  elevated  from  40  to  60  feet 


FROM  NEW  YORK  AND  BOSTON  TO  CINCINNATI. 


297 


above  the  other.  The  city  is  laid  out  witli  great  rooularity,  the 
streets,  some  of  which  are  60  feet  in  width,  intorsectincr  each 
other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  well  paved,  and  ex- 
tensively sliaded  with  trees,  while  the  houses  are  ornamented 
with  shrubbery. 

Tlie  shore  of  the  river  Ohio  at  the  principal  landing-place  is 
substantially  paved  to  low-water  mark,  and  is  supplied  by  float- 
ing wharves,  adapted  to  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  river, 
which  renders  the  landing  and  shipping  of  goods  at  all  times  con- 
venient. 

The  city  is  well  supplied  by  water  raised  from  the  Ohio  by  a 
steam-engine,  and  forced  into  two  reservoirs  on  a  hill  700  feel 
distant. 

The  trade  of  Cincinnati  is  very  great ;  its  commanding  position 
on  the  Ohio  yearly  brings  to  it  a  large  accession  of  business. 
During  the  year  ending  Sept.  1847,  its  imports  amounted  to  the 
sum  of  $49,991,833.97,  and  its  exports  to  $55,735,252.27,  ma- 
king a  total  of  $105,727,086.24.  In  the  year  1S43,  $14,500,000 
were  employed  in  manufactures,  and  articles  produced  to  the 
amount  of  $17,500,000. 

This  "  Queen  City  of  the  West"  enjoys  great  facilities  for 
trade  and  commerce  ;  by  the  Ohio,  and  other  rivers  connect- 
ing with  it,  she  has  a  water  communication  of  some  thou- 
sands of  miles.  In  1840,  88  steamboats  belonged  here,  33  of 
which  were  built  during  that  year.  It  is  also  the  greatest  pork 
market  in  the  world  ;  more  than  250,000  hogs  were  slaughtered 
here  in  1844,  which,  when  prepared  for  exportation,  were  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  upwards  of  $3,000,000. 

By  means  of  her  canals  and  railroads,  and  fine  macadamized 
roads,  she  has  an  immediate  intercourse  with  a  large  extent  of 
country,  and  also  with  Lake  Erie. 

Steamboats  leave  Cincinnati  daily  for  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans, 
and  Pittsburg,  and  intermediate  places.  Care  also  leave  for 
Sandusky  City  ;  and  by  steamboat  fropa  thence  to  Buffalo,  from 
which  place  travellers  can  proceed  to  Niagara  Falls,  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  other  places  in  Canada  ;  or  can  go  from  Buffalo  to 
New  York,  Boston,  Saratoga  Springs,  «fcc.  Stages  leave  Cin- 
cinnati for  St.   Louis,  and  other  places ;  at  Xenia  they  connect 


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298 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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with  tlio  railroad,  carrying  passenjjers  from  thenco  to  Clevo- 
land,  &c. 


ROUTE  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  DETROIT  J^ND  CHICAGO. 
(Continued  from  page  209.) 

Steamboats  leave  Buffalo  for  Detroit  and  the  great  upper  lakea 
daily.  On  our  course  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit  wo  make  several 
landin«Ts,  as  follows  : — 

Ericy  Pa.,  90  miles,  is  situated  on  a  bluff,  affording  a  fine  pros- 
pect of  Prcsque  Isle  Bay,  the  peninsula  which  forms  it,  and  the 
lake  beyond.  Its  harbor,  which  is  four  and  a  half  miles  long  by 
half  a  mile  wide,  is  one  of  the  best  on  Ijake  Erie,  and  is  gener- 
ally free  from  ico  a  month  earlier  than  that  of  Buffalo.  The 
building  and  equipment  of  Perry's  victorious  fleet  in  the  war  of 
1812  took  place  here.  In  70  days  from  the  time  when  the 
timber,  of  which  it  was  constructed,  was  standing  in  the  forest,  it 
was  ready  for  action. 

Our  second  landing  on  the  lake  is  at  Ashtabula,  Ohio,  135 
miles ;  and  from  thence  we  proceed  to  Cleveland,  in  the  same 
state,  194  miles,  and  one  of  its  most  important  places.  It  has  a 
fine  situation  for  commerce,  the  lakes  giving  it  a  ready  access  to 
a  wide  extent  of  countrj-.  Its  harbor,  which  is  formed  by  tho 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  river,  is  equal  to  the  best  on  Lake  Erie. 
A  portion  of  the  city  lies  on  the  river,  where  the  land  is  but  little 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  lake ;  but  it  rises  by  a  steep  as- 
cent to  a  flat,  gravelly  plain,  80  feet  above  the  lake,  on  which  the 
city  is  mostly  built.  This  elevation  is  continued  to  the  shore  of 
the  lake,  from  which  there  is  a  water  prospect  of  boundless  ex- 
tent. In  1817,  the  population  wap  12,7G9,  having  increased  G,698 
since  1840.  The  usual  fare  from  Buffalo  is  {$2.00 :  time  about 
16  hours.  The  following  are  among  the  best  of  the  hotels  in 
Cleveland  : — the  New  England  House,  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  splendid  in  the  country,  the  Franklin  House,  Mansion 
House,  American  House,  Merchants^  Hotel,  &c. 

Huron  is  240  miles,  and  Sandusky  City  250  miles:  the  latter 
is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of  Sandusky  Bay,  fronting  the  opening 
into  Lake  Erie,  three  miles  distant,  of  which  it  has  a  delightful 


f 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  CHICAGO. 


299 


view.  Excepting  during  the  winter  months,  its  wharves  are 
thronged  with  steamboats  and  other  lake  vessels,  arriving  and 
departing  continually.  Time  from  Buffalo  about  20  hours.  To- 
ledo, Ohio,  305  miles  ;  Monroe,  Mich.,  326  miles.  Wo  now 
arrive  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  372  miles  from  Buffalo,  in  about  30 
hours.     Fare  about  ^5.00. 

Detroit  has  a  fine  situation  for  trade,  being  located  on  the  w. 
side  of  Detroit  river,  on  elevated  ground,  30  feet  above  its  sur- 
face— 7  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  18  miles 
above  the  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Erie.  It  has  already  become  a 
great  commercial  depot,  the  navigation  of  the  lake  and  river  be- 
ing open  for  two-thirds  of  the  year.  Pop.  about  20,000.  Tiiore 
are  here  several  excellent  hotels  : — the  National,  Mansion  House, 
Michigan  Exchange,  Commercial,  Railroad,  Steamboat  Tem- 
perance, &LC.  The  price  of  board  varies  from  75  cents  to  $1.25 
per  day. 


I 


I 

I 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  CHICAGO. — Two  routes  now 
present  themselves :  either  by  the  way  of  lakes  Huron  and  Mich- 
igan ;  or  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  stage,  across  the  state  of 
Michigan,  to  the  lake  of  that  name.  The  latter  is  the  most  ex- 
peditious, although  both  are  very  pleasant  and  agreeable  routes. 
By  the  railroad  line  the  traveller  will  arrive  in  Chicago  48  hours 
in  advance  of  the  lake  route. 

The  Railroad  Route. — The  cars  on  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  leave  Detroit  daily,  at  8  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  arrive  at 
Kalamazoo,  146  miles,  at  6  p.  m.  Stages  leave  Kalamazoo  (after 
the  arrival  of  the  cars)  at  7  o'clock,  p.  m.,  and  arrive  at  St.  Jo- 
seph's, on  Lake  Michigan,  55  miles,  at  7  o'clock,  a.  m.,  next  day. 
The  steamboat  leaves  the  latter  place  daily,  after  the  arrival  of 
the  stages,  for  Chicago,  69  miles,  and  arrives  at  2  o'clock  p.  u. 
Passengers  by  this  route  can  be  furnished  with  Extras  at  Kala- 
mazoo, which,  leaving  at  7  a.  m.,  arrive  at  St.  Joseph's  at  7  o'clock 
p.  M.,  thus  avoiding  night  travel.  Fare  to  Chicago  $6.50,  if  paid 
at  Detroit. 

There  is  also  a  daily  line  of  stages  leaving  Kalamazoo  for  the 
South,  via  Niles  to  Northern  Indiana. 

Route  by  the  Lakes. — During  the  summer  season  travellers 


■i  y 


•H. 


I 
I' 


300 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


have  an  opportunity  of  going  from  Buffalo  and  Detroit  to  Chica- 
go, by  the  way  of  the  great  upper  lakes,  Huron  and  Michigan, 
stopping  at  all  the  principal  places.  The  distance  from  Detroit 
is  C80  miles,  and  from  Buffalo  1,052  miles. 

The  following,  which  is  a  summary  of  a  trip  taken  during  the 
summer  of  1847,  from  New  York  to  Chicago,  via  Albany,  Buffa- 
lo, and  Detroit,  is  by  a  correspondent  of  one  of  our  daily  papers, 
and  will  convey  more  information,  for  those  about  taking  this  ex- 
cursion, than  any  description  we  could  give. 

Leaving  New  York  by  the  7  o'clock  boat,  on  Monday  evening, 
for  Albany,  you  breakfast  at  that  place  next  morning,  and  at  7^ 
o'clock  proceed  to  the  Railroad  Office,  and  get  a  through-ticket 
for  Buffalo,  for  which  you  pay  $12.  After  an  hour's  ride  you 
reach  Schenectady,  and  proceed  thence  on  the  way  to  Utica, 
where  you  stop  for  dinner  ;  and  then  with  the  same  rapidity  fly 
away  to  Syracuse,  where  you  can  slop  till  morning,  if  too  much 
fatigued  to  ride  all  night; — if,  however,  you  are  in  a  hurry,  you 
can  keep  your  seat  in  the  cars,  and  at  sunrise  the  next  morning 
will  find  yourself  in  Buffalo :  but  if  you  prefer  travelling  by  day- 
light, you  can  spend  the  night  in  Syracuse  or  Auburn,  and  the 
next  day  you  have  an  opportunity  to  see  the  beautiful  villages  of 
Geneva,  Canandaigua,  Batavia,  and  the  city  of  Rochester,  and 
arrive  in  Buffalo  in  the  evening  of  the  second  day — Wednesday. 

You  now  take  passage  on  one  of  the  large  and  elegant  Upper 
Lake  boats.  Here  you  generally  find  companies  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  bound  on  a  voyage  of  pleasure,  with  guns,  fishing- 
tackle,  harps,  flutes,  violins,  and  other  music.  The  next  moni- 
ing,  which  is  Thursday,  you  land  at  Cleveland  ;  and  here,  whilo 
the  boat  is  taking  in  wood,  &.c.,  you  have  an  hour  or  two  to  ride 
around  the  town.  You  leave  Cleveland  at  11  or  12  o'clock,  and 
the  next  morning,  Friday,  at  daylight,  you  are  in  Detroit.  An- 
other hour  or  two  is  spent  about  the  city,  and  you  are  off  for 
Mackinaw.  Saturday  morning  finds  you  moored  amidst  bark 
canoes  and  Indian  tents,  close  under  a  high  rocky  fort,  bristling 
with  a  hundred  cannon.  After  getting  a  breakfast  of  Mackinaw 
trout,  trj'ing  your  luck  at  fishing  in  water  so  clear  that  you  can 
see  a  trout  twenty  feet  from  the  surface,  buying  a  few  trinkets 
from  the  young  squaws,  visiting  the  forts  and  barracks,  you  sail 


IL\ 


»N. 

troit  to  Chica- 
md  Michigan, 
9  from  Detroit 

ien  during  the 
\lbany,  Buffa- 
r  daily  papers, 
taking  this  ex- 

anday  evening, 
ling,  and  at  7^ 
through-ticket 
lour's  ride  you 
way  to  Utica, 
me  rapidity  fly 
g,  if  too  much 
in  a  hurry,  you 
I  next  morning 
LvelHng  by  day- 
iburn,  and  the 
tiful  villages  of 
Rochester,  and 
— Wednesday, 
elegant  Upper 
;s  of  ladies  and 
guns,  fishing- 
16  next  mom- 
and  here,  while 
r  or  two  to  ride 
12  o'clock,  and 
Detroit.     An- 
you  are  ofT  for 
d  amidst  bark 
y  fort,  bristling 
st  of  Mackinaw 
ar  that  you  can 
a  few  trinkets 
rracks,  you  sail 


KOUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  CHICAGO. 


301 


i 


for  Chicago,  where  you  arrive  on  Sunday  at  sunrise,  niakinij  the 
whole  trip  of  1,500  miles  in  five  days,  at  an  expensf  of  }j^:2l.OO, 
all  told.     The  fare  on  the  lakes  is  $8.00,  or  about  .$:2.00  a  day- 
the  same  as  at  an  hotel.     This  includos  passage  and  board. 

Chicago  is  situated  at  th  s.  end  of  Lake  .^lichigan,  on  both 
sides  of  Chicago  river.  'I'he  n.  and  s.  branches  of  the  river  unite 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  the  u])per  part  of  the 
city,  forming  a  harbor  from  C)0  to  75  yards  wide,  and  from  15  to 
25  feet  deej).  The  city  is  built  on  level  ground,  sufficiently  ele- 
vated to  be  secure  from  the  highest  floods.  The  surrounding 
country  is  fertile  and  pleasant.  The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal, 
which  was  commenced  in  1836,  was  completed  in  the  spring  of 
1848.  It  unites  Lake  Michigan,  at  Chicago,  with  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Illinois  river  at  Peru,  thus  forming  a  connection 
between  the  Mississipi)i  river  and  the  lakes.  This  union  will  add 
greatly  to  the  importance  of  Chicago  as  a  commercial  depot.  In 
1847  the  population  amounted  to  16,000.  The  Hotels  are  the 
Sherman  House,  where  a  splendid  table  is  set ;  Lake  House, 
with  accommodations  equal  to  any  of  the  Eastern  hotels,  {$1.25 
per  day  ;  the  Tremont  House,  Mansion  House,  Western  Hotel, 
American  Temperance  House,  and  many  other  excellent  houses, 
with  board  for  $  1 .00  per  day. 

Milwaukie,  in  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Milwau- 
kie  river,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  87  miles  n.  from 
Chicago.  Its  growth  is  most  remarkable.  According  to  the 
census  taken  in  Dec.  1847,  the  population  was  14,071,  having 
increased  since  June,  1646,  a  space  of  18  months,  4,563.  In  tho 
same  period  of  time  the  county  of  Milwaukie  had  gained  6,822, — 
increasing  from  75,925  in  June,  1846,  to  82,747  in  Dec.  1847. 
This  place  is  the  natural  outlet  of  one  of  the  finest  regions  for  ce- 
real grains  in  the  United  States.  During  the  past  season  two 
large  flouring  mills  have  been  erected  in  Milwaukie,  one  pro- 
pelled by  steam,  and  one  by  water-power ;  and  it  is  expected 
that  two  more  will  go  into  operation  during  the  year  1848. 
Among  the  hotels  in  Milwaukie  may  be  mentioned,  the  United 
States,  Milwaukie  House,  and  City  Hotel.  Board  about  $1.25 
per  day.  During  the  season  of  navigation  steamboats  run  be- 
tween Milwaukie  and  Chicago. 


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302 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMROAT  COMPANION. 


V\       i 


i    ! 


Racine,  in  Dec.  1847,  contained  3,000  inhabitants — an  in- 
crease or288  within  six  moLths  ;  and  Southport  contained  at  the 
same  time  2,780.  Both  those  places  are  situated  in  Wisconsin, 
on  the  w.  bank  of  Lake  Michigan,  b.  from  Milwaukie. 

From  Chicago  to  Galrna,  Illinois. — Stage  hnes  run  daily 
to  Galena,  a  distance  of  1G7  miles.  Fare  about  ,^8.00:  time 
about  two  days.     A  railroad  is  projected  between  these  places. 

From  Ciiicago  to  St.  Louis. — By  stage,  or  by  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal  to  Peru,  on  the  Illinois  river,  100  miles ;  and 
thence  by  steamboat  down  the  river  to  St.  Louis. 

ST.  LOUIS  is  one  of  the  most  important,  wealthy,  and  populous 
places  in  the  western  country.  It  is  situated  on  the  w.  bunk  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  18  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
— 174  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river, — 1,194  above 
New  Orleans,  and  about  744  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Its  population  is  not  less  than  60,000,  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing. The  situation  of  the  city  for  commerce  is  not  surpaasod  by 
that  of  any  other  place  in  the  west  or  southwest,  excepting  New 
Orleans, — having  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers  on  the  n.,  the 
Missouri  on  the  w.,  and  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  on  the  s.  e.  ; 
whilst  the  "  Father  of  Waters"  furnishes  an  outlet  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  for  its  valuable  productions.  A 
vast  amount  of  furs  is  annually  collected  here.  In  the  year 
1847  it  owned  23,800  tons  of  steamboat  tonnage,  worth 
J$l,547,000.  During  1846,  there  arrived  at  that  port,  exclusive 
of  801  flat-boats,  steamboats  with  a  tonnage  of  467,824  tons. 
The  total  annual  commerce  of  St.  Louis,  imports  and  exports 
included,  although  yet  in  its  infancy,  is  estimated  at  over 
$75,000,000, — equalling  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States. 

Numerous  steamboats  ply  regularly  between  St.  Louis  and  all 
the  principal  places  on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Illi- 
nois rivers,  &c. ;  and  stages  depart  at  stated  intervals  for  places 
in  the  adjoining  states,  and  for  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  &c. 

From  St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans. — Take  the  steamboat  at 
St.  Louis,  passing  down  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  174  miles  ;  to  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  239  ;  to  Memphis,  Teun., 
399  ;   to  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  784 ;  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  894 ;  to 


.    ( 


vL\ 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


303 


9 — an  in- 
iied  at  the 
VisconBiu, 

run  daily 
1.00 :  time 
I  places. 
iinnis  and 
liles ;  and 

d  populoun 
V.  bunk  of 
)  Missouri, 
,194  above 
Anthony. 
y  increas- 
rpassod  by 
pting  New 
tho  N.,  the 
I  the  8.  E. ; 
he  Gulf  of 
ctions.     A 
the  year 
ge,    worth 
,  exclusive 
,824  tons, 
nd  exports 
at   over 
ole  foreign 

)uis  and  all 
ri,  and  Illi- 
for  places 

&.C. 

eamboat  at 
outh  of  the 
his,  Teun., 
J.,  894 ;  to 


Baton  Rourrr,  La.,  1,074  ;  and  to  New  Orleans,  1,194  niilta 
Usual  time  about  four  days.  The  distance  from  Now  Orleans  to 
tho  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  104  miles. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  the  capital  of  Louisiana,  and  after  New 
York,  tho  greatest  commercial  depot  in  tho  American  Union,  is 
situated  on  tho  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  104  n)i!  .i  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  N.  Lat.  29°  57'  30",  and  in  W.  Long. 
90°  8'  from  Greenwich.  It  is  distant  from  New  York,  by  tho 
shortest  route,  1,G44  miles.  The  city  is  built  on  land  gently  de- 
scending from  the  river  towards  the  low  marshy  ground  in  its 
rear.  The  Levee  is  an  embankment  of  earth,  raised  to  prevent 
an  overflow  of  tho  waters  of  the  river ;  it  extends  from  Fort 
Plaquemine,  43  miles  below  the  city,  to  120  miles  above  it,  is  15 
feet  wide  and  four  feet  high,  and  forms  a  very  pleasant  prom- 
enade. The  jK)sition  of  this  city  as  a  vast  commercial  depot 
is  unrivalled.  Tho  Mississippi,  with  its  numerous  tributaries, 
brings  to  its  market  the  products  of  20,000  miles  of  navigation. 
Tho  resources  of  this  great  valley  are  only  partially  developed. 
The  total  estimated  value  of  produce  received  from  tho  interior 
from  the  1st  Sept.,  1846,  to  31st  Aug.,  1847,  was  $90,033,256; 
whilst  in  1844  it  was  only  $60,094,716.  The  total  receipts  of 
cotton,  from  Ist  Sept.,  1846,  to  31st  Aug.,  1847,  were  740,669 
bales.  The  exports  wore — to  Great  Britain,  385,368  bales ;  to 
France,  95,719  ;  other  foreign  ports,  83,920  :  total,  565,007.  The 
year  previous  835,775  bales  were  exported  to  foreign  parts. 

The  city  proper  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  extending 
along  the  river  1,320  yards  ;  yet  its  whole  extent,  including  the 
fauxbourgs,  is  not  less  than  five  miles  in  a  line  parallel  with  the 
river  ;  and  extending  perpendicularly  to  it,  from  a  quarter  to  three 
quarters  of  a  milo  ;  and  to  the  Bayou  St.  John,  two  miles.  The 
view  of  the  city  from  the  river,  in  ascending  or  descending,  is 
beautiful.  During  tho  busy  season  the  Levee  is  crowded  with 
vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world  ;  with  hundreds  of  steamboats, 
and  numerous  flat-boats  and  other  craft.  Lideed,  nothing  can 
present  a  more  busy,  bustling  scene,  than  exists  here  at  this  time  ; 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels  and  steamers,  with  hundreds 
of  drays  transporting  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  and  the  various  and 


i 


. ' 


;  f 


I 
.  ) 


304 


nAII.KOAD   AM)  STF.AMnOAT  ('0''.:rANIO\. 


Immcnsp  prodiirts  of  tho  far  West,  m:ikp  a  vivid  imprrssion  upon 
llio  iniiul  of  t\\v  Htraiiijcr.  In  IH  10  tli<*  |)(i|iulatiou  ol  tin-  city  was 
10i],lil3  ;  arcordiiijr  to  tho  rcusiis  tak«'ii  scrcn  years  afterwards, 
it  had  dccroasod  D.-'iTO,  Ix'iiijr  at  that  tiiiio  only  I):2,():J.'J  ;  and  all 
tins  in  the  faco  of  an  cniari^ed  trado.  Dnrinjr  th«  tlin'o  yours 
prpvions  to  1847  there  had  hoon  an  incrcah^o  of  {$30,000,00(1  in 
the  receipts  of  produce  alone,  from  the  interior  country.  From 
these  factH  it  has  been  justly  concluded,  that  an  error  nujst  have 
occurred  in  the  tukinjr  of  the  census. 


MEXICAN  GULF  RAILWAY.— Depot  in  New  Orleans,  corner 
of  Elysian  Fields  and  (iood  ('hildren-st.,  Third  INIunicipality. 

To  Vructortille,  Lake  IJorgne,  distance  27  miles.  Fare  75 
cents.     Children  and  slaves  35  cents  each. 

The  British  steamers  arrive  at  Ship  Island,  from  Southampton 
and  Havre,  about  the  2d  of  every  month,  on  their  way  to  Vera 
C-ruz  ;  and  return  from  thence  to  Shi:  Island,  for  Havana  and 
England,  on  the  31st  and  22d  of  oacl  month 


APPENDIX. 


SAILING    OF   STEAMSHIPS. 

TiiK  British  and  North  American  Royal  Mail  St»'aniships  .sail- 
iufj  between  Boston  and  Liverpool,  and  ix'tween  Now  York  and 
Liverpool,  callinjj  at  Ilalifa.x  to  land  and  receive  inaiJH  and  pa»- 
Hengers,  are  the  Amrrica,  Europa,  Nimjara,  Cannda,  Ilihernui, 
Britannia,  Caledonia,  Cambria,  and  Acadia. 

These  vessels  sail  regularly  every  week  (Wednesday)  from 
America  to  Liverpool,  until  Novend>er  ;  and  from  fiiverpool  to 
America  every  Saturday.  From  Now  York  and  Boston  they 
leave  on  alternate  Wednesdays. 

The  above  steamshijM?  carry  a  clear  ir/i/7e  light  at  the  iimst- 
head  —green  on  starboard -bow — red  on  port-bow. 

Passage  money  from  New  Y''ork  or  Boston  to  Halifax,  .^:30 ; 
from  either  of  the  two  former  to  Liverpool,  )$10(). 

Passengers  will  be  charged  //v?/^'///  on  personal  luggage  when 
it  exceeds  half  a  ton  measurement,  and  on  specie,  (except  for 
personal  expenses.) 

All  letters  and  newspapers  must  i)ass  through  the  Post-ofTico 


OCEAN  STEAM  NAVIGATION    COMPANY. 

The  vessels  belonging  to  this  line  arc  the  Washington,  Her- 
mann, and  Franklin ;  the  latter  of  which  is  now  being  prepared 
to  take  her  place  in  the  lino.  These  steamships  sail  from  New 
York  on  the  20th  of  each  month,  (except  when  that  day  falls  on 
Sunday,  in  which  case  the  day  of  sailing  is  Monday,)  touching  at 
Cowes  and  Southampton  to  laud  passengers  and  deliver  the  mails 
for  England,  France,  and  Belgium,  and  tiience  proceeding  to  Bre* 

20 


.I' 


I.   a 


:     I 

1 1 


merhaven,  a  place  Kitnafod  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wescr,  and  about 
40  miles  distant  from  Bremen. 

Passage  money  from  New  York  to  Europe,  $120  ;  and  from 
Europe  to  New  York,  ,$150. 

For  freight  or  passage  apply  at  the  ofTico  of  the  Ocean  Steam 
Navigation  Company,  No.  GO  Broadway. 

STEAMSHIPS   FOR   CHARLESTON,   S.  O. 

The  steamships  Southerner  and  Northerner  sail  alternately  be- 
tween New  York  and  Cliarleston  every  Saturday  afternoon  ; 
leaving  the  former  place  from  Pier  No.  4  North  or  Hudson  River; 
and  the  latter  place  from  Adger's  Wharf  Usual  time  about  60 
hours :  passage  money  $25  and  found.  Agents,  in  New  York, 
Spoflbrd,  Tiieston  «Sc  Co. 

Goods  consigned  to  the  care  of  the  agent  of  the  South  Carolina 
Uailroad  Company,  intended  for  the  interior  of  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Tennessee,  will  bo  forwarded  with  dis- 
patch, free  of  commission. 


■  I 


PHILADELPHIA  AND   CHARLESTON   STEAMSHIPS. 

A  line  of  steamships  is  building,  to  sail  between  Philadelphia 
and  Charleston,  S.  C.  The  first  is  now  ready,  and  makes  regu- 
lar trips  between  the  two  cities.  The  others  will  be  placed  upon 
the  line  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable. 

SAILINa   PACKETS. 

New  York  and  LivEKiOOL  Packets. — These  vessels  leave 
each  port  on  the  1st,  (jth,  11th,  16th,  21st,  and  26th  of  each 
month.  Price  of  passage  to  Liverpool,  $100  ;  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York,  £25. 

New  York  and  London  Packets. — These  sail  from  each  port 
on  the  1st,  8th,  16th,  and  24th  of  every  month.  Price  of  paS' 
sage  from  New  York  to  London,  $100  ;  from  London  to  New 
York,  i;25. 

Havre  Packets. — These  leave  each  port  on  the  1st,  8lh,  16th, 
and  24th  of  each  month.  Ptice  of  passage  from  Ne'v  York  to 
Havre, 


APPENDIX. 


307 


Packet  Linps  also  sail  between  New  York  and  New  Orleans, 
Charleston,  Mobile,  and  other  southern  ports. 


PHILADELPHIA  AND   LIVERPOOL   LINE    OF   PACKETS. 

The  old  lino  of  packets  sail  from  Philadelphia  the  25th  of  every 
month,  and  from  Liverpool  the  12th  of  eucii  month.  Passage 
from  Philadelphia  to  Liverpool,  first  cabin,  ^^80  ;  forward  cabin, 
.^35;  steerage,  ^15.  Apply  in  Philadelphia,  to  IL  &  A.  Copo 
&.Co. 

The  new  line  of  packets  sail  from  Philadelphia  on  the  12lh, 
and  from  Liverpool  on  the  2Gth  of  each  month.  Apply  in  Piiila- 
di'lphia,  to  Richardson,  Watson  &,  Co. 

BOSTON   AND  LIVERPOOL  LINE   OF   PACKETS. 

To  sail  from  Boston  on  the  5th,  and  from  Liverpool  on  the  20th 
of  each  mouth.  Apply  in  Boston,  to  Enoch  Train  &  Co.,  Lewis 
Wharf. 


1     i 


ij      >ii 


f   i 


ELEOTRO-MAGNETIO    TELEGRAPH    LINES    In    operation 
and  progress  in  the  United  States  up  to  April,  1848  ; — 

MIL'S. 

From  Boston  to  Portland,  via  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad 1U'.> 

From  Boston  to  Poutland,  via  Eastern  Railroad 105 

From  Boston  to  Lowell* 20 

From  New  York  to  Boston,  via  Bridgeport,  New  Haven,  Hart- 
ford, Springfield,  and  Worcester 2.37 

From  Norwich  to  Worcester 8(» 

From  New  Bedkobd  to  Worcester,  via  Fall  River,  Tannton,  and 
Providence  :  at  Worcester  it  will  connect  with  the  New  York  and 

Boston  line 07 

From  New  York  to  Albanv  and  Trov,  via  Poughkeepsie  and 

Hudson IfiO 

From  Albanv  to  Buffalo,  via  Utica,  Syracase,  Geneva,  Roches- 
ter, &e.   325 

From  BrFFALO  to  Montueal,  via  Lockport,  Lewiston,  Queenston, 

Can.,  Haiuilton,  Toronto,  Coburg,  Prescott,  &.c. 8()0 

From  Montreal  ro  Quedec 180 

From  Albany  and  Trov  to  Montreal,  via  Bennington,  RvUland, 
Whitehall,  Vergennes,  Burlington,  Phillipsburg,  St.  Johns,  &c. ..  260 

*  This  line  will,  uo  doult,  be  cciiuiiueJ  lu   Montreal,  CauaJai  via  Coucoril  ami  Bur. 
liufton. 


'       I 


^ 


308 


APPENDIX. 


From  Troy  TO  Saratoga 36 

From  Syracuse  to  Oswkoo 35 

From  Auburn  to  Elmira,  via  Springfield  and  Ithaca 84 

From  Ithaca  to  Binohamton,  via  Ovvcgo 46 

From  Rochester  to  Medina,  via  Brockport  and  Albion 46 

From  Rochester  to  Dansville,  via  Scottsville,  Geneseo,  Avon; 

and  Mount  Morris ...     52 

From  Hamilton,  Can.,  to  London,  via  Dundas  and  Woodstock. ••    75 
From  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  via  Erie,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  and 

Toledo..  353 

From  Detroit  to  Milwaukie,  via  Kalamazoo,  Michigan  City, 

Chicago,  and  Racine,  &c 350 

From  New  York  and  Offino,  over  Long  Island  to  Fire  Island-..     88 
From  Nkw  York  to  PaiLADELruiA,  via  New  Brunswick, Trenton, 

&c 87 

From  Baltimore  to  Washington 40 

From  Washington  to  Richmond,  Va 128 

From  Richmond,  Va.,  to  New  Orleans,  via  Raleigh,  N.  C,  Co- 
lumbia, S.  C,  Charleston,  S.  ('.,  Augusta,  Ga.,  Savannah,  Ga., 

Macon,  Ga.»  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  Mobile 1474 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  via  Lancaster,  Harrisburg, 

Carlisle,  Cliainbersburg,  &c 313 

From  PiTTMiURO  to  Cleveland 138 

From  Cincinnati  tq  St.  Louis,  via  Louisville,  Yincennes,  &c.....  — 
From  Philadelphia  to  St.  Louis  is  about 1600 

From  PllILAOELl'HIA  TO  PoTTSViLLE JMl 


The  followinj^  lines  are  in  a  state  of  progression^  and  the  wliole 
will,  no  doubt,  be  completed  at  an  early  day  : — 

The  Lake  Erie  Tdegraphf  from  Biiflralo  to  Detroit,  via  Fre- 
donia,  VVeslfield,  Erie,  Ashtabula,  Cleveland,  Sandusky  City. 
Ijower  Sandusky,  Perryburg,  Toledo,  and  Monroe. 

The  SoirrnwESTERN  Line,  extending  from  New  Orleai»  to  Bal- 
timore, a  distance  of  about  1,250  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Frankfort  and  Lexington,  Ky.,  with 
branches  to  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  &c. ;  at  the  latter  place  con- 
necting with  the  line  from  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg,  and  at 
Louisville  with  the  line  to  St.  Louis. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  to  Baltimore  ;  from  Baltimore  to  York  and 
Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  and  also  from  York  to  Columbia  and  Lan- 
caster, Pa. 

There  are  several  detached  lines^  in  progress,  most  of  which* 
however,  are  short,  and  of  a  local  character. 


•  •  •  • 

3d 

■  •  • 

35 

1  «  •  • 

84 

1  •  •  • 

46 

•  •  • 

46 

fOH; 

■  •   • 

53 

I... 

75 

and 

k  •  •  • 

3^9 

•ity, 

•  •  • 

350 

I... 

88 

on, 

•  •  • 

8T 

■  •  •  • 

40 

>  >  •  • 

128 

Co- 

GJa., 

...1474 

arg, 

»  *  • 

3Pi 

•  •  •  • 

138 

APPENDIX. 


309 


The  foregoing  account  will  be  found  as  accurate  as  it  is  ponsi- 
ble  to  make  it,  especially  when  it  is  taken  into  consideration,  that 
every  day  creates  a  change  in  the  aspect  of  the  telegraph  :  we 
can  therefore  do  no  more  than  approach  its  correct  statistics. 

The  total  number  of  miles  of  telegraphic  extension  through- 
out the  country  on  the  1st  of  April,  1848,  open  and  in  daily  use, 
was  about  3,500  miles ;  about  an  equal  number  of  miles  were  in 
progress,  and  advancing  rapidly  towards  completion.  Some  of 
the  lines  already  built  not  being  sufficient  for  public  use,  many 
of  the  companies  are  extending  a  second  line  between  the  princi- 
pal cities,  thereby  affording  the  public  greater  facilities  for  this 
mode  of  communication.  These,  when  completed,  will  make  the 
aggregate  number  of  telegraphic  conductors  equal  to  about  1 1,000 
miles. 


TELEGRAPH  PRICES. 
All  communications  are  strictly  confidential. 

Prices  of  the  New  York  and  Boston  Telegraph. 

From  Boston,  or  from  New  York,  to  Worcester,  Springfield, 
Hartford,  or  New  Haven,  or  from  either  station  iutormodiato  of 
Boston  and  New  York,  to  any  other  station  of  the  line,  '25 
cents  for  the  first  Ten  Words  or  Numbers,  exclusive  of  address 
and  signature  ;  and  Two  Cents  for  every  additional  word  or  num- 
ber. From  Boston  to  New  York,  or  New  York  to  Boston,  Fifty 
Cents  for  the  first  Ten  Wards,  or  Numbers,  and  Three  Cents 
for  every  additional  word  or  number. 

Prices  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  Telegraph  Line. 


From 
Philadelphia  to 


10,  20 


Lancaster $.20 

Harrisburg 25 

Chambersburg .     30 


40 
50 

no 


NUMBEU  OF  WORDS. 

30   40   50   GO  ,  70 


60 
75 
90 


80 
1  00 
1  20 


1  00 
1  25 

1  50 


80 


1  20' 1  40ll  60 
1  50J1  75|2  00 
1  80  2  10|2  40 


00 


1  80 

2  25 


100 


2  00 
2  50 


2  70'3  00 


From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg  50  cents  for  the  first  Fifteen  Words  or 
less,  and  the  same  for  every  additional  Fifteen  Words. 


;    -\ 


I  I 


:■ 


V 


i 

f' 

^ 

1 

f 

t, 

i 

1 

:  i 

If' 


It 

I  fi 


310 


!<5 


»4 

C 
M 

M 
H 

O 
-^, 


w 
w 

H 

O 

(/i 
M 
o 

I— ( 


APPENDIX. 


OS© 


s 


o 

H 

O 
>-) 
•< 

b 


o 
c  »r:  ha 


<;  «i  k 


O 
H 

>i 
O 

H 


e  >" 


hi£-2  o  5 

c  r  t  "  -= 


s  ^  o  c 
-  ^  t  3  J      J  ° 


o  o    oi 
^   >o   «o 


o 


fa 


■=  c  o  „:i 


V       _  __ 


!r,0« 


5  It  S  3 


J  so  =^  S»  S  o"i-=  2  £  o  °  Sj:  = 
/iXHQ;>i-]0&.UpqU:ma<uSnE->C7 


1^  *^  «K 


UJ    >o    O 
oj    CO    <r 


o 

E- 

O 
hJ 
<J 
fa 
fa 

pq 


OS    >  . 


S 


O 
H 

O 


'A 


^  =    =    4,   ,;   « 

w^^—  »-—     (J.—    ■'-' 


3 
4)  eg  » 

g  =  1,  «^.a 
E  J  -  =  '-  ta 

;*.  3   41   ctf  C   3 


o 


a 

2     d     9 

se  o  ^^  *-  - 


03 


O   S  Q,       =        »  «  S 


1 


e 
o 


a 

3 

a 

a 


a 

o 
6 


►.2 
•o  a 


3    (« 

<a 

o 


«» 

c 

3 
O 

u 

o 
s 


O 

ti 


o 


a 
a 


"3 

•3 

u 

■a 


Prices  of  Canada  Junction  Line,  and  Toronto  Line,  Canada. 

From  Buffalo  to  Lockport  or  Queenston,  35  cents  for  the  first 
Fifteen  Words.  From  Buffalo  to  St.  Catharine,  Canada,  35  cts. 
do.     From  Buffalo  to  Hamilton  or  Toronto,  50  cts.  do. 

For  each  additional  Five  Words,  or  under,  to  cither  of  the 
above  stations.  Ten  Cents. 


APPENDIX. 


311 


m 
t 


a 

3 

S 

a 


•o 

s 

*-» 
r* 

O 

B 

o_: 

►.a 

e  w 
•o  a 
„  «> 

i»  >. 


u  m 
o 


c 

3 
O 


o 
a 
« 


■a 

a 


Prices  of  the  New  York  and  Washington  Telegraph  Line. 

For  every  Ten  Words,  not  exceeding  One  Hundred,  exclusive 
of  the  address  and  directions, 

Philadelphia,  25  cents. 


From  New  York  to    ■< 


it 


« 


Wilmington,    35 

Baltimore,       50 

^  Washington,    50 

{Wilmington,  10 
Baltimore,  25 
Washington,    25 

-c, -ixr.,    .     .      .     S  Baltimore,      20 

From  Wilmington  to  |  Washington,    25 

From  Baltimore  to         Washington,    10 
When  a  communication  exceeds  that  number,  the  price  on  all 
words  exceeding  One  Hundred,  will  be  reduced  One  Third. 

Communications  destined  for  any  place  beyond  the  termination 
of  the  Telegraph,  will  be  faithfully  written  out  at  the  last  sta- 
tion artd  put  into  the  Mail. 

All  communications  must  be  pre-paid  at  the  Stations  from 
whiri  they  are  transmitted  respectively. 


MONEY. 

Value  of  the  Coins  of  the  different  Nations. 

united  states. 

Gold. 

Eagles,  (since  1833,). $10  00 

HalfEagles,      "    5.00 

Qr.  Eagles,       ♦'     2.50 

Eagles,  old,  (before  1834,) 10.10 

Half  Eagles,  old,      "        5.25 

Qr.Eagles,    "         "       .••- 2.62 

Silver. 

A  Dollar, 10  dime.s,  or  100  cents. 

AHalf, 5       "  50     " 

AQuarter, 2i      "  25     •• 

A  Dime, 10  cents. 

HalfDime, 5    " 


I      I 


;>1 


'  i*l 


;i. 


312 


APPENDIX. 


In  New  England,  the  dollar  is  divided  into  six  shillings,  thus; 
6i  cents  is  axWcd  fourpence  ;  8  c&wis,  sixpence  ;  12^  cents,  ninC' 
pence;  16§  cents,  a  shilling;  18}  cents,  three  four  pence  s ;  50 
cents,  three  shillings;  62^  cents,  three  and  ninepence  ;  75  cents, 
four  and  sixpence  ;  87^  cents,  five  and  threepence.  In  New 
York  the  12^  and  6^  cent  pieces  are  called  shillings  and  six- 
pences ;  in  Philadelphia  frequently,  levies  and  fips  ;  in  the  South- 
ern states,  a  bit  and  picayune,  and  are  taken  for  the  same  as  ton 
cent  and  five  cent  pieces. 

ENGLISH. 

Sovereigns,*  of  all  dates 5  dwt.    3  grs.  $4.P3 

Half  Sovereigns,    "         2    "      13    "     2.41 

Guineas,  "        5    "       7    "     5.00 

English  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  18-13,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  92  cents*6  mills  per  dwt. 

•  The  dragon  sovereigns,  so  culled,  are  worth  only  J-l-SO. 


FRENCH. 

Napoleons  (20  franc)  of  all  dates, 4  dwt.    3  grs.  $3.82 

2  Wapoleons,  (40  franc)      "         8    "      6   "      7.66 

Louis  d'Or,  «'         4    '«     20    «♦       4.50 

French  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1843,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  92  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 


SPANISH. 

Doubloons,!  of  all  dates, 17  dwt.  3  grs.  $15.75 

Half,  "  8  "  16    "       7.75 

Quarter,  •♦  4  "  8    «'       3.90 

Eighth,  "  2  "  4    "        1.87 

Spanish  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 1843,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  89  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 


MEXICAN   AND   SOUTH   AMERICAN. 

Doubloons,+  of  all  dates, 17  dwt.  8  grs.  $15.60 

Half,                   "              '8    "  16    "       7.70 

Quarter,              •«               4    "  8    '*        3.87 

Eighth,               "              2    "  4    '«       1.87 

Mexican  and  South  American  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1843,  is  a  legal  tender  at  89  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 

t  Many  doubloons  and  parts  of  doubloons  are  lipht,  and  consequently  not  nltable.    A 
doubloou  ibouid  weigh  the  same  at  a  food  dollar,  or  two  half  doUara. 

'L 


APPENDIX. 


313 


SILVER    COIN. 

Spanish  pillar  dollars,  unblemished 2  per  cent  premium. 

Spanish  halves,  quarters,  &.c par,  to  i  discount. 

Alexican  dollars 4  to  J  premium. 

Five  franc  pieces DSc. 

Two  francs  3;jc.,  and  one  franc 17c. 

Knglisli  crown,  $1.1. ">,  half-crown 57c. 

English  shillings,  (sixpences  in  proportion)  23c. 

Tlialers 6f)c. 

I'istareens,  (head; 18c. 

Pistareens,  (cross; IGc. 

PROMISCUOUS    COINS. 

Ten  Thalers,  all  dates 8  dwt.  10  grs.  $7.80 

Frederick  d'Or,  Denmark  or  Prussia. 4  "  5  "  3.90 

Double           "                         "              8  "  10  '«  7.80 

10  Guilder,  (shillings  in  proportion) 4  "  7  •'  4.00 

♦Johannes,  J.  V.           "                    18  "  7  "  17.00 

Moidore,  Brazilian 5  "  4  "  4.87 

Ducat,  Netherlands,  Denmark,  Prussia,  &c.  2  "  5  '•  2.20 

Crown,  Portugal,  Maria  II 6  '«  4  "  5.80 

Zervonitz,  Russia 2  '«  2  •♦  2.00 

Xeriff,  Turkey. 2  "  7  "  2.30 

Pistole,  Italy 3  "  U  "  3.25 

*  Most  of  tlie  Johannes  and  HRlf-Jues  now  itj  circulation  are  light.    They  should  be  takes 
ftt  the  rate  of  80  cents  for  weight  of  a  5  cent  piece. 


1      i 

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MISCELLANEOUS. 

APPLrrON'S  I.il.rary  MaiMial.  a 
valiialilc  luiok  of  n-ftTfiirc  I'ur  llu- 
iKMtk-lxiur  and  sfll»r.     .VH)  riat'i'-*, 
''vo,  pajir  I'OMr^l  (i^l  ;  liall  loati  |   'J.'t 

APn.Hr'tN'S  iriilroM.I  ic  Sumhi- 
Itoat  ( 'iMii|iaiiiiiii.  wnli  'M\  .Ma;>t,  I  "I'i 

AliNI-li'S  riif^H  lor  Winl.T  I'.Vf 
iiii){;'<,    a    (omiilcfc    ;.mii(I»'    tn    tin- 
(•aiiii'.      Stcfl  illii>tr.itiiin.<i,  I'Jiin).  |  1o 

ARNOLD'S  MiMTliamou*  Works 
i-^o •>  (K) 

HRV AN  r'S  What  I  Saw  in  t'ali- 
t'oriiia.      I  .'hid 

ril  AIVMAN'S  histriiclions  on  llip 
I '>••  of  till' Aiiiciii  an  Killc 1   -J.') 

COOliKV'S  Aiii.'ii'an  in  K^'vpl. 
liluNtrati'd    '....'i  00 

1)1  >N  (liriXoriT.  il.'  la  Mancl.a. 
'I'ran-.lati'il  iVoiti  tin-  Spmii^li.  ly 
Nt.'fl  J.|:itr>   1   50 

DKI.HII/K'S  Tr.atoe  on  Animal 
.Ma:;nftiMii 1  0!) 

r.VKRKrr  X  Sv>l<'m  of  En;:lisli 
ViTsitiraiioii 7.'> 

KI) WARDS'  VoNa-c  np  the  Ama- 
zon  '. I  00 

KlJilS'S  Mother!".  Daiiirhtcrs,  and 
Wonii'M  (if  I'ln^'lainl.     Kadi r»0 

KARMIAM'S  Rationale  of  i'nmc     7.') 

FOSTKR'S  l,ii(TarvIVIisc.llanies..l  >J.> 

FRDST,  Prof,  Rook  of  (Jood  Kx- 
ainplt's.      l-.'mi).      Illnstrated 100 

FROST,  Aneedoles.  I'Jmo.  Illus- 
truted 1  00 

FROST.  Travels  in  Africa.  I'inio. 
!"|iistiated I  00 

FROST,  Dhistiions  Meehanios. 
liimo.     Illii>ti;ited 1  00 

OOIJ)S!MI  ril'S  Vicar  of  Wake- 
lield.     Illn^rated 75 

GRANT'S  i"\Iemoiis  of  an  Ameri- 
can liadv 75 

URANTLKY  MANOR,  a  Tale. 
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Also,  a  Series  of  CHESS  TALES,  with  Illustrations  engraved  on  steel,  from 
Original  Designs. — The  whole  extracted  and  translated  from  the  best  sources. 
By  II.  R.  Agnel.     One  handsome  volume  l«mo,  price  $1  75. 

"  The  game  of  chess,"  says  Franklin,  "  is  not  merely  an  idle  amusement ; 
several  very  valuable  qualities  of  mind,  useful  in  the  course  of  human  life,  are 
to  be  acquired  and  strengthened  by  it,  so  as  to  become  habits  ready  on  all  occa- 
sions." This  remark,  made  by  our  great  "  Boston  bov,"  is  recalled  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  beautiful  volume  entitled  "Chess  for  Winter  Evenings,"  just 
published  by  the  Messrs.  Appleton  of  New-York.  The  autlior  is  Mr.  Agnel, 
of  West  Point ;  and  he  has  here  given  us  the  most  elegant  and  comprehensive 
work  on  chess  that  has  yet  appeared  either  in  England  or  this  country.  One 
of  the  original  features  of  the  work  is  a  series  of  "chess  tales,"  illustrated  by 
fine  engravings,  and  conveying  in  an  impressive  manner  lessons  in  chess  of 
practical  utility.  To  pupils  this  volume  will  be  a  great  aid  ;  while  to  proficients 
it  will  be  found  full  oi  interest,  entertaining  and  suggestive. — Boston  Courier. 


II. 

THE    MANUAL    OF    CHESS: 

Containing  the  Elementary  Principles  or  the  Game,  illustrated  with 
numerous  Diagrams,  Recent  Games,  and  Original  Problems.  By  Charles 
Kenny.    One  volume  18mo.    Paper  cover  25  cjnts,  cloth  38  cents. 

"  The  Manual  before  ns  is  an  excellent  one  for  learners.  It  has  all  the  rules 
of  the  game — the  openings,  the  combat,  attacks,  defences,  &c.  It  is  small  and 
cheap.' ' — J^ational  Intelligencer. 

"  The  little  book  before  us  is  an  excellent  introduction  to  the  principles,  and 
will  be  of  assistance  to  all  who  desire  to  know  the  mysteries  of  chess." — JVew 
Orleans  Bee. 

"  In  recommendation  of  this  Manual,  we  can  safely  assert,  that  it  contains 
more  than  any  publication  of  the  same  dimensions,  and  is  cheaper  than  any 
yet  produced." 

III. 

A  GREAT  INVENTION ! 

THE  ECONOMI^CHESS-BOARD: 

Being  a  Chess- Board  provided  with  a  complete  set  of  Chess-Men,  adapted  for 
playing  Games  in  Steamboats,  Railways,  Carriages,  Stages,  &c.  &c.  For  fold- 
ing up  and  carrying  in  the  pocket,  without  disturbing  the  game.  Invented  by 
P.  M.  Rogkt,  M.  D.    Price  50  cents,  in  a  neat  case. 


POPULAR  WORKS 

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